CO QAH + MELC LW

Course Outline & Quality Assured HANDOUT No. 12

Handouts paired with MELC- in PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Based Learner’s Worksheet

MELC:
24.Explain various light phenomena such as:
a. Your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks different
b. Mirages
c. Light from a red laser passes more easily through red cellophane than green cellophane
d. Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial light and in sunlight
e. Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and supernumerary bows
f. Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
g. Why the sky is blue and sunsets are red (S11/12PS-IVf-66)
25. Describe how Hertz produced radio pulses (S11/12PS-IVf-68)
Semester: 2 Week No. 12 Day: 1-4
LESSON 1: VARIOUS LIGHT PHENOMENA

These behaviours of light produce spectacular light phenomena that we often see in our daily life
and sometimes we may not notice it. In this lesson, you are expected to explain various light phenomena
such as your reflection on the concave and convex side of a spoon, mirage, haloes, sundogs, primary
and secondary rainbows and supernumerary bows, you are also expected to explain why a red laser light
passes through easily on a red cellophane than on a green one and why colors of clothing appear
different in artificial light as compared to natural sunlight.
Reflection of Concave and Convex side of a Spoon

Figure 1: Concave and Concex Image of the Spoon

Retrieved from: https://www.smpub.com/ubb/ssfgallery/albums/userpics/14996/Front_and_back_of_spoon~0.png, February 9, 2021

A shiny spoon is a double-sided mirror, having both a concave and a convex surface. The front
side is concave with the reflecting surface curving inward. A concave mirror converges reflected light and
may produce an inverted or upright image depending on the distance of the object from it. Thus, when a
person looks at herself in the front part of a spoon from a considerable distance, she sees an inverted
image. As she moves the spoon closer, this inverted image become bigger. When the spoon is very near
her, her image is upright and bigger. A convex mirror diverges reflected light and always forms an image
that is upright and smaller than the object. The backside of a spoon is convex, with the reflecting surface
curving outward. Thus, the image viewed from the back part of the mirror is upright and smaller than the
person. (See pictures in figure 1.)

Mirage
A mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates the illusion of water and results from the refraction
of light through a non-uniform medium. Mirages are most commonly observed on sunny days when
driving down a roadway. As you drive down the roadway, there appears to be a puddle of water on the
road several yards (maybe one-hundred yards) in front of the car. Of course, when you arrive at the
perceived location of the puddle, you recognize that the puddle is not there. Instead, the puddle of water
appears to be another one-hundred yards in front of you. You could carefully match the perceived
location of the water to a roadside object; but when you arrive at that object, the puddle of water is still
not on the roadway. The appearance of the water is simply an illusion. The role of the sun is to heat the
roadway to high temperatures. This heated roadway in turn heats the surrounding air, keeping the air just
above the roadway at higher temperatures than that day's average air temperature. Hot air tends to be
less optically dense than cooler air. As such, a non-uniform medium has been created by the heating of
the roadway and the air just above it. While light will travel in a straight line through a uniform medium, it

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will refract when traveling through a non-uniform medium. If a driver looks down at the roadway at a very
low angle (that is, at a position nearly one hundred yards away), light from objects above the roadway will
follow a curved path to the driver's eye as shown in the picture below (see figure 2).

Figure 2. Mirage
Retrieved from: https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Mirages, February 9, 2021

“Why does light from a red laser passes more easily though red cellophane than green
cellophane?

A transparent material selectively absorbs one or more frequencies of light and transmit what is not
absorbed. The color of a transparent material is the color of light it transmit.
The white paper appears red because the color white is a reflection of all wavelengths of light
together, and therefore is able to reflect the red light transmitted onto it, and also no other wavelengths of
light are visible in the darkened room.
The red dots cannot be seen because they are reflecting the same wavelength of light that is being
transmitted onto them. Since the red light is the only light in the room, when it hits the red dots on the
white paper the only wavelength of light that is reflected back is red. There is no contrast between two
different colors caused by multiple wavelengths of light so the colors cannot be distinguished from one
another. The green dots appear black in the red light
because they absorb the red light and have no other wavelength of light to reflect. A green dot appears
green in white light because when the light hits it, it absorbs all wavelengths except for green, which is
reflected. The color black occurs when all wavelengths of light that hit an object are absorbed. (see figure
3 in a picture below).

