JUMAO-AS, JANELLA NICOLE L.

consistency and individuality to a person’s

3PSY-A behavior.

T R A I T S:
Book reference: Feist-Feist, 7th edition and Schultz
10th edition contribute to individual differences,
consistency and stability of behavior; may be
unique, common or shared but pattern is different
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO for each individual (actions, attitudes, behaviors you
PERSONALITY THEORY possess)

Sigmund Freud C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S:
 Philosophical Speculations → w/ primitive consistent behavior patterns and
scientific method intrapersonal processes within the individual. Also,
 evolved the first modern theory of consistent patterns of Affect, Behavior and
personality Cognition (ABC)
Basis: unique qualities of an individual
(temperament, physique, intelligence)
1. Philosophical Speculations
2. Empirical Evidence
Example:

A. PERSONALITY Personality traits Characteristics

Sociable, energetic,
“Personality” Extrovert/Introvert have the ability to
- originated from the Latin persona, which referred enjoy life
to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in
Greek dramas.
Good-natured, helpful,
- These ancient Roman actors wore a mask Agreeable trusting
(persona) to project a role or false appearance.
This surface view of personality, of course, is not
an acceptable definition. When psychologists use
the term “personality,” they are referring to
something more than the role people play.

Persona → theatrical mask → public self

B. THEORY

---------------------- Personality ----------------------- “Theory”

It is a pattern of relatively permanent traits - set of interrelated ideas, constructs and principles
and unique characteristics that give both proposed to explain certain observations about
reality
- set of related assumptions that allows scientists to comparison: classification does not constitute a
use logical deductive reasoning to formulate theory
hypothesis
taxonomy: 5 stable personalities
theory: Big 5 personality theory

--------------Theory and Its Relatives---------------

(Philosophy, Speculation, Hypotheses, Taxonomy) WHY THERE ARE DIFFERENT THEORIES
1. P H I L O S O P H Y a. Theorist make speculation from a particular
love of wisdom point of view
pursue wisdom through thinking and b. Theorist must be objective in gathering data
reasoning but decision and interpretations are personal
relation: theory is a tool used by scientist in their c. Reflected on personal backgrounds
pursuit of knowledge childhood experiences, philosophy of life,
comparison: interpersonal relationships, and unique manner of
looking at the world
philosophy: ought to be; what should be
theory: if-then statements

2. S P E C U L A T I O N
----------------Psychology of Science---------------
ideas or guesses about something that is not
known - studies both science and the behavior of scientists
- investigates the impact of an individual scientist’s
relation: theories rely on speculation
psychological processes and personal
comparison: characteristics on the development of his scientific
theories or research.
speculation: not in advance of controlled
observation
theory: 2 cornerstones are – speculation and
empirical observation In short;
Psychology of science → look at personal traits of
3. H Y P O T H E S E S
scientists → personality differences influencing
educated guess or prediction to be tested one’s theoretical orientation

relation: a good theory is capable of generating Quantitative: behaviourists, social learning

many hypotheses theorists, trait theorists

comparison: Qualitative and Clinical: psychoanalysts,

hypotheses: more specific (e.g., parent) humanists, existentialitsts
theory: general (e.g., offspring)

4. T A X O N O M Y C. USEFUL THEORY SHOULD;

classification of things according to their
natural relationships
1. Generates Research
relation: taxonomies can evolve into theories
 ability to stimulate and guide further
research
2 KINDS OF RESEARCH:
 Descriptive Research: measurement,
D. PERSONALITY THEORY
labeling, categorization

 Hypothesis Testing: indirect verification of

the usefulness of the theory “Personality Theory”

2. Is falsifiable - set of interrelated ideas, constructs and principles

proposed to explain consistent patterns of affect,
precise enough to suggest research that may behavior and cognition
either support or fail to support its major
tenets -----------------------Components---------------------

3. Organizes Data 1. personality structure: building block of

personality
organize data that are not compatible with
each other 2. motivation: why people behave the way they do

