SPORTS

NUTRITION

Superior protein ingredients

for higher performance
 A world leader in natural whey and milk protein
solutions
Arla Foods Ingredients is a 100%-owned subsidiary of the
European dairy cooperative Arla Foods. Our head office is in
Denmark. Arla Foods Ingredients is a global leader in value-
added protein solutions. We develop and deliver ingredients
derived from milk and whey, thus supporting the food
industry with the development and efficient processing of
more natural, functional, and nutritious foods. We serve
global markets in the field of early-life nutrition, medical
nutrition, sports nutrition, and health foods.
R&D in our DNA
Our mission to Discover the Wonders of Whey is an
ambitious one. It takes us into, what is for us, uncharted
territory. However, that is what is needed if we want to be
truly innovative. Our new Innovation Centre is home to our
own leading international scientists and innovators and will
bridge the gaps in world-class research, clinical trials and
collaboration across the globe.
Moreover, we run high-tech application centres in Argentina,
China and Denmark. These centres are used for both
research and product trials. The highly flexible, small-scale
equipment can be adjusted rapidly to simulate specific
production processes. This means we can carry out fast and
effective application trials, dramatically shortening the time
to market of new products.
Leading health and performance nutrition science
Exploring the effects of our products scientifically and being
able to provide trustworthy documentation to support our
customers is something that truly distinguishes Arla Foods
Ingredients as a key supplier when it comes to optimal
health and performance. This approach is fundamental to
our way of doing business – providing our customers with
highly developed pre-clinical and clinical evidence they can
use to ensure the success of new and existing formulas.
Whey proteins and sports nutrition
No matter the training type, duration, frequency and
intensity, optimal nutrition is pivotal to achieving an ideal
physique by improving recovery between each training
session, ultimately improving performance and staying
healthy. In many cases, the right nutrition strategies
undertaken before, during and/or after exercise, can
help athletes and active consumers to achieve peak
performance. Whey proteins are well known for their high
quality, rapid absorption and superior content of essential
amino acids and branched-chain amino acids. That makes
them popular as sports nutrition ingredients.
Protein - from niche to mainstream
In the early days of sports nutrition, it was a niche segment
targeting elite athletes and bodybuilders who mostly
purchased protein powders. Nowadays, sports nutrition
products are more geared to the mainstream health-
conscious consumer segment.
This development has been driven by improved consumer
education about the health benefits of sports nutrition
products. At the same time, novel, convenient and tasty
applications have been developed that are closer to
mainstream products.

Sports nutrition going mainstream while protein products remain a growth driver in the category1

25,000

20,000

Sports nutrition
USD million

15,000

10,000

Protein products
5,000

0
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
NOURISHING
THE BODY
Protein Fat
Protein provides essential building blocks for all bodily As carbohydrate can be a limiting energy source during
tissues and organs. In particular, protein supplementation endurance exercise, athletes also need a high ability to use
promotes maintenance and growth of skeletal muscle fat as fuel18. Deliberately commencing selected endurance

DAILY…
…with the right nutrients is a key part of supporting general
health and wellbeing, as well as promoting training benefits.
mass2 but also provides important building blocks to
support strengthening tendons and bone3. Protein plays
an important role to support adaptations to endurance
exercise, such as improving the capacity of the skeletal
muscles to metabolize carbohydrates and fats4-5.
For athletes going through a period of weight loss or
reduced activity levels due to injury, a high daily protein
intake is crucial to preserve fat-free mass6-7. Additionally,
recent studies have shown pre-sleep protein intake to
improve overnight muscle protein synthesis, muscle
recovery, and overall metabolism8.
training sessions with low carbohydrate stores, can provide
a strategy to improve the capacity to use fat as fuel19. In
specific diet regimes like the KETO diet, fat consumption
is increased at the expense of carbohydrate to enforce
the majority of energy contribution to come from fat.
Such dietary strategies can either be used as a tool to lose
weight or manipulate substrate utilisation for prolonged
endurance performance.

