SHS

Trends, Network &

Critical Thinking
Quarter 2 - Module 2
 Trends, Network & Critical Thinking
Grade 11/12 Quarter 2 - Module 2: Democratic Interventions
Parties in the Philippines
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division Region
I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Roselily A. Gamboa, T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan Michael

Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

 Trends, Network
& Critical
Thinking
Quarter 2 - Module

Democratic Interventions
 Target

In the previous lesson, you have mastered the concepts of participative and
representative democracy. In this module, let us continue to broaden your knowledge about
democracy. According to Webster, it is a form of government in which the supreme power is
vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free
electoral system, a state having such a form of government. The students are given the
chance to further their knowledge about political and social institutions as well as
undemocratic practice.
At the end of the lesson, it is expected that students have gained thorough
knowledge about the two most essential competencies to wit:
1. Assess democratic interventions prevailing in political and social institutions
(HUMSS_MCT12-IIa-c-6) and
2. Formulate a viable alternative to undemocratic practices (HUMSS_MCT12-
IIa-c-7)

Exercises are presented in the form of practical situations in order to elaborate the
concepts designed to enhance students critical thinking in the 21st century.

Set your mind. Relax. Before you proceed to the main lesson, let us refresh your
mind and pour out that brilliant ideas you have as a critical thinker. Enjoy
reading. Have fun!
 Jumpstart

To internalize the lesson well, relax, brainstorm, and do the following

activities. Remember, every individual is gifted with the power to
exercise his intellectual ability.
Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1: Great Freedom Brain Corner

Directions: Compare and contrast, social and political institutions. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Social Institution Political Institution

Activity 2. Reveal the Word Wizard in You!

Directions: Formulate two criteria in assessing political and social institutions. Please be
guided with the rubric in the next page.
 5-Point Writing Rubric

Ideas Outstanding content, full of intriguing details,

clear, focused
Organization Compelling and seamless organization, easy to
follow
5 Points Voice Extremely expressive, explodes with energy, hard
to put down
Word Choice Consistent use of vivid verbs, words paint a
picture, precise
Conventions Outstanding grasp of conventions-revised, edited,
and correct
Ideas Strong content, clear, focused
Organization Purposeful organization, easy to follow
4 Points Voice Expressive, sincere, engaging-often brings subject
to life
Word Choice Frequent use of vivid verbs, often precise
Conventions Strong grasp of conventions, very few errors
Ideas Adequate content, usually clear, focused
Organization Predictable organization, generally easy to follow
3 Points Voice Expressive, sincere, functional voice
Word Choice Predominant use of functional words– needs more
imagery
Conventions Good grasp of conventions, readable with few
errors
Ideas Limited content, somewhat unclear but has a
discernable focus
Organization Weak and inconsistent organization, hard to
2 Points follow
Voice Limited expression, rarely vivid, clear, or precise
Word Choice Words are rarely vivid, clear, or precise
Conventions Frequent errors in writing conventions, affects
readability
Ideas Very limited content, unclear, topic not defined
Organization Awkward, disjointed, very hard to follow-no flow
1 Point Voice Impersonal, no apparent voice to bring the subject
to life
Word Choice Words lack clarity and are ineffective or overdone
Conventions Frequent errors in writing conventions, seriously
affects readability
Source :https://www.google.com/
 Discover

Let us proceed to the lesson proper. Read critically the comprehensive discussion
of today’s lesson. Relax and internalize the new concepts as you start your
journey in the world of words
guided with your critical and analytic thinking.

This module consists of two lessons:

Lesson 1 – Political and Social Institutions

Lesson 2 - Undemocratic Practices

LESSON 1 - POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Political institutions are the organizations in a government that create, enforce, and
apply laws. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the economy and
social systems, and otherwisek provide representation for the population.

Political Institutions, in Brief

Political institutions and systems have a direct impact on the business environment
and activities of a country. For example, a political system that is straightforward and
evolving when it comes to the political participation of the people and laser-focused on the
well-being of its citizens contributes to positive economic growth in its region.
Every society must have a type of political system so that it may allocate resources
and ongoing procedures appropriately. A political institution sets the rules in which an
orderly society obeys and ultimately decides and administers the laws for those that do not
obey.

