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How To Measure: Understanding
How To Measure: Understanding
UNDERSTANDING
DISPLACEMENT SENSORS/
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Thickness
Radius (R)/
Inner Diameter
"With all the different types of displacement sensors and measurement systems, it's difficult to make the right choice."
If you choose systems that are not suited for the application, this will lead to costs increasing more than expected and an increase
in operating man-hours, which should be avoided.
This Support Guide introduces correct measurement methods by specific application such as "thickness," "outer diameter" and
"shape," and suggests the optimum equipment for specific applications to solve customers' troubles such as those above.
A P P L I C AT I O N S
Various measurements are possible when using displacement sensors/measurement systems. The optimum way to measure differs
according to the type of target to be measured and installation space.
P. 4, 5 P. 6 P. 7 P. 8
P. 9 P. 10 P. 11 P. 12
Radius (R)/
Angle Gap/Clearance Meandering
Inner Diameter
P. 13 P. 14 P. 15 P. 16
P. 17 P. 18 P. 19
2
TYPES OF DISPLACEMENT SENSORS/MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
In this Support Guide, we introduce applications using the following four categories of systems.
THRUBEAM 2D
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
RELATED DOCUMENTS
3
How to Measure "Thickness - Sheet Form"
Thickness
Measuring measurement
A A Measuring
between roll transparent targets
1 of glass
B Measuring B Measuring
above roll opaque targets
Thickness
measurement of
2
plastic sheet
Thickness measurement
after roll press
A Space in direction of
movement of target 3
B No space in direction of
movement of target
Thickness measurement of
rubber sheet
When light is directed at a transparent target, light is reflected from Thickness is measured by passing a target between two sensor heads.
the top and bottom surfaces. Thickness is measured by identifying
reflected light from the top and bottom surfaces.
A
Reflected light
C
No. 1 or top surface B
Transparent body
No. 2 or bottom surface
Thickness t = C - (A+B)
Transmitted light
POINT POINT
SELECTION OF DISPLACEMENT SENSORS IS IMPORTANT Optical-axis alignment and span adjustment are important to ensure that A+B is fixed
even if the target runs out in the vertical direction.
• Does the displacement sensor have enough range to see both the top and bottom
surface?
• Check to see if stable measurement is possible even if the reflectance of the top and
bottom surfaces is different.
4
How to Measure "Thickness - Components"
Thickness
measurement of
coated film
A Measuring transparent targets
1
B Measuring opaque targets
Thickness measurement of
sealing material
Thickness
measurement of
wafers
2
Sensor heads are installed so that the top Thickness is measured by the difference in Thickness is found by simultaneously
surfaces of the roller and target are projected height when the target is wound around (i.e. measuring the base surface and target
as a single plane on the captured image. held in close contact against) the roller with using a 2D laser displacement sensor and
Thickness is found by measuring step. the roller surface taken as the zero point. measuring the step from the obtained shape.
B
A (Zero point)
POINT Error occurs when there is a gap between the target and
the base surface.
The thickness of both transparent and opaque targets can be measured. Since the thickness of targets is measured in 1. Use a base surface having high precision such as
reference to the roller, ensure that no clearance is formed between the roller and the target. surface plate.
2. Use vacuum contact or magnetic contact.
Improving adhesion by performing the above measures
is important.
5
How to Measure "Width"
Width measurement
of electrode foil
A Sheet form 1
B Other targets
Width measurement
of elastomer
A Narrow widths 2
B Wide widths
Width measurement
of building material
board
3
Narrow targets can be measured using a The sectional shape of locations where the Width is measured by passing a target
single sensor head. In the case of wide line laser is incident is acquired and width is between two sensor heads.
targets, use two sensor heads to detect measured from that shape.
the edge positions on the left and right to
measure the width.
• Higher precision measurement than reflective models • The width of locations where laser light does not • The end face of the target must be an area wider than
is possible. penetrate through can also be measured since the the measurement spot.
measurement system is a reflective model.