It is important to emphasise that protein intake should be

spread evenly throughout the day in servings of 0.24-0.4
g/kg body mass for optimal recovery9. Many athletes tend
to consume most of their protein around dinner which
is not ideal for recovery10. Protein intake post-exercise
supports muscle recovery11, by reducing exercise-induced
muscle damage12-13 and feelings of muscle soreness14.
Hydration
Hydration status plays an important role when exercising
g
rin A in hot and humid conditions where athletes may risk
dehydrating during competition or training. Dehydration
u
ft e

at around 2% of body mass has been shown to decrease

D

exercise performance in long-term activities (+90 minutes),

r

hence, weight loss should not exceed 2% of pre-exercise

Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate intake before and during exercise boosts
endurance performance of both short and long duration15.
During prolonged exercise, it is recommended to consume
around 1.2 g/kg body mass per hour to support optimal
performance and delay glycogen depletion16 Combining this
with protein during recovery helps ensure optimal glycogen
day
body mass20. Not only physical but also mental performance
is likely to be impaired in a dehydrated state. Rehydrating
during and after exercise is therefore crucial. Fluids and
minerals such as sodium, potassium and magnesium
contribute to maintaining a positive hydration status. In
addition, a combination of water, minerals and protein may
facilitate rehydration to a greater extent than water and
minerals alone21.

replenishment17.
Be

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WHAT IS SIMPLIFIED
PRODUCTION FLOW
WHEY AND
HOW IS IT Natural separation
through filtration process

PRODUCED ?
Milk Cheese Whey

Lactose

When milk is used to make cheese, another product called whey

Micellar
is produced. The whey is a liquid that contains a number of key casein
nutritional components, including whey proteins, lactose and isolate
minerals, which have a number of beneficial health properties.
Whey protein Milk minerals
At Arla Foods Ingredients, we separate these nutritional
components from premium quality raw material, non-GMO/
GMO-free22, Kosher/Halal and from grass-fed cows23. In our
state-of-the-art facilities, we use gentle treatments in order
Separation Further filtration removing Hydrolysis process
to produce high quality ingredients that retain the biological
fat and lactose content cutting protein into
functionalities of the nutrients. smaller peptides

Alpha- Beta- Whey protein Whey protein Whey protein

lactalbumin lactoglobulin concentrate isolate hydrolysate
WHEY & MILK Main benefits of our whey protein BLG amino acid composition

PROTEINS
compared with commercially available
ingredients for sports nutrition protein isolates27

60
Effectively build, repair and maintain muscle EAA
BCAA
mass and tissue Leucine
50
• With the high level of both essential (EAA) and

Arla Foods Ingredients produces the following categories
of whey and milk protein ingredients for sports nutrition:
concentrates (WPC), isolates (WPI), hydrolysates (WPH), alpha-
lactalbumin (alpha), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), micellar casein
% of total protein
branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), in particular 40
leucine, whey proteins stimulate muscle growth
and re-generation more effectively than other 30
protein sources.
• Derived from whey, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) 20
delivers even higher amounts of EAA and sets a
new standard in protein ingredients.
• Whey protein is easily digested and quickly
10

absorbed by the body, ensuring a rapid delivery of

isolate (MCI), functional milk protein solutions and milk minerals. the necessary building blocks for fast recovery. 0

• Whey protein provides the essential amino acids in Soy Pea Whey BLG
very similar proportions to that of human skeletal
Whey proteins have long been recognised as a protein source of muscle tissue.
superior nutritional quality. Protein quality reflects the content
Better performance, faster recovery Blood stream appearance of amino
of essential amino acids (EAAs) in a given protein, the amount • Whey protein hydrolysates bring superior acids from different proteins28
actually being absorbed in the body, and the ability of the protein absorption properties, which leads to faster muscle Whey protein hydrolysate
recovery and increased performance25-26, for the
to support tissue growth and maintenance in humans. The Whey protein

concentration
benefit of injury prevention.

Plasma BCAA
very high protein quality of whey protein is based on its higher

(mmol/L)
FASTER

content of the branched-chain amino acids and other essential

amino acids compared to other sources of proteins, alongside Time

with its fast and easy absorption rate24.

Slow and fast protein release over time29 Support healthy weight and body composition
• Whey and milk proteins increase thermogenesis and
1200
satiety, and assist stabilising blood glucose levels

EAA’s in blood plasma (nmol/ml)