4. Guides Action 3. personality development: how personality

ability to guide the practitioner over the
rough course of day-to-day problems
5. Is Internally Consistent
need not to be consistent with other theories,
but it must be consistent with itself
components are logically compatible
clearly and operationally defined (defines
unit in terms of observable events or
behaviors that can be measured)
6. Is Parsimonious
simple and straightforward
Generates Research
Falsifiable
Organizes Data
Guides Action
Internally Consistent
Parsimonious
develops
4. psychological health: describes healthy
personality
5. psychopathology: describes unhealthy personality
6. personality change: offers an ex-planation on
how unhealthy personality can be changed into a
healthy one
-------Research, Assumption and Issues--------
1. Case Studies and Clinical Research: Interviews,
Case Histories
2. Laboratory Studies and Experimental Research:
Experiments, Observation
3. Personality Questionnaires, Assessment Tools
and Correlation Research: Research, Standard Tests,
and Statistical Tools
E. THE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
1. Psychoanalytic Approach (Freud, Adler,
Jung, Klein, Horney, Fromm, Sullivan, Erikson)
 innate desires
unconscious
2. Trait Approach
personality lies in a continuum
different levels of feelings
3. Biological Approach
physiological aspect
genetic
4. Humanistic Approach (Maslow, Rogers)
person is innately good
aim to achieve fullest potentials
5. Behavioral Approach
Learned
Acquired externally
6. Cognitive Approach
 Schema
F. ISSUES IN PERSONALITY or
DIMENSIONS FOR A CONCEPT OF
HUMANITY
Genetic (Biological) vs Environmental (Social)
Influences (NvsN)
Conscious vs Unconscious
Free Will vs Determinism
Uniqueness vs Universality (Similarities)
Physiological vs Purposive Motivation
Pessimism vs Optimism
Causality vs Teleology
 Nature vs Nurture
Nature – genetics, predisposition and all factors that
are inherited.
Nurture – variables of the environment, upbringing
and life experiences determine our behavior
 Conscious vs Unconscious
Conscious - contains all of the thoughts,
memories, feelings, and wishes of which we
are aware at any given moment.
Unconscious - is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts,
urges, and memories that are outside of our
conscious awareness.
 Free will vs Determinism
Free will - is an illusion, and our behavior is
governed by internal and external forces over which
we have no control.
Determinism – all behavior has a cause and thus
predictable.
 Uniqueness vs Universality
Uniqueness - People possess such unique
personalities that we cannot compare one person to
another
Universality - We can compare people's
personalities and categorize them
 Physiological vs Purposive Motivation
Physiological: people are completely motivated by
basic needs (survival, avoiding pain, seeking
pleasure)
Purposive Motivation: people are completely
motivated to grow and develop
 Pessimism vs Optimism
Optimism - refers to a hopeful disposition or a
general belief that good things will happen
Pessimism - describes a general expectation that bad
things will happen.
 Causality vs Teleology
Causal - is defined as “everything that happens is
caused to happen in that way.”
Teleological - is defined as “everything happens for
some reason/contributes to some good.”
G. RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY THEORY
RELIABILITY
- Extent to which it yields consistent results
VALIDITY
- Degree to which an instrument measures what it is
supposed to measure
 Construct Validity: extent to which an
instrument measures some hypothetical
construct
 Convergent CV: sores on that instrument
correlate highly (converge) with scores on a
variety of valid measures of that same
contract
 Divergent CV: has low or insignificant
correlations with other inventories that do
not measure the construct
 Discriminant Validity: if it discriminates
between two groups of people known to be
different
 Predictive Validity: a test predicts some
future behavior
Chapter 2: FREUD: PSYCHOANALYSIS
-------------------------------------------------------
Twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis:
1. SEX
 Life instincts - The drive for ensuring
survival of the individual and the species by
satisfying the needs for food water, air, and
sex.
 The life instinct Freud considered most
important for the personality is sex.
 Freud regarded sex as our primary
motivation.
 He suggested that people are predominantly
pleasure-seeking beings, and much of his
personality theory revolves around the
necessity of inhibiting or suppressing our
sexual longings.
2. AGGRESSION
 Death instincts - The unconscious drive
toward decay, destruction, and aggression.
 All living things decay and die, returning to
their original inanimate state, and he
proposed that people have an unconscious
wish to die.
 The aggressive drive compels us to destroy,
conquer, and kill.
Basis: personal experiences, dream analysis, vast
readings
INSTINCTS
 the motivating forces that drive behavior and
determine its direction
  which is best translated as a driving force or - Studies on Hysteria (w/ breuer): psychical analysis
impulse (Bettelheim, 1984). → psychoanalysis
- Seduction theory (seduction by a parent)
 Instincts are a form of energy—
transformed physiological energy—that - Association with: Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel,
connects the body’s needs with the mind’s Max Kahane, Rudolf Reitler (Wednesday
wishes. Psychological Society)
The stimuli (hunger or thirst, for example) for
instincts are internal.
B. LEVEL OF MENTAL LIFE or THE
When a need such as hunger is aroused in the body, MENTAL ICEBERG
it generates a condition of physiological excitation
or energy. A hungry person, for example, will act to
satisfy his or her need by looking for food. 1. Unconscious Proper
The instinct is not the bodily state; rather, it is the UNCONSCIOUS
bodily need transformed into a mental state, a
wish. drives, urges, or instincts beyond our
awareness but motivate our words, feelings
The aim of an instinct is to satisfy the need and actions
and thereby reduce the tension. Contains fears, unacceptable sexual and
Homeostatic approach – A theory suggests that we immoral motives and urges, irrational
are motivated to restore and maintain a condition of wishes and selfish needs, shameful
physiological equilibrium, or balance, to keep the experiences
body free of tension. where the id resides (e.g., dreams, slips of
the tongue, repression
punishment and/or suppression → anxiety
A. SIGNIFICANT PART OF FREUD’S LIFE: → repression
phylogenetic endowment: inherited
unconscious images
- Freud believed that sexual conflicts in childhood
were the primary cause of adult neuroses.
PRECONSCIOUS
not conscious but can become conscious
- existence of his brother Julius (hostility,
either quite readily or with difficulty
unconscious wish for death, feelings of guilt)
Contains the memories that are not part of
- favoritism of his mother to him current thoughts but can readily be
available to mind if the need arises
- not close relationship to his siblings
(equivalent to our memory)
- Jean Martin Charcot: Hypnotic Technique (for Contains the superego
hysteria) sources: conscious perception and
unconscious
- Josef Breuer: Catharsis → Free Association
Technique
- experiments with cocaine – miracle drug and a 2. CONSCIOUS
magical substance that would cure many ills and mental elements in awareness at any given
also be the means to the recognition he craved point in time
- Male hysteria (from charcot)
 contains whatever we are thinking about or
experiencing at a given moment (all our
senses detect) 3. Superego
contains the ego
2 DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS: Morality principle
Ideals and morals
Perceptual conscious: what we perceive
through our sense organs, if not too Represent conscience
threatening, enters into consciousness no contact w/ the outside world
unrealistic demands for perfection
Within the mental structure:
Non-threatening ideas from preconscious,
well-disguised images from the unconscious 2 SUBSYSTEMS:
Conscience: results from experiences with
punishments for improper behavior and tells us
C. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
what we should not do
Ego-ideal: develops from experiences with rewards
for proper behavior and tells us what we should do
1. Id