Types of Political Systems

The political system consists of both politics and government and involves the law,
economy, culture, and other social concepts.
The most popular political systems that we know of around the world can be
reduced to a few simple core concepts. Many additional types of political systems are similar
in idea or root, but most tend to surround concepts of:
● Democracy: Government by the people; a form of government in which the
supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their
elected agents under a free electoral system.
● Republic: A form of government where the citizens have the supreme power,
and they exercise that power of voting and electing representatives to make
decisions and govern.
 ● Monarchy: A form of government in which one person reigns, typically a king
or a queen. The authority, also known as a crown, is typically inherited.
● Communism: A system of government in which the state plans and controls
the economy. Often, an authoritarian party holds power and state controls are
imposed.
● Dictatorship: A form of government where one person makes the main rules
and decisions with absolute power, disregarding input from others.

The Function of a Political System

In 1960, Gabriel Abraham Almond and James Smoot Coleman gathered three
core functions of a political system, which include:
1. To maintain the integration of society by determining norms.
2. To adapt and change elements of social, economic, and religious systems
necessary for achieving collective (political) goals.
3. To protect the integrity of the political system from outside threats.

SOCIAL INSTITUTION
A social institution is a complex, integrated set of social norms organized around the
preservation of a basic societal value. Obviously, the sociologist does not define institutions
in the same way, as does the person on the street. Laypersons are likely to use the term
"institution" very loosely, for churches, hospitals, jails, and many other things as institutions.
According to Sumner and Keller institution is a vital interest or activity that is surrounded by
a cluster of mores and folkways. Sumner conceived of the institution not only of the concept,
idea or interest, but of an institution as well. By structure he meant an apparatus or a
group of functionaries. Lester F. Ward regarded an institution as the means for the control
and utilization of the social energy. L. Thobhouse described institution as the whole or any
part of the established and recognized apparatus of social life. Robert Maclver regarded
institution as established forms or conditions of procedure characteristic of group activity.
Sociologists agree that institutions arise and persist because of a definite felt need
of the members of the society. While there is essential agreement on the general origin of
institutions, sociologists have differed about the specific motivating factors. Sumner and
Keller maintained that institutions come into existence to satisfy vital interests of man. Ward
believed that they arise because of social demand or social necessity. Lewis H. Morgan
ascribed the basis of every institution to what he called a perpetual want.
In shorthand form, or as concepts, these five basic institutions are called the family,
government, economy, education, and religion.
 The five primary institutions are found among all human groups. They are not
always as highly elaborated or as distinct from one another, but in rudimentary form at last,
they exist everywhere. Their universality indicates that they are deeply rooted in human
nature and that they are essential in the development and maintenance of order.

5 Major Functions Performed by Social Institutions

Some of the major functions performed by institutions are as follows:
1. Emotional Needs. For satisfaction of needs like love, affection, hunger, fear,
self-preservation, self-gratification, and fear of the supernatural.
2. Economic Needs. Satisfies the material needs of people and for the
satisfaction of basic necessities of food, clothing and shelter.
3. Familial Needs. Establishes the institution of marriage and family for the
continuation of human species through structured means.
4. Religious Needs. Deals with man’s inherent fear of the supernatural. It
deals with his fear through religious prayers and offerings.
5. Political Needs. Deals with the basic necessity of governing large group of
people through formalized means of government and laws.

LESSON 2 - UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICE

A system, process, or decision that is undemocratic is one that is controlled or

made by one person or a small number of people, rather than by all the people involved.

What is an undemocratic practice?

Undemocratic practice is a doctrine that is against or in disagreement with
democracy. Undemocratic practices include other political systems such as monarchy,
aristocracy, anarchy, etc.
Dahl's Seven Undemocratic Elements
There is considerable debate as to how democratic the US actually is. One set of
arguments come from political scientist Robert A. Dahl.
In his book “How Democratic is the American Constitution”, he outlines seven
undemocratic elements that are contained within the US Constitution. Before he detailed
these seven undemocratic elements, he detailed what he thought was democratic. Dahl’s
theory states that nations which adhere to a one person one vote or majority rule were
more democratic than others.