Whey

1000
Micellar casein
after a meal.
• Shown to reduce waist size and fat mass while
800
preserving lean body mass30-33.
600
Support healthy bones
400
• Whey proteins contribute to the maintenance of
200
normal bones in adults and normal growth and
0 development of bones in children34.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time (min)
WHEY PROTEIN
CONCENTRATE
Whey protein concentrate (WPC) provides around
80% of protein as well as a small amount of fat and
carbohydrate in the form of lactose.
WPC meets the needs of most consumers who want
to effectively build and repair their muscles following
training and exercise.
Arla Foods Ingredients has developed a wide
portfolio of high-quality WPCs for different health and
application benefits including:
• Low lactose WPC
• Range developed to work across numerous
applications
• Both standard and higher protein options
(76-87%)
WHEY PROTEIN
ISOLATE
With at least 90% of protein, whey protein isolate (WPI) Arla Foods Ingredients has a number of high-quality
has been filtered more than a WPC, hence it provides whey protein isolates for different applications, so
a higher level of protein with very little lactose and fat. manufacturers can easily achieve the benefits of whey
This means that there is more protein per serving of in great tasting products.
powder compared to a WPC.
Our range includes:
WPI effectively helps build, repair and maintain lean
• Low lactose WPI
muscle mass with a lower number of total calories per
• Instantized and non-instantized WPI
serve of protein. It has a clean taste and is renowned
• Specialised WPI for innovative clear protein
for its suitability in an athlete’s diet.
beverages and shakes

Key benefits Key benefits

Instant mixing High nutritional quality Great for powder High nutritional quality High protein combined with low Unique application possibilities
– complete amino acid profile shake applications – complete amino acid profile lactose and fat content making like clear mixing powder shakes
it ideal for sports applications and clear protein drinks

WPC key data WPI key data

Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan®
SP-8011 INS SP-7017 SP-9224 SP-9225 INS SP-9226 INS SP-9213 ISO.Clear ClearShake ISO.Water ISO.WaterShake
Protein % dm 79.5 70 Protein % dm 92 90 91 90 90 90 92 92
Lactose % 10 0.5 Lactose % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Fat % 11 19 Fat % 0.1 1.1 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Instantized Yes No Instantized No Yes Yes No No No No No
(soy or sun flower lecithin) (soy (soy
lecithin) lecithin)
WHEY PROTEIN
HYDROLYSATES
Whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) have undergone
a specialised processing step called “hydrolysis,”
whereby intact protein is broken down into smaller
peptide fragments or free amino acids. The degree
of hydrolysis, or DH, indicates the level to which the
protein has been broken down and this varies between
hydrolysates.
Whey protein hydrolysates offer two additional
benefits compared to other whey protein formats
Digestibility
The hydrolysis process is very similar to the natural
break-down of proteins that occurs during digestion in
the stomach and intestines after a protein-rich meal.
Hydrolysed protein offers a ”pre-digested” source
of protein in the form of smaller peptides, when
compared to intact protein, for easier digestion.
Fast muscle recovery
Small molecular weight peptides, i.e., di- and
tripeptides, are more rapidly absorbed in the small
intestine, compared to free amino acids and intact
protein7-9. Thus, hydrolysed whey protein rich in di-
and tripeptides provide a rapidly absorbed source of
protein to the human body for faster muscle recovery
following exercise.
Arla Foods Ingredients has a number of unique high-
quality whey protein hydrolysates offering a wide range
of health and applications benefits.
BETA-
LACTOGLOBULIN
A whole new whey protein category
Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) is the newcomer joining the
established whey protein categories of concentrate,
isolate and hydrolysate. With its excellent amino acid
profile for building and maintaining muscle mass,
it’s a more powerful new category that unlocks new
opportunities for whey proteins.
Unbeatable muscle nutrition
BLG is the key component that makes whey protein
such a potent protein source for delivering muscle
growth and maintenance. Lacprodan® BLG-100 is
pure BLG, boasting an unbeatable nutritional profile
compared with commercially available protein
isolates35.
Naturally high content of the muscle-growing
amino acid leucine
To build muscle mass, exercise and protein
supplementation is essential. Leucine is the chief
muscle-building amino acid, with a unique ability
to stimulate mTOR, the master regulator of muscle
protein synthesis. BLG contains 45% more leucine than
commercially available whey protein, making it the
most natural leucine-rich protein supplement on the
market.
Our BLG includes:
• Pure beta-lactoglobulin produced by crystallisation
• Low lactose and fat
• No bitterness or protein off taste

Key benefits Key benefits

High nutritional quality Fast absorption and Clinically proven to Great opportunities Unique amino acid profile 45% more leucine* 40% more BCAAs* 26% more EAAs*
– complete amino acid profile accelerated recovery promote recovery for carbonated drinks
*Compared to standard whey