Pleasure principle
“well-developed superego
Biological instinctive drive
not yet owned component of personality
controls sexual and
no contact w/ reality aggressive impulses through
repression”
2 PROCESSES:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Primary process: seeks to satisfy

GUILT: when ego acts contradicting to the moral
Secondary process: bring it into contact w/ the standard of superego
external world
FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY: ego is unable to
meet the standard of superego
pleasure seeking person
guilt-ridden/inferior-feeling person
2. Ego psychologically healthy person

Reality principle
---------------------------------------------------------------
Realistic and socially accepted
Intervene between id impulses and D. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
superego inhibitions
---------------------------------------------------------------
sole source of communication with the
external world 1. Drives
decision making or executive
Trieb → drive or stimulus within the person
branch of personality
 Term: Instinct < drives/impulses
Characterization of drives:
Impetus: amount of force it exerts
Source: region of the body in a state of
excitation or tension
Aim: seek pleasure by removing that
excitation or reducing the tension
Object: person or thing that serves as means
through which the aim is satisfied
2 TYPES OF DRIVES:
Sex/Eros (Libido)
Erogenous Zone: genitals, mouth, anus
ultimate aim: reduce sexual tension
forms: narcissism (primary and secondary), love
(eros-love), sadism, masochism
Aggression (destructive drive)
ultimate aim: to return the organism to an
inorganic state
ultimate inorganic condition: death
final aim: self-destruction
forms: teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor
and enjoyment of other people’s suffering
2. Anxiety
Felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied
by a physical sensation that warns the
person against impending danger
Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety
3 TYPES OF ANXIETY:
Neurotic Anxiety: apprehension about an
unknown danger
Moral Anxiety: conflict between the ego
and superego
Realistic Anxiety: related to fear;
unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a
possible danger
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1. Repression: push unpleasant thoughts to
unconscious
2. Reaction Formation: doing the opposite of what
you really feel
3. Displacement: redirect emotion from a real
person to a lower status person, object, or animal
4. Fixation: inability to proceed to the next stage of
development due to frustration
5. Regression: going back to the childhood
behaviors when face with anxiety
6. Projection: transferring unacceptable thoughts to
others
7. Introjection: incorporating into oneself the
standards and values of another person
8. Sublimation: redirecting unacceptable,
instinctual drives into personally and socially
acceptable channels
9. Denial: refusing to accept reality
10. Rationalization: justify a regretful behavior or
event
sour-graping: bitter
sweet-lemoning: creating a bogus
“brighter side”
11. Compensation: overcompensate to hide
12. Undoing: cancel out or make up for a bad act by
doing good
13. Identification: if you can’t beat them, join them
too much use: leads to mental disorder
too little use: problems in life
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
OF DEVELOPMENT
- Difference in personalities originate in childhood - If child goes through a stage properly, he will
sexual experiences progress to next stage
- Childhood greatly influence personality in - Failure to achieve this will lead to fixation—cause
adulthood of personality disorders