• Even transparent targets can be measured stably by • Optical-axis alignment and span adjustment are
changing the detection threshold values of the target. • The width of the specified location can be measured important to ensure that A+B is fixed even if the
correctly even if the target shifts out of position to the workpiece runs out to the left and right.
left and right.
6
How to Measure "Height and Step"
Height measurement
of dispenser
A Measuring height at 1 point
1
B Measuring height at 2 points (step)
Height measurement
of connector terminal
Distance between measured A Measuring
A
locations is short from above 2
B Distance between measured B Measuring
locations is long from side
Step measurement of
electrode terminal
Height
measurement
of vehicle
1
To measure the height of one point, measure The sectional shape of locations where the The step section of the target is projected,
by a reflective laser displacement sensor. line laser is incident is acquired and step is and the step amount of two specified
measured from that shape. locations is found.
Measurement point
X Step
Reference point
The height of multiple locations can be measured by Even if the target is tilted, step can be measured • Even if the shaft is tilted, step can be measured
using multiple sensor heads or by moving a single accurately if the sensor head is provided with the accurately if the sensor head is provided with the
sensor head. alignment adjustment function. alignment adjustment function.
• Measurement is not affected by the colour of the target
surface.
7
How to Measure "Outer Diameter"
Outer diameter
measurement of
Measuring the outer diameter high-speed wire
A Thin targets A
at one location 1
B Thick targets Measuring the outer diameter
B
at multiple locations
Outer diameter
measurement
2 of injectors at
multiple points
Outer diameter
measurement of
The target is passed through collimated light The outer diameter of multiple points and Outer diameter is measured by passing a
to measure the size of its shadow. minimum and maximum values of specified target between two sensor heads.
ranges can be measured since a 2D optical
projection method is used.
A
Receiver Measurement target
Transmitter
D C
Focal distance
This is automatically
calculated by the controller.
• Outer diameter can be measured to high precision by Outer diameter values can be measured correctly by the It is important to adjust the parallelism of the two
selecting the measurement system best suited to the position correction function even if the target is tilted. measurement systems to prevent values from changing if
diameter you want to measure. the target moves to the left and right.
• A faster sampling cycle ensures stable measurement
even if there is target run-out.
8
How to Measure "Stroke"
Measuring sheet
frame behavior
A Using a 2D laser
displacement sensor 2
B Using a thrubeam
sensor
Measuring blade
edge behavior
The sensor head is installed in the stroke The stroke amount is measured by irradiating The stroke amount is measured by finding
direction to measure the distance to the the line laser from the side and measuring the position of the specified point from the
target. the position of the target end face. image obtained by the 2D optical projection
method.
Stroke amount
Distance
Time
Stroke amount
• The stroke amount can be measured at high speed with • Stroke can be measured even if the target surface is Stroke amounts can be measured correctly by the
precision. not flat. position correction function even if the target shifts to
the left and right.
• Models capable of measuring long stroke amounts • Movement on both the left and right sides also can be
also are available. measured simultaneously.
9
How to Measure "Run-out/Vibration"
Run-out measurement of
HDD surface
A Surface run-out of rotating bodies 1
B Other run-out/vibration
Vibration measurement
of ultrasonic welding
Residual vibration
measurement of
3
robot
Height fluctuations at a single point on Height fluctuations at a single point are The line laser is irradiated on the target and
a circumference are captured at a fast captured at a fast sampling rate by a the height of the characteristic point (e.g.
sampling rate by a reflective displacement reflective displacement sensor. peak point) is detected from the obtained
sensor. shape to measure the run-out amount.
Run-out amount
Min. value
Sampling time
ON
OFF
(t)
• Amplitude increases the further away from the rotation • The peak-to-peak value of the run-out amount is • If the peak point shifts to the left and right, the peak
center, which makes fluctuations in height easier to found using peak-to-peak hold or a similar function. cannot be captured at all times if you are measuring by
capture. a 1D laser displacement sensor. The peak point can be
• Measurement must be performed at a sampling speed tracked at all times by using a 2D laser displacement
• Measurement must be performed at a sampling rate of of at least ten times the oscillation frequency. sensor.
at least ten times the oscillation frequency.