WPH key data BLG key data

Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan®

HYDRO.365 HYDRO.PowerPro HYDRO.Clear HYDRO.Power HYDRO.Rebuild BLG-100
Protein % dm 81 83 91 83 90 Protein % dm 93
Lactose % 1.6 0.1 0.2 3.0 2.0 Lactose % 0.1
Fat % 0.1 0.2 0.1 8.5 2.0 Fat % 0.1
DH 26-31 21-27 7 7 10 Leucine % 16.2
Instantized No No No Yes No Instantized No
(soy lecithin)
ALPHA-
LACTALBUMIN
Alpha-lactalbumin (Alpha), one of the major proteins
in whey (about 15% protein), is highly nutritious and
provides all essential amino acids with a high content
of tryptophan and cysteine.
Alpha-lactalbumin offers additional benefits
compared to other whey proteins
Enhanced overnight recovery
Alpha is one of the food proteins with the highest
content of the amino acid tryptophan, which functions
as the precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin and
melatonin – the hormones involved in the sleep-wake
cycle.
By supplying tryptophan and a high content of
branched-chain amino acids (>23%), and especially
leucine, Alpha is an ideal ingredient for improved sleep
patterns and overnight recovery36.
Weight management
The dietary intake of tryptophan-rich proteins affects
the brain serotonin levels, which have been linked to
appetite control and the feeling of satiety.
Alpha offers a natural way to formulate foods tailored
to boost the body’s serotonin production with various
effects related to healthy weight and natural well-
being.
Greater antioxidant capacity
Alpha provides a high content of cysteine, a rate-
limiting amino acid for the synthesis of the powerful
antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), which plays an
important role in enhancing oxidative capacity during
exercise. This can have a positive impact on time to
fatigue and performance.
At Arla Foods Ingredients, we have a number of
ingredients in our alpha range, which can be selected
depending on the desired level of alpha-lactalbumin in
the finished product.
MICELLAR
CASEIN ISOLATE
Native milk proteins – pure goodness Go organic
Arla Foods Ingredients has developed and produces With organic health food products becoming
a micellar casein isolate (MCI) in its simplest form. It increasingly popular, we have developed our first-ever
is rich in native casein micelles derived directly from organic ingredient. The organic micellar casein isolate
100 % organic Danish milk. This ingredient is produced allows you to extend your product line to include EU
through a gentle membrane filtration technology certified organic versions or non-GMO Project Verified
without the addition of harsh acids or chemicals, which in the United States.
retains the protein in its purest form. This process helps
to protect the protein and eliminates denaturation, Our MCI includes:
thus retaining the nutritional benefits.
• Native milk protein derived directly from organic
Danish milk
Our micellar casein isolate contains a minimum of
• Instantized and non-instantized MCI for RTD and
87 % native protein. Suitable for applications in ready-
shake applications
to-drink (RTD) beverages, puddings and shakes, our
• Unique application possibilities
micellar casein isolate is low in lactose and fat, and
naturally high in protein.

Key benefits Key benefits

High nutritional quality Uniquely high tryptophan content High nutritional quality 90% native casein micelles Heat stability during Low viscosity
– complete amino acid profile – thought to improve sleep37 – complete amino acid profile for prolonged slow release UHT treatment – great for milky beverages