Figure 3: Image of Changing Colour

Retrieved from: https://www1.curriculum.edu.au/sciencepd/light/images/light_ill47.gif, February 9, 2021

“Why does the color of clothing appear different in sunlight than it does in a store under
fluorescent light?”
White light is a blend of all the colors, and each color has a different wavelength. Although
sunlight and fluorescent light both appear as “white light,” they each contain slightly different mixtures of
these varying wavelengths. When sunlight and fluorescent light (white light) are absorbed by a piece of
clothing, only some of the wavelengths (composing white light) reflect off the clothing. When the retina of
the eye perceives the “color” of the clothing, it is really perceiving these reflected wavelengths. The
mixture of wavelengths determines the color perceived. This is why an article of clothing sometimes
appears to be a different color in the store than it does on the street.
What makes up haloes and sundogs?
Sundogs, and other kinds of halos seen in the sky are atmospheric phenomena that occur when
light is reflected or refracted by ice crystals in the atmosphere. When light from stars enters the
atmosphere, it is refracted several times as it moves from one mass of air to another that is of a different
index of refraction.

This results in what is technically called stellar scintillation, or the twinkling of a star. Light refracted
by ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere produces haloes and sun dogs. Haloes are rings and arcs
of light that appear in the sky. Sun dogs, also known as mock sun or parhelion, are rainbow-colored
splashes that may appear as part of the halo. The moon may also have haloes and moon dogs.

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 Figure 4: Image of a Halo Figure 5: Image of Sun dogs
Retrieved from: https://www.theairlinepilots.com/pics/met/haloes.jpg Retrieved from: https://strangesounds.org/wp-content/uploads/sundog-
5.jpg
February 9, 2021 February 9, 2021

How does a Primary Rainbow and Secondary Rainbow form?

A rainbow is formed when sunlight undergoes dispersion as it enters water droplets in the atmosphere.
When sunlight (white light) strikes the water droplets (which have greater density than air), it bends and
disperses into seven colors. Red has the longest wavelength so it will appear at the top, while violet is at
the bottom because it has the shortest wavelength. Therefore, dispersion shows that light is a wave
because it has frequency.

Figure 6: Primary rainbow Figure 7: Secondary Rainbow

Retrieved from:https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/content_ck_ Retrieved from: https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/content_ck_
images/ana_qa_image_57b2e73fe5d57.png,February 9, 2021 images/ana_qa_image_57b2e73fe5d57.png, February 9, 2021

If during a rain shower you can see the shadow of your own head, then you are in position to see a
rainbow if conditions are favorable. The rainbow forms a circular arc around the anti-solar point, which is
located at the shadow of your head. You can search for the shadow of your head to find a rainbow in a
waterfall, or even in the spray from a hose or sprinkler.

The primary rainbow forms between about 40° and 42° from the antisolar point. The light path involves
refraction and a single reflection inside the water droplet. If the drops are large, 1 millimeter or more in
diameter, red, green, and violet are bright but there is little blue. Such large droplets are suggested by
the rainbow at right. As the droplets get smaller, red weakens. In fine mist, all colors except violet may
disappear. Even finer fog droplets, smaller than 0.05 mm, produce the white rainbow or fog bow. The
secondary rainbow involves two reflections inside the falling droplets.

Rainbows are not seen in midday since the whole 42° circle is below the horizon at most latitudes. So
rainbows tend to be seen most in the later afternoon when a thundershower has passed and the sun
from the west is illuminating the receding edge of an eastwardly moving raincloud. It is possible to see
the entire circle of the rainbow from an airplane since there can be falling droplets both above and below
you.

The secondary rainbow is about 10° further out from the antisolar point than the primary bow, is about
twice as wide, and has its colors reversed.

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Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark?

Figure 8. Image Crafted from ADM Module

In a cloud sunlight is scattered equally, meaning that the sunlight continues to remain white and gives
clouds their distinctive white appearance.

Clouds are white because light from the Sun is white. As light passes through a cloud, it interacts with the
water droplets, which are much bigger than the atmospheric particles that exist in the sky.

When sunlight reaches an atmospheric particle in the sky, blue light is scattered away more strongly than
other colors, giving the impression that the sky is blue.

But in a cloud, sunlight is scattered by much larger water droplets. These scatter all colors almost equally
meaning that the sunlight continues to remain white and so making the clouds appear white against the
background of the blue sky.

Why the sky is blue and sunsets are red

Rayleigh scattering (or selective scattering) refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the
air, and can be extended to scattering from particles up to about a tenth of the wavelength of the light.

At sunrise or sunset, clouds can take on a red or orange color. This is because during sunrise and
sunset, the Sun is very low in the sky and so light has to travel through more of the atmosphere. As a
result more of the blue light is scattered and deflected away allowing more red and yellow light to reach
the Earth.

