Topic 1 .

The particulate
nature of matter
 Important things
•

Everything is made of particles

-

books water phones and even humans

, ,

•
Smallest particles that cannot be broken down father
" "
-

Atoms
The particles consisting of two atoms joined together
•
or more

Molecules
" "
-

•
Atoms of atoms that carry charge
"
or
group a

"
-

Ions
(Positive Negative)
+ -
 Solids vs Liquid vs Gases
•
The distinguishing properties :

solid -

Fixed shape
-

Fixed volume
-
Does not flow

Liquid shape changes (takes

-

the shape of the

container)
-

Fixed volume
-

Flows easily

Gas -

No fixed shape
-

No fixed volume

lighter than solid and liquid

-
•
Difference in structures :

solid
-

arranged in a lattice
-

strong forces between the particles

-

vibrate in a fixed position

liquid
-

Particles are close together but not in a

lattice
-

Weaker forces between the particles

-

can move about and slide past each other

G-as
-

Particles far apart

are

almost no forces holding them together

move about collide with each other
very quicker,
-

and bounce off in all directions

 Changes of state
g. CO2
e. (dry ice)
naphthalene
sublimation ,
and iodine
crystal

melting boiling evaporation

freezing condensation

•
Solid •
liquid gas
•

e.
g. ice g. water eg water vapour
-

e.
-
-
.

starts melting
-

freezing -

starts boiling at 1000C

-

evaporation occurs
at 0°C at
(melting (boiling point) any temperature
freezing point)
Heating Curve
y

liquid gas gas getting

hotter

É
a solid liquid liquid warming up
(some
§ occurs)
evaporation

solid warming up
✗

Time minutes
Cooling Curve
y

gas is cooled
ON

±:É gas liquid liquid is cooled

liquid solid solid

getting cooler
>

✗
Time minutes
 Kinetic Theory
•
Matter is composed of a large number of small particles (individual
atoms or molecules ) that are in constant motion .

•
Also known as : kinetic -

molecular Theory of matter or kinetic theory

of Gases

A substance be solid , liquid gas, and change

•
can a a or a

from one state to another

•
It has different characteristics in each state
•
the differences due to the its particles
are
way are

arranged ,
and move in each state

changing state in terms of kinetic

Theory
why do substances change state ?
-

Particles take in heat

energy

changes the way they move, their arrangement and bonds either
-

are

made or broken
* different substances require different amount of heat to change
its state as there are different forces of attraction between the
particles
 Melting

•
When solid is heated , particles gain more
energy
and vibrate
more

•
solid expands
•
at melting point particles break from their positions
, away

Boiling
 •
When liquid is heated , particles gain more
energy
and move

faster
•
Particles bump to each other more often ,
bounce further
apart
•

Liquid expands
•
At boiling point particles
,
overcome forces between them

Evaporation

•
Some particles have more energy than others
When the liquid particles have
enough energy they
•

,
can escape
from the liquid
•
Occurs at all temperature ( below boiling point
 Condensation and Freezing
As
gas cools its particles lose energy and
•
a move more
,

slowly
e. The particles collide but do not have to bounce
energy
away
•
The particles will stay close ,
bonds will be formed and become
a
liquid (condensation )
•
On further cooling ,
becomes a solid ( freezing )

Brownian Motion
•
Background :

First observed by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827

-

Pollen grain are not alive so why were they moving ?

-

78 later Albert Einstein found the reason

years ,

Pollen grains moved because tiny invisible particles collided

with them
 •
Definition : Random motion of
particles suspended in

liquid or a
gas ; it
occurs because the
particles are
continually
bombarded by molecules
•
Evidence :

1) •

Cooking
"
smells
spread
particles spread after bombarded by
"
air particles
•
smell being

2) Dust
•

dancing in the air

•
Dust particles being bombarded by the moving particles in
air
3) •

Crystal of pottasium manganate (VIII spreads

in water
•
its particles dissolve and mix the water particles
among

4) Few drops of red brown bromine in spread upwards

gas jar
•
-

•
Particles of bromine vapour mix among
the air particles

Diffusion
•
Definition : The process in which particles
mix by colliding randomly with
each other
,
and bouncing off
in all directions
 Rate of Diffusion of Gases
1) The mass of the particles :

•
White smoke forms closer to B
•
Ammonia particles travelled further than hydrochloric acid
particles travelled faster
•
The lower its relative molecular the faster the will diffuse
mass
, gas

2) The temperature :

•
When is heated , its particles take in heat energy and move
a
gas
faster
•
The particles will then take in and bounce further
move
energy away
•
Gas particles will dissolve faster
•
The higher the temperature the faster
,
a
gas
will diffuse
 G-as Pressure
All
gases exert
* a
pressure
1) When is heated :
gas

The particles take faster

energy and move
•
in
•

They hit the walls more often with more force

,

⇒ When is heated its pressure increases

a
gas ,

2) When into
gas is squeezed a smaller space :

•
Gas be compressed due to space between the particles
can

•
The particles in a smaller space so they hit the walls
are

often ⇒ pressure increases

more

*
Liquids and solids cannot be compressed as their particles
are
already very close together