Alpha key data MCI key data

Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan®

ALPHA-10 ALPHA-20 MicelPure™ Organic MicelPure™ Organic INS MicelPure™ MicelPure™ INS MicelBalance
Protein % dm 85 90 Protein % dm 87 87 87 87 89
Lactose % 8.0 0.8 Lactose % 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.0
Fat % 0.1 0.3 Fat % 1.0 2.1 1.0 2.1 3.0
Instantized No No Instantized No Yes No Yes Yes
(soy or sunflower (soy or sunflower (soy lecithin)
lecithin) lecithin)
Protein 90% casein 90% casein 90% casein 90% casein 50% WPI
components micelles micelles micelles micelles 50% MCI
FUNCTIONAL MILK
PROTEIN SOLUTIONS
Dairy proteins (casein and whey) have long been
recognised as an outstanding source of protein thanks
to their high nutritional quality. With the high level
of all the essential amino acids, dairy proteins have a
positive effect on muscle mass, satiety, healthy weight,
and body composition.
Arla Foods Ingredients offers a number of unique milk
protein solutions, from all organic native micellar
casein isolate to specialised solutions for high-protein
milky beverages or protein bars.
Protein bars
The taste and texture of protein bars are paramount
to the consumer but are often compromised by a long
shelf life. Our highly nutritious blend of milk proteins
and milk protein hydrolysates provides the best protein
source for protein bar applications and ensures optimal
taste and texture throughout the long shelf life.
Milky protein drinks
Milky protein beverages, based on either water or
milk, are a must-have for many sports nutrition brands
and sought after by many health-conscious and time-
pressured consumers on the go. Arla Foods Ingredients
has developed a milk-derived high quality protein
blend which is UHT stable and applicable in both milk-
and water-based beverages.
MILK
MINERALS
Milk minerals provide a range of naturally occurring Support healthy bone
minerals and nutrients found in cow’s milk, like
• Calcium, phosphorous and magnesium are
calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, and
nutrients that are essential to, or contribute to the
potassium.
maintenance of normal bone41.
• Strong and healthy bones are crucial to all athletes,
The main benefits of our milk minerals ingredient
particularly those who may be vulnerable to, or are
for sports nutrition are:
recovering from stress fractures, or in the young
Support muscle function who have accelerated growth.
• Our milk mineral concentrate (Capolac®) has
• To function normally, muscles require calcium,
specifically been documented to cause a long-
magnesium, and potassium38, thus these nutrients
lasting gain in bone mass density42.
play a key role in sport and exercise, as well as in the
day-to-day functioning of our bodies.
Naturally functional
Support healthy weight • Capolac® milk minerals occur naturally in milk.
• During weight loss, increased intake of calcium from
Taste advantage
milk has been shown to reduce fat percentage, body
mass and waist circumference39-40. • Milk minerals provide a taste advantage compared
• It is believed that the intake of milk calcium to other food fortifiers, for example, CaCO3.
helps reduce body weight and support weight
maintenance by regulating fat metabolism and Arla Foods Ingredients offers Capolac®, a natural milk
promoting increased excretion of fat in the intestine mineral concentrate, made from cow’s milk by using
when consuming food that is high in fat. isolation processes devoid of harsh chemicals and
synthetic processing steps.

Capolac® contains calcium as the major mineral

and additionally provides phosphorus, potassium,
magnesium, and zinc. It has a high bioavailability and
provides a calcium phosphate composition similar to
teeth and bone.

Milk protein solutions key data Milk minerals key data

Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Lacprodan® Nutrilac® Nutrilac® Capolac®

PB-8420 ISO.WheyBar SoftBar TexturePro BE-8405 BE-7805 Protein % dm ≤3
Protein % dm 83 91.5 88 85 87 80 Lactose % ≤ 10
Lactose % 3.5 1.5 3.5 1.8 5.5 10 max Fat % ≤1
Fat % 5.0 3.5 5.0 0.1 2.5 7 max Calcium ≤ 26.5
INGREDIENT
LIST
RTD Ingredients
Lacprodan® ingredient Key benefits Protein % Fat % Lactose % Clear in solution Application
ISO.Water Tastes like water 89.3 0.1 0.1  Clear/Tea RTD

WPI
SP-9213 Refreshing taste 87.3 0.1 0.1  Clear RTD
ISO.Clear Reduced astringency 89.7 0.1 0.1  Clear/Tea/Juice RTD
HYDRO.PowerPro 50% reduced bitterness (DH 21-27) 83.5 0.2 0.1  Clear RTD

WPH
HYDRO.Clear Improved sports recovery (DH 7) 86-90 0.1 0.2  Clear RTD
HYDRO.365 Fast absorption (DH 26-31) 85.4 0.1 1.8  Clear RTD, Shot

BLG
BLG-100 100% Beta-lactoglobulin 92.5 0.1 0.1  Clear RTD, Shot

BE-8405 High protein, low viscosity 86.0 2.5 5.5 Milky RTD

WPC
SP-7017 High in natural dairy fats 72.1 19 0.5 Milky RTD

MCI
MicelPure™ (organic) Organic native milk protein 87 1.4 1.2 Milky RTD

RTM Ingredients
Lacprodan® ingredient Key benefits Protein % Fat % Lactose % Clear in solution Application
ClearShake Refreshing taste 87.3 0.1 0.1  Clear/Tea shake
ISO.Watershake Zero protein taste 89.3 0.1 0.1  Clear/Tea shake

WPI
SP-9225 INS Instant mixing, high quality 88.0 0.1 0.1 Shake
SP-9226 Instant mixing, high quality 91.0 0.1 0.1 Shake
HYDRO.365 Fast absorption (DH 26-31) 85.4 0.1 1.8  Clear shake
HYDRO.PowerPro 50% reduced bitterness (DH 21-27) 83.5 0.2 0.1 Shake