Since red has the longest wavelength, it will reach Earth slower than blue. This means that more blue (or
violet) light will be scattered before red reaches earth. As a result, a blue sky can be observed for most
parts of the day. During late afternoons, you can observe a sunset or the time when the sun descends
below the horizon. Why is the sunset red? Since the shorter wavelengths (blue or violet) have already
been scattered, you will only observe red.

KEY POINTS
 A shiny spoon is a double-sided mirror, having both a concave and a convex surface. The front side is
concave with the reflecting surface curving inward. A concave mirror converges reflected light and
may produce an inverted or upright image depending on the distance of the object from it. Thus, when
a person looks at herself in the front part of a spoon from a considerable distance, she sees an
inverted image.
 Mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates the illusion of water and results from the refraction of
light through a non-uniform medium.
 Cellophane and coloured glass are also transparent because you can see through them. However,
the colour of what you see is changed. If you look through red cellophane, everything on the other
side appears to be shades of red. If you look through green glass, everything appears green. As a
general rule each colour filter (eg glass or cellophane) will only allow light of its own colour to pass
through.
 Haloes are rings and arcs of light that appear in the sky. While sundogs are rainbow-colored splashes
that may appear as part of the halo.
 Clouds are white because light from the Sun is white. As light passes through a cloud, it interacts with
the water droplets, which are much bigger than the atmospheric particles that exist in the sky.
 Rayleigh scattering (or selective scattering) refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the
air, and can be extended to scattering from particles up to about a tenth of the wavelength of the light.

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 LESSON 2: RADIO WAVES
This lesson will provide understanding of how Heinrich Hertz discovered and produced radio pulses.
Some of things we want to know is Who is Heinrich Rudolf Hertz? Why did Hertz able to do this kind of
experiment? How did Hertz experiment produced radio pulses? Why the unit of frequency is Hertz? How
does contribution of Hertz become important now a day? The questions above will give you an idea on
the things you may discover today will become important part for the new generation.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894) was a

German physicist who became the first
person to transmit and receive controlled
radio waves. He was the first conclusively
proved the existence of electromagnetic
waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's
electromagnetic theory of light. His
research focused only on discovering if
James Clerk Maxwell’s 1864 theory of
electromagnetism was correct.

Figure 9. Image of Heinrich Hertz

Retrieved from:https://www.famousscientists.org/how-hertz-discovered-radio-waves/
February 9, 2021
What are Radio waves?

Radio waves, as defined by dictionaries, are electromagnetic waves. It is measured to have the
longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. Its frequency ranges from 300 GHz to as low as
300 kHz. Radio waves or radio pulses are also considered to be one of the most important discoveries
the human has ever had because it made communication more efficient.
Radio waves are very significant. They are extensively utilized in modern technology for cell
phones, ICT communication, broadcasting, navigation schemes, communications satellites, wireless
fidelity or wi-fi routers, and numerous other applications. They also transport signals for television and
mobile phones. If not absorbed, radio waves will bounce off items.

How was it produced?

Heinrich Hertz verified the existence of radio waves or pulses in the late 1880s. In 1879, the 22 – year
old Hertz was seriously thinking to prove Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism as part of his studies in
Berlin.

By 1886, while continuing his quest to verify the theory of Maxwell, he witnessed an electrical spark in
one of his devices. That spark directed him to deep thoughts and questions.

Hertz put up his spark – gap transmitter. As he was already experimenting to prove Maxwell’s theory, he
hoped that his electrical apparatus would transmit electromagnetic waves.

At both ends of his spark-gap transmitter, Hertz put two hollow spheres of 30 cm diameter with 3m apart.
These spheres acted as capacitors – a passive electronic component with two terminals and stores
electrical energy in an electric field.

As he was using his transmitter in front of his students, he applied a high voltage alternating current
electricity across the central spark – gap, it produced electrical sparks through a process called magnetic
induction. The sparks flew between spark gaps – small gaps in the circuit.

He started producing them using a piece of electrical equipment called induction coil. The induction coil
converted low voltage direct current electricity from a battery into a high voltage alternating current
electricity. The electricity crossed a small air gap at consistent intervals as a spark.

Hertz observed that sparks caused an aggressive pulse of electric current within the copper wires leading
out to the spheres. These uncertain electric charges produced electromagnetic waves or radio pulse or

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radio waves. The radio waves spread out at the speed of light through the air around the wire.