Infantile Period
• Age: birth – 5 years old
• the most crucial for personality formation
• infants possess a sexual life and go through a period of pregenital sexual development during the first 4
or 5 years after birth
• childhood sexuality differs from adult sexuality in that it’s not capable of reproduction and is exclusively
autoerotic satisfied through organs other than genitals

1. ORAL STAGE
• Age: birth – 1.5 years old
 • Focus: mouth
• Object choice: nipple
• Sexual aim: incorporate/receive into one’s nipple

• Phases:
Oral-receptive phase
 no ambivalence towards object, satisfaction is achieved with minimum frustration and anxiety
 but as they grow older, frustration and anxiety increase because of scheduled feedings, increased time
lapses between feedings and eventual weaning
 feelings of ambivalence toward their love object (mother)
 increased ability of their budding ego to defend (through teeth) itself against the environment and
against anxiety leading to:
Oral-sadistic period
 infants respond through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling and crying
 first autoerotic experience: thumbsucking (defense against anxiety that satisfies their sexual but not
nutritional needs)
Gratifying activities: nursing → responsive nurturing is key / sucking
Oral-Dependent Personality: too much stimulation = child may become very dependent, submissive
Oral-Aggressive Personality: too little gratification= child will be very aggressive and will get what he wants
through force
Symptoms of Oral Fixation: Smoking, Nail biting, Sarcasm and Verbal hostility

2. ANAL STAGE
 Age: 1.5 – 3 years old
 Focus: Anus
 Gratifying Activities: toilet training and urge control characterized by satisfaction through aggressive
behavior and through excretory function
 Phases:
Early anal period
 receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects
 behave aggressively toward their parents for frustrating them with toilet training
Late anal period
 take a friendly interest towards their feces, an interest that stem from the erotic pleasure of defecating
 child will present the feces to their parents
 if praised → generous and magnanimous adult
 if punished → withholding the feces until pressure becomes both painful and erotically stimulating
Anal character: people who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by
arranging them in an excessive neat and orderly fashion
Anal eroticism: (eg. penis envy) → anal triad (orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy); penis, baby and feces are
same symbol in dreams
orientation:
 active: masculine qualities of dominance and sadism
 passive: feminine qualities of voyeurism and masochism
Anal-Expulsive Personality: excessive pressure = take pleasure in being able to withhold (obsessively clean
and orderly)

3. PHALLIC STAGE
• Age: 4-5 years old
• Focus: Genital
• difference among the gender was established
• masturbation was repressed (suppression of masturbation)
• Gratifying Activities: Play with genitals, Sexuality Identification

Feeling of attraction toward the parent of the opposite sex →

envy and fear of the same-sex parent.
• Oedipus Complex (castration anxiety)
- from Oedipus (King of Thebes)
- identification with his father (he wants to be his father)
- develops sexual desire for his mother (wants to have his mother)
- gives up identification with father and retains stronger desire for mother
- sees father as rival for mother love
- Bisexual) feminine nature → masculine tendency
- castration complex → castration anxiety (fear of losing penis)

• Electra Complex (penis envy)

- girls assume that all other children have genitals similar to their own
- soon they discover that boys do not only possess different genital equipment but apparently something extra
- girls then become envious, feel cheated, and desire to have penis
- penis envy: often expressed as a wish to be a boy or desire to have a penis → to have a baby (find
expression in the act of giving birth to a baby)
- identification with mother (fantasized being seduced by her mother)
- hostility on mother for bringing her into the world without penis
- libido for her father
- simple female Oedipus complex (Electra complex): desire for sexual intercourse with the father and
accompanying feelings of hostility for the mother
• Success: control envy and hostility → identify with same-sex parent
• Failure: Mama’s boy; flirty girl with commitment issues

