ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my

exceptional learned mentor, Mrs Amsha J C who
inspired me to carry out the project. Her guidance
enabled me to think logically and produce good
results. I am also thankful to my affectionate
laboratory technician for her cooperation and help
without which I would not have completed my
experiment successfully.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that AGRAJ BAJPAI, student of

Class XII B, has completed the project titled ‘To
investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation
on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled
one by one, with different transparent fluids’,
during the academic year 2022-2023 towards
partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical
evaluation of CBSE, and submitted satisfactory
report, as compiled in the following pages, under
the supervision of the physics teacher.

External Examiner Physics Teacher

 INDEX

AIM
INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS
PROCEDURE
OBSERVAT ION
RESULT
GRAPH BETWEEN ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
AND ANGLE OF DEVIATION
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM

TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE

ANGLE OF DEVIATION, ON THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE , USING HOLLOW PRISM FILLED WITH
DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS.
 INTRODUCTION

REFRACTION: THE PHENOMENON OF

BENDING OF LIGHT FROM ITS STRAIGHT
LINE PATH ON THE SURFACE OF
SEPERATION OF TWO OPTICAL MEDIA IS
KNOWN AS REFRACTION OF LIGHT.

LAW OF REFRACTION ( SNELLS LAW) : THE

RATIO OF THE SINE OF THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE TO THE SINE OF ANGLE OF
REFRACTION IS CONSTANT FOR A GIVEN
PAIR OF MEDIA AND FOR A GIVEN
COLOUR OF LIGHT. SYMBOLICALLY,

( µ= REFRACTIVE INDEX)

REFRACTIVE INDEX: REFRACTIVE INDEX

OF A MEDIUM FOR A GIVEN WAVELENGTH
OF LIGHT.

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE: THE ANGLE

BETWEEN THE INCIDENT RAY AND THE
NORMAL RAY.

ANGLE OF DEVIATION: THE ANGLE

BETWEEN THE INCIDENT RAY AND THE
EMERGENT RAY IS CALLED THE ANGLE
OF DEVIATION DENOTED BY LETTER “D”
OR “ δ “.

MINIMUM DEVIATION: WHEN A PRISM IS

SO PLACED WITH RESPECT TO THE
INCIDENT RAY THAT THE ANGLE OF
DEVIATION PRODUCED BY IT IS
MINIMUM, THEN THE PRISM IS SAID TO
BE IN THE POSITION OF MINIMUM
DEVIATION.

DISPERSION: THE PHENOMENON OF

SEPERATION OF WHITE LIGHT INTO ITS
COMPONENT COLORS DUE TO VARIATION
IN VELOCITIES OF DIFFERENT COLORS
WHILE PASSING THROUGH THE PRISM IS
CALLED DISPERSION OF LIGHT.
 REQUIREMENTS

 DRAWING SHEET
 DRAWING BOARD
 PINS
 PENCIL
 HOLLOW GLASS PRISMS
 WATER
 COCONUT OIL
 KEROSENE OIL
 COLD DRINK
 PROCEDURE

 FIX THE SHEET OF WHITE PAPER ON THE

DRAWING BOARD WITH DRAWING PINS.

 PLACE THE PRISM FILLED WITH LIQUID ON

THE PAPER AND TRACE ITS BOUNDARY “ABC”.
 MARK A POINT “O” ON ONE OF THE
REFRACTING SURFACES AND DRAW A
NORMAL TO THE SURFACE AT THIS POINT.

 DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE “PQ”

CORRESPONDING TO INCIDENT RAY DRAWN
AT A SUITABLE ANGLE WITH THE NORMAL.

 FIX TWO PINS “P” AND “Q” ABOUT 5CM

APART ON THE INCIDENT RAY LINE AN VIEW
ITS IMAGE WITH ONE EYE CLOSED FROM
THE SIDE “AC” OF THE PRISM. FIX TWO PINS
“R” AND “S” SUCH THAT THE TIPS OF THESE
PINS AND THE TIPS OF THE IMAGES OF THE
INCIDENT RAY PINS “P” , “Q” LIE IN THE SAME
STRAIGHT LINE.

 ENCIRCLE THE PIN PRICKS ON THE PAPER.

REMOVE THE PINS “P” , “Q” AND ALSO
ENCIRCLE THEIR PIN PRICKS.
 JOIN POINTS “S” AND “R” AND PRODUCE IT
BACKWARDS TO MEET THE INCIDENT RAY
“PQ” PRODUCED. THUS, “RS” IS THE
EMERGENT RAY CORRESPONDING TO THE
INCIDENT RAY “PQ”. DRAW ARROW HEADS TO
SHOW THE DIRECTION OF THE RAYS.

 MEASURE THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION “δ”

WITH A PROTRACTOR AND MEASURE PRISM
ANGLE.
 OBSERVATIONS

WATER

S ANGLE OF ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE DEVIATION
NO.
1. 350 280
2. 400 250
3. 450 240
4. 500 260
5. 550 280

COCONUT OIL

S NO. ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

INCIDENCE DEVIATIO
N
1. 350 350
2. 400 330
3. 450 360
4. 500 400
5. 550 440
KEROSENE OIL

S NO. ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1. 300 440
2. 350 380
3. 400 360
4. 450 350
5. 500 370

SOFT DRINK

S NO. ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1. 350 240
2. 400 230
3. 450 240
4. 500 260
5. 550 280
 GRAPH BETWEEN ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE AND ANGLE OF
DEVIATION

WATER
COCONUT OIL
KEROSENE OIL
COLD DRINK
 RESULT
THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION FIRST DECREASES
WITH INCREASE IN ANGLE OF INCIDENT,
ATTAINS A MINIMUM VALUE AND THEN
INCREASE WITH FURTHER INCREASE IN ANGLE
OF INCIDENT.
 PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF
ERROR

 A SHARP PENCIL SHOULD BE USED.

 PROPER ARROWS SHOULD BE DRAWN TO
INDICATE THE INCIDENT, THE REFRACTED
AND THE EMERGENT RAY.
 A SMOOTH CURVE PASSING THROUGH ALL
THE POINT SHOULD BE DRAWN.
 THE ANGLE OF PRISM SHOULD BE USE
FOR ALL OBSERVATIONS.
 PINS SHOULD HAVE SHARP TIPS AND BE
FIXED VERTICALLY.
 VISIBILITY OF PINS MAY BE LOW FOR
COLOURED LIQUIDS, THEY MAY BE
ILLUMINATED BY A SOURCE OF WHITE
LIGHT
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

WIKIPEDIA
LAB MANUAL CLASS XII
www.google.com