• Measurement must be performed at a sampling rate of
at least ten times the oscillation frequency.
10
How to Measure "Eccentricity"
Eccentricity
measurement of high
A Using a confocal sensor 1 precision roller
Eccentricity
measurement of
Eccentricity
measurement of
3 sponge roller
The laser is pointed at the apex of the circle Fluctuations in the edge positions of the roll The eccentricity is measured by finding
to capture fluctuations in distance by high- are captured by high-speed sampling. fluctuations at the position of the specified
speed sampling. multiple points from the image obtained by
the 2D optical projection method.
Run-out amount
Start of measurement
End of measurement
Max. value
Timing signal
Run-out amount
Min. value
Sampling time
ON
OFF
(t)
• Measurement must be performed at a sampling speed • The peak-to-peak value of the run-out amount is • The run-out of V grooves and protrusions in the
of at least ten times the rotation speed. found using peak-to-peak hold or a similar function. circumference can be measured.
• Error increases as the shaft becomes smaller in • Measurement must be performed at a sampling speed • The run-out of a point at a predetermined distance
diameter since the apex position shifts to the left and of at least ten times the rotation speed. from the end can be measured.
right due to eccentricity.
11
How to Measure "Warpage and Flatness"
Flatness measurement
of chassis
A Using multiple sensor heads 1
B Using a single sensor head
Warpage measurement
of substrate
A Using a 1D laser displacement sensor 2
B Using a 2D laser displacement sensor
Warpage measurement
of material pieces
Warpage and flatness are measured by The target or sensor heads are moved, and The line laser is irradiated to measure
calculating height data obtained respectively warpage or flatness is measured from the warpage from the obtained shape.
from multiple installed sensor heads. height data of each point.
Calculates variance between reference point and all Calculates variance between reference point and all
measurement points. measurement points.
Calculates variance between MIN and MAX values Calculates variance between MIN and MAX values
within measurement points. within measurement points.
Peak
Warpage amount
Bottom
Measured value 1 = MAX (A,B,C...) - MIN (A,B,C...)... Measured value 1 = MAX (A,B,C...) - MIN (A,B,C...)...
• Measurement error caused by chattering when the • Costs can be reduced since only one head is used. Warpage can be measured without moving the sensor
sensor head is moved does not occur. head.
• Chattering when sensor heads are moved causes
• The inspection cycle time is fast since the sensor head measurement error.
is not moved.
• A mechanism for moving sensor heads is required.
• A mechanism for moving the sensor head is not
required.
12
How to Measure "Angle"
The sectional shape of locations where the line laser is incident is The angle of specified multiple points is measured from the image
acquired and angle is measured from that shape. obtained by the 2D optical projection method.
Angle
Angle
Point of intersection
(X, Z coordinates)
POINT POINT
• The angle can be measured by one head. Outer diameter, step, and other parameters can also be measured at the same time as the
angle of multiple locations.
• The angle need not be computed externally.
13
How to Measure "Gap/Clearance"
Gap measurement of
touch panel
Gap measurement
between rolls
In the case of transparent bodies, gaps can The gap size is found by measuring the The line laser is irradiated to measure the
be measured by light transmitted through a width of the transmitted light. width from the obtained shape as a gap.
body since the target is irradiated by laser
light from above.
Inflexion point
128
No.2 surface
96
No.3 surface 64
Width
32
No.4 surface
0
Near Far
SELECTION OF THE SENSOR HEAD • Roll run-out and gap can be measured • Gaps can be measured correctly by the position
IS IMPORTANT simultaneously. correction function even if the target is tilted.
• Is a minimum gap or greater provided so that the two • Installation space is required on both the left and • Both the gap and step at the end face also can be
surfaces can be identified? right sides. measured.
• Can measurement be performed stably even if the two
surfaces have different reflectance?
14
How to Measure "Meandering"
Meandering
measurement of
sheet
Meandering measurement
of sheet
The fluctuations of edge positions of the target passing The line laser is irradiated to measure the fluctuations of the
between sensors is measured. edge positions from the obtained shape.