Dahl’s Seven Undemocratic Elements:

1. Slavery. In the initial writing of the Constitution, it tolerated slavery as a
result of the three fifths compromise, and it took until the American Civil War for
this tolerance of slavery to be removed.
2. Voting Rights. Again, during the drafting of the Constitution the voting rights
of women and minorities were not protected by Constitutional law and took
many years to come to fruition.
3. Electoral College. Representation in the Electoral College is not proportional
due to the addition of two extra seats as a result of the Senators for that state.
Electors are also appointed rather than chosen by ballot in many states. The
system of safe seats and winner take all methods in results undermines the
democratic one man one vote element of Presidential elections.
4. Representation in the Senate. Each state has two senators, regardless of
size, which, Dahl argues, is undemocratic as smaller states have an increased
prominence than they would otherwise have.
5. Election of Senators. When writing the Constitution, the Senate has to be
appointed by the states rather than elected. It wasn’t until the Seventeenth
Amendment that direct election was introduced.
6. Judicial Power. Judges can rule on the constitutionality of laws and decrees,
and combined with the life tenure and high barriers to removal make them
inherently undemocratic. Dahl is a strong believer in the legislating from the
bench
7. Limitations of Congressional Power. Judicial rulings limit Congressional
power, such as that in the area of income tax, it wasn’t until the passing of the
sixteenth amendment allowing federal income tax that Congress could fully
utilize the tax and spend clause that is
present in the Constitution.
 Enrichment Activity 2: Wisdom Checker No.2
Directions: Fill out the “Democratic Challenges Chart” below with the best
practices/democratic interventions.
Democratic Challenges
1. Poverty
2. Gender Biases
3. Political Marginalization
4. Racial Inequality
5. Cultural Domination
Best Practices/ Democratic Interventions
Poverty is the state of being extremely poor. Some families
remain poor due to lack of opportunities, education and
skills. To achieve social equity the Philippine government,
launch a special program like the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program to eradicate poverty. Part of the condition
of the program is to provide family development sessions to
the grantees and this is very helpful since front liners of the
program are educating parents at home.
Gender bias occur when there is unequal treatment on men
and women because of their gender. In order to eliminate
gender biases, we should prohibit gender discrimination,
learn awareness and acceptance.
Political Marginalization is an effect of political exclusions
that prevents or limits the enjoyment of certain rights. Just
like how women are less likely to win a position in an
election due to prejudice. So, we should give fair chance to
everyone regardless of gender.
Racial inequities must be addressed for democracy to work. Learn
how you may help in the reduction of racism and discrimination.
Despite national actions to fight racial inequality, the competence
to prevent discrimination within the authority of the States with
the worst records is frequently lacking. However, because
education and human rights are the main strategies employed by
civil society organizations, it is necessary to investigate the "best
practices" of institutional processes and race models that are
transformative and do not further marginalize racial minorities.
This is best accomplished by treating their experiences in a way
that do not consider the role they must play in reporting violations
of their dignity.
We need to look at our perception of the word ‘other’ .
Learn from those who are there,and if there are none, build
relationships with local leaders. Don’t move until those
relationships are built with mutual trust, and let them
discern what will happen. It requires understanding the
country and the history of missions there, as well as the role
of that country’s economics.
 Activity 2. Refresh the Insights! Express to enrich your mind!

Please be guided with the rubrics in Assessment No. 1.

1. Come up with a creative output in the form of a drawing or other means of symbolic
self-expression about the concept of undemocratic practice based on the brief
discussion under “DISCOVERY.” Write a five-sentence summary based on your
output.

This drawing presents the undemocratic practices, this is practices that affect
society and government in a lot of ways some good, but most harmful. This
undemocratic practices include dictatorship that restricts our freedom. “Freedom” is
a core part of Democracy so trying to take away the right to speech(in many
communist countries) and right to choose (in most dictatorship cases) are against
democracy. That being said, undemocratic practices are still a huge problem in the
country but there are already a few ways we could deal with them to prevent any
further damage to our government and society.

2. Identify which word represents a value that is democratic or undemocratic. Write

each word under one of the headings in the table below. The first two words are done
for you.
Violence Justice
Bullying Respect for others
Dishonesty Fairness
Discrimination Freedom
Dictatorship Equality

Democratic Undemocratic
Trust Intolerance
Justice Violence
Respect for others Bullying
Fairness Dishonesty
Freedom Discrimination
Equality Dictatorship
References
Links
https://ethicsvalues-sanaacosta.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/7/3/13737365/1c-
_3.6-undemocratic_practices.pdf
https://www.parliament.act.gov.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1474497/Works heet1-
democratic-or-undemocratic.pdf
https://www.sociologyguide.com/basic-concepts/Social-Institutions.php
https://www.sociologygroup.com/institutions-meaning-definition-characteristics-
types-functions
https://www.thoughtco.com/political-institutions-
https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/dahls-seven-undemocratic- elements
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/5-major-functions-performed-by-a- social-
institutions/