Latency Period
• Age: 5 – puberty
• Time of learning, adjusting to the social environment, form beliefs and values
• sublimation stage
• Developing same-sex friendships
• parents attempt to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children
if successful → children will repress their sexual drive and direct their psychic energy toward school,
friendships, hobbies and other nonsexual activities
• reinforced through constant suppression by parents and teacher and by internal feelings of shame, guilt
and morality

Genital Period
• Age: Puberty to adult

• Focus: Genital
• Gratifying Activities: masturbation and heterosexual relationships
• Renewed sexual interest desire
• Pursuit of relationships
• No fixations
 adolescent give up autoeroticism and direct their sexual energy toward another person instead of
toward themselves
 reproduction is now possible
 although penis envy may continue, vagina finally obtains the same status for them that the penis had for
them during infancy; boys
 see female organ as sought-after object
  entire sexual drive takes on a more complete organization
 mouth, anus and other pleasure producing areas take an auxiliary position to the genitals, which now
attain supremacy as an erogenous zone
 Eros: life instinct;
 Thanatos: death instinct
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MATURITY
Psychological Maturity: stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental
periods in an ideal manner
Psychologically mature people would come through the experiences of childhood and adolescence tin control of
their psychic energy and with their ego functioning in the center of an ever-expanding world of consciousness
id impulses: expressed honestly and consciously with no traces of shame and guilt
superego: would move beyond parental identification and control with no remnants of antagonism or
incest
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APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC Dream Analysis
THEORY
- used to transform the manifest content of dreams
to the more important latent content
Early Therapeutic Technique Manifest Content: surface meaning or the
conscious description given by the dreamer
• Free Association
(obvious meaning)
• Dream Interpretation Latent Content: unconscious material
(hidden but true meaning)
• Hypnosis
---------------------------------------------------------------
Later Therapeutic Technique
Condensation: manifest dream content is not
• Free Association: patients are required to as extensive as the latent level, indicating
verbalize every thought that comes to their mind, no that the unconscious material has been
matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear abbreviated or condensed before appearing
• Transference: refers to the strong sexual or on the manifests level.
aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that Displacement: dream image is replaced by
patients develop toward their analyst during the some other idea only remotely related to it.
course of treatment. ---------------------------------------------------------------
Negative Transference: should be 2 METHOD OF INTERPRETING DREAMS:
recognized to overcome resistance to
treatment  Ask patients to relate their dream and all
their associations to it no matter how
• Resistance: variety of unconscious responses unrelated or illogical these associations
used by patients to block their own progress in seemed
therapy  Dream Symbols – to discover the
unconscious elements underlying the
manifest content

3 TYPICAL ANXIETY DREAMS:
 the embarrassment dream of nakedness:
fulfils the wish to exhibit oneself
 dreams of the death of a beloved person:
wish for the destruction of a younger brother
or sister who was a hated rival during the
infantile period
 failing an examination in school:
anticipating a difficult task
--------------------------------------------------------------
Cognitive and Neuropsychologists
Freud’s theory is one of the most
compelling integrative theories (one that could
explain many of these findings)
Psychoanalysis is still the most
coherent and intellectually satisfying
view of the mind.
activities, but meaning is not coherent in
dreams
Solms: dreaming and REM are not and the
same because (1) no one-to-one correct
respondence between REM and dreaming;
and (2) lesions do not completely eliminate
dreaming, whereas lesions have eliminated
dreaming and yet preserved REM sleep
results showed that students dreamed move
about the suppressed targets than non-
suppressed ones; they also dreamed more
about the suppressed target than the
suppressed nontargets
suppressed thoughts are likely to “rebound”
and appear in dreams
dream censor: mechanisms that converts the
latent content of dreams into the more
palatable and less frightening the manifest
content

The following concepts have support from modern

science:
1. unconscious motivation
2. repression
3. the pleasure principle
4. primitive drives
5. dreams

Research on Dreams
phenomenon of REM Sleep discounted
Freud’s theory of dreams

if these cortical structures were not involved

in REM sleep and yet they were higher level
thinking took place, then dreams are simply
random mental activity and could not have
any inherent meaning what the waking mind
gives to these more or less random brain