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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

The Tangent Line and the Derivative

y = f(x)

Differentiation Formulas y2 Q(x2, y2)

Part 1 P(x1, y1)

Dy
y1
Dx

x1 x2
TANGENT LINE

Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

The Derivative Given: y = f(x) Derivative Formulas

Definition: The derivative of y with respect to x Given : y = f ( x) Explicit Functions dy d [ f ( x)]
is the limit of the ratio Dy when Dx =
Dx CONSTANT RULE
dx dx
approaches zero.
dy Dy f ( x2 ) - f ( x1 ) 1. The derivative of a 2. The derivative of x with
= lim = lim respect to x is one.
dx Dx Dx constant is zero.
Dx ® 0 Dx ® 0 y =c y =x
Other symbols of a derivative:
d f ( x) dy d (c)
= =0 dy dx
= =1
y ' , f ' ( x), Dx y, D f ( x), dx dx dx dx
Differentiation Formulas 1
dx Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

3. The derivative of a constant multiplied 5. The derivative of a product of two or
by f(x). y = c f (x) more functions. y = [ f ( x)][ g ( x)]
CONSTANT
dy d { f ( x)} MULTIPLE dy d {g ( x)} d { f ( x)}
= [c ] RULE dx
= [ f ( x)]
dx
+ [ g ( x)]
dx
dx dx
4. The derivative of a sum and difference of OR : y = [u ][v]
function. The sum (or difference) of two differentiable dy d {v} d {u} 𝒅 𝒖𝒗
functions f and g is itself differentiable. = [u ] + [v ] = 𝒖𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒖
y = f ( x) ± g ( x) Moreover, the derivative
dx dx dx
of f + g (or f – g) is the
dy d { f ( x)} d {g ( x)} The product of two differentiable functions f and g is itself differentiable.
= ± sum (or difference) of the
derivatives of f and g.
Moreover, the derivative of f∙g is the first function times the derivative of the
second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.
dx dx dx
Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

Expansion of the Product Rule 6. The Quotient Rule

d The quotient f/g of two differentiable functions f and g is itself
[u(x )v(x )w(x )] = u(x )v(x )w¢(x ) + u(x )w(x )v¢(x ) + v(x )w(x )u¢(x ) differentiable at all values of x for which g(x) ≠ 0. Moreover, the
dx derivative of f/g is given by the denominator times the
derivation derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the
d derivative of the denominator, all divided by the square of the
[{u (x )v(x )}w(x )] = {u (x )v(x )} d w(x ) + w(x ) d [u (x )v(x )] denominator.
dx dx dx
d é f (x )ù g (x ) f ¢(x ) - f (x )g ¢(x )
= , g (x ) ¹ 0
= u (x )v(x )w¢(x ) + w(x )[u (x )v¢(x ) + v(x )u¢(x )] dx êë g (x ) úû [g (x )]2
é u ù vdu - udv
dê ú = ,v ¹ 0
= u (x )v(x )w¢(x ) + u (x )w(x )v¢(x ) + v(x )w(x )u¢(x ) ëvû v2
Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

7. Chain Rule 8. General Power Formula

If y = f(u) is a differentiable function of u and
u = g(x) is a differentiable function of x, then y = u n where : n ¹ 0
y = f(g(x)) is a differentiable function of x and If n is a rational number, then the function f(x) = xn is
differentiable and
dy dy du
= ×
dy
= n u n-1 du
dx du dx For f to be differentiable at x = 0,
or, equivalently, n must be a number such that xn-1

d dx dx is defined on an interval
[ f (g (x ))] = f ¢(g (x ))× g ¢(x ) containing 0.
dx
Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

Examples
If y = [u(x)]n where u is a differentiable function 1. y = x + 5
of x and n is a rational number, then
dy n -1 du
= n[u (x )]
dx dx
or, equivalently,
d
[u(x )]n = n[u(x )]n-1 u¢(x )
dx
Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

-2 4 3
2. y = 3x + 2 x - 4 x + 10
5 3
3. y = 2 x - +
x 3 x6

Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

4. y = (2 x3 - 3x + 2)5 1
5. y = = x -1
x

2
6. y = = 2 ( x3 - 4 x 2 + x - 9)-1
( x - 4 x 2 + x - 9)
3

Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

2
5x + 2 x - 6
7. y = ( x 4 - 1)( x 2 + 1) 8. y =
3x - 1

Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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3
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

1

9. y = x + 3x - x + 5 5 3 2 10. y = 9 + 9 - x = (9 + 9 - x ) 2

Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (CALENG 1)

x
dy 1 æ x 3 + 1 ö 4 - 4 d æç x + 1 ö÷
1 4 3
11. y = x 3 + 1 æ x3 + 1 ö 14
1- x 2
12. y = 4
=ç ÷ = çç 3 ÷÷ ç x3 - 1 ÷
x 3 - 1 çè x3 - 1 ÷ø dx 4 è x - 1 ø è ø
dx

Differentiation Formulas 1 Differentiation Formulas 1

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