WPH
HYDRO.Rebuild Prevents muscle loss (DH 10) 90.0 2.0 2.0 Shake
HYDRO.Power Excellent taste (DH 7) 80 8.5 3.0 Shake
BLG-100 Neutral 100% Beta-lactoglobulin 93.1 0.1 0.1  Clear shake

BLG
BLG-100 Acidic 100% Beta-lactoglobulin 92.5 0.1 0.1  Clear shake
SP-8011 INS Instant mixing 78.0 6.1 6.4 Shake

WPC
SP-7017 High in natural dairy fats 72.1 19 0.5 Shake
MicelPure™ (organic) Organic native milk protein 87 1.4 1.2 Shake

MCI
MicelPure™ INS (organic) Organic native milk protein 86 2.1 1.5 Shake
MicelBalance Balance slow release & fast absorbed 91 3.0 3.0 Shake

RTE Ingredients
Lacprodan® ingredient Key benefits Protein % Fat % Lactose % Protein types Application
PB-8420 Versatile 83.0 5.0 3.5 MP & WPH Bars
WPH Compound

ISO.WheyBar Premium, based on WPI 96.5 3.5 1.5 WPI, MP, WPH Bars, Bakery
SoftBar Superior texture & taste 83.0 5.0 3.5 MP, WPH Bars, Bakery
Improved taste, soft and chewy,
TexturePro 85.4 0.1 1.8 Bars
no need for maltitol
MCI

MicelPure™ (organic) High protein & calcium, organic 87.0 1.4 1.2 Pudding
WPC

CH-4560 Great taste, smooth mouth-feel 44.4 2.3 37.8 Cream filling
 References
1. Euromonitor International, 2022
2. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1811, 2011;9(6):2203, Cermak et al. 2012 (https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.037556)
3. EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1811, 2011;9(6):2203, Rizzoli et al. 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-018-4534-5)
4. Rowlands et al. 2011 (https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00073.2011)
5. Hansen et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00376-3)
6. Wall et al. 2015 (https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.936326)
7. Hector and Phillips 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0273)
8. Reis et al. 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.07.016)
9. Moore 2015 (https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000180)
10. Gillen et al. 2016 (https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0154)
11. Cintineo et al. 2018 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00083)
12. Brown et al. 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0412)
13. Hansen et al. 2015 (https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0083)
14. Jäger et al. 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8)
15. Stellingwerff and Cox 2014 (https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0027)
16. Beelen et al. 2010 (https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515)
17. Thomas, Erdman et al. 2016 (https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000852)
18. Maunder et al. 2018 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00599)
19. Impey et al. 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7)
20. Maughan and Shirreffs 2010 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01207.x)
21. Li et al. 2018 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1442499), EFSA Journal 2011;9(6):2211
22. According to EU Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 on GM food and feed and EU Regulation (EC) 1830/2003.
23. 1) During periods of shortage of pasture growth and nutritional value of the grass, our farmers may give the animals
foliage-based supplemental feed such as silage or hay. 2) The nutrition of our cows may also include the incidental
feeding of grain, which may occur to ensure the animals’ well-being. Livestock may only be given feed that complies
with the relevant legal requirements. 3) We believe that the above-mentioned points are fully consistent with the
USDA definitions of Grass/Forage Fed
24. FAO Expert Consultation Report 2013 (https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12063)
25. Hansen et al. 2015 (https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0083)
26. Buckley et al. 2010 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.06.007)
27. Gorissen et al. 2018 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00726-018-2640-5)
28. Morifuji et al. 2010 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jf101912n)
29. Tang et al. 2009 (https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009)
30. Tahavorgar et al. 2014 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2014.08.015)
31. Baer et al. 2011 (https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.139840)
32. Coker et al. 2012 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2891-11-105)
33. Claessens et al. 2009 (https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.278)
34. (EC) 983/2009 of 21/10/2009, (EU) 432/2012 of 16/05/2012
35. Gorissen et al. 2018 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00726-018-2640-5)
36. Ong et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2016.1275398)
37. Silber & Schmitt, 2010 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.005)
38. Commission Regulation (EU) 432/2012 of 16/05/2012
39. Zemel et al 2004 (https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.67)
40. Zemel et al. 2005 (https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.144)
41. Commission Regulation (EC) 1024/2009
42. Bonjour et al. 2001 (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06342-5)

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license rights. Recipient(s) must evaluate products for its own specific purpose, including freedom-to-operate, compliance with the applicable regulatory authority and
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04/2022

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