Figure 10: Conceptual Framework of Heinritch Hertz – gap transmitter

Retrieved from: http://tikalon.com/blog/2014/Hertz_experiment.png, Februray 9, 2021

He, then, further observed that the sparks that glided across the main spark gap (transmitter) typically
soared across the secondary gap (receiver). Further experiments that Hertz did show that the flickering
at the main gap produces regular electrical waves that is moving back and forth.
He believed that the circuit was vibrating which is determined by electrical properties called inductance
and capacitance. He identified the phenomenon called self – inductance was taking place in the cooper
wires. This phenomenon allowed him to deduce that the electric vibrations had an extraordinarily high
frequency.
As Maxwell’s theory had indicated, the main circuit of the transmitter would discharge electromagnetic
waves with a wave ranging up to one meter or more.
Hertz distinguished the pulses or waves with his receiver because the sparks jumped from the transmitter
to the receiver even though it has a distance of 1.5 meters.
The sparks were produced by the onset of the electromagnetic waves from the transmitter creating fierce
electrical vibrations in the receiver. Hertz, not only proved Maxwell’s theory, but he also was able to
generate radio waves.

KEY POINTS
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist who became the first person to transmit and
receive controlled radio waves. Hertz observed that sparks caused an aggressive
pulse of electric current within the copper wires leading out to the spheres. These
uncertain electric charges produced electromagnetic waves or radio pulse or radio
waves. The radio waves spread out at the speed of light through the air around the
wire.

REFERENCES

Espinosa, Allen, and Mary Grace Pineda. N.d. Physical Science. Reviewed by Evangeline Manalang and
Marie Paz Morales. First. 4/F SEDCCO Bldg.120 Thailand corner legaspi Streets Village, 1229
Makati City, Philippines:DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC., 2016
Salibio, Mark, and Oliver David. n.d.Physical Science.Reviewed by Melody Clerigo and Darwin Putungan
Second. 4/F SEDCCO Bldg. 120 Thailand Corner legazpi Streets Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati City,
Philippines:DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC., 2019

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 CO QAH + MELC LW
LEARNING WORKSHEET No. 12
Course Outline & Quality Assured Handouts
paired with MELC- Based Learning Worksheet in PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Name: ______________________ Grade & Section:_______________________

Teacher: ____________________ Date Submitted: _______________________

MELC:
24. Explain various light phenomena such as:
A. Your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks different
B. Mirages
C Light from a red laser passes more easily through red cellophane than green cellophane
D. Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial light and in sunlight
E. Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and supernumerary bows
F. Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
G. Why the sky is blue and sunsets are red (S11/12PS-IVf-66)
LESSON 1: Various Light Phenomena
Semester: 2 Week No. 12 Day: 1-4

Worksheet No. 1 Title: Light Phenomena Day: 1-2

Directions: The following are some of real life applications about lights phenomena, explain your
viewpoint applying your knowledge about properties of light.

1.) What kind of mirrors used in supermarkets, and why?

______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
________

2.) Why do cd’s reflects rainbow colors?

___________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

3.) Why there are shadow?

MELC:
25. Describe how Hertz produced radio pulses (S11/12PS-IVf-68)
LESSON 2: Radio Waves
Worksheet No. 2 Title: Arranging the steps Day: 3-4

Directions: Using numbers 1 – 8, chronologically arrange the steps below on how Hertz produced the
radio waves.

Learning the skill: Arranging the steps

a. _____ A high voltage alternating current electricity was applied across the central spark – gap.
b. _____ He started producing them using a piece of electrical equipment called induction coil.
c. _____ Hertz put two hollow spheres of 30 cm diameter with 3m apart.
d. _____ Hertz put up his spark – gap transmitter.
e. _____ The induction coil converted low voltage direct current electricity from a battery into a high
voltage alternating current electricity.
f. _____ The spark gap produced electrical sparks through a process called magnetic induction.
g. _____ The sparks flew between spark gaps.
h. _____ The sparks that glided across the main spark gap (transmitter) typically soared across the
secondary gap (receiver).

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Answer Key in Physical Science – Week 12

Worksheet 1

1.) Convex Mirror are used in big shopping stores/supermarkets to watch

activities of customers because of their large feld of view. Convex mirror
are diverging mirrors in which the reflective surface bulges towards the
light source.
2.) They same also from rainbow that is formed from the clouds, Compact
Disc resembles the same kind of locours when viewed from different
angles. Recordeddata on CD is stored in microscopic pits of different
lengths which carries information in the CD. Theses pits are placed in a
row of the same width and at equal distance. This forms a diffraction
gratings on the CD mirror surface.
3.) Light from behind gets diffracted because an object is acting as an
obstacle in the path of light waves

Worksheet 2

1. 3
2. 6
3. 2
4. 1
5. 7
6. 4
7. 5
8. 8