Edge
Meandering amount
Time
POINT POINT
Even transparent targets can be measured stably by changing the detection threshold • Both meandering amount and height fluctuations also can be measured
values of the target. simultaneously.
• Meandering can be measured with the sensors positioned away from the target.
15
How to Measure "Radius (R)/Inner Diameter"
Radius
measurement of
A Radius (R) measurement 1 drum seaming
Inner diameter
measurement of
A Ring-shaped 2 bearing
B Cylindrical
Measuring inner
diameter of metal
3 pipe
The line laser is irradiated to measure radius The inner radius is measured from the The optical axes of two heads are reflected
(R) from the obtained shape. image obtained by the 2D optical projection 90° by a prism to measure inside apertures.
method.
Centre of aperture
The approximate R is
measured from the data in
the specified arc area. Diameter
Radius (R) can be measured directly without having to The radius can be measured correctly using a position • The optical axes of the two heads form a single line
calculate the approximate R externally. correction function even if the target shifts out of and the heads also pass through the centre of the
position. aperture.
• Rotate the target to measure equal pitch angle when
taking circular measurements.
16
How to Measure "Positioning"
Positioning of liquid
crystal substrate
A Measuring by thrubeam models 1
B Measuring by reflective models
Stage positioning
A Using a 1D laser
displacement sensor 2
B Using a 2D laser
displacement sensor
Positioning of board
The edge positions of a fluctuating target The laser is irradiated from the target The line laser is irradiated to measure the
passing between sensors is measured. movement direction to measure the distance position of the target from the obtained
to the target. shape.
Even transparent targets can be measured by changing Selective use of sensor heads enables long ranges to be Position measurement can be performed with the sensor
the detection threshold values of the target. measured and controlled. head installed perpendicular to the target's direction of
movement.
17
How to Measure "Shapes - 2D"
Profile
A Using a 1D laser displacement sensor
1 measurement of
aluminum fin
B Using a 2D laser displacement sensor
Profile
2 measurement
of tire tread
groove
Shapes are measured by moving the target or sensor head to The sectional shape of locations where the line laser is incident can
accumulate height data. be acquired. High-speed sampling enables detection even when the
target is moved.
LJ-V
Z axis
Xa
x is
POINT POINT
• Shapes can be measured at a precision higher than 2D laser displacement sensors. • The shape can be measured without moving the sensor head and target.
• A mechanism for moving the sensor head and target is required. • The shape of large targets can be measured by installing multiple sensor heads.
• Chattering when the sensor head or target is moved causes measurement error.
18
How to Measure "Shapes - 3D"
A Measuring inline 1
B Measuring offline
A 3D shape can be constructed by acquiring and overlaying multiple 3D shapes can be measured to high precision by combining a 1D
sectional shapes of locations where the line laser is incident. laser displacement sensor with an X-Y stage.
POINT POINT
The fastest sampling speed in the world achieves measurement of the entire shape inline. • Selective use of sensor heads enables shapes of various heights to be measured.
• The shape of transparent 3D objects also can be measured.
19
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
THICKNESS/WIDTH MEASUREMENT
Thickness measurement of motor core Thickness measurement of plastic sheet Width measurement of rectangular wires
lamination
Outer diameter measurement of wafers Outer diameter measurement of ultra thin Outer diameter measurement of feed rollers
wires
GAP/CLEARANCE MEASUREMENT
Gap measurement of doors Gap measurement of touch panel Gap measurement of rollers and blades
20
R U N - O U T / V I B R AT I O N / E C C E N T R I C I T Y M E A S U R E M E N T
Run-out measurement of disk rotors Run-out measurement of high-precision Vibration measurement of speakers
rollers
HEIGHT/STEP MEASUREMENT
Height measurement of dispenser nozzles Lifting measurement of valve cotters Step/length measurement of injectors
WA R PA G E / F L AT N E S S M E A S U R E M E N T
Warpage measurement of building material Warpage measurement of glass substrates Warpage measurement of pressed parts
boards
21
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22
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