A MINI PROJECT ON

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLY-

ASH BASED ON RECYCLED AGGREGAT
By

Niranjana J vasava

(210490714010)

Under the guidance of

Dr.Mayuri prajapati
Assistant professor

Civil Engineering Department ,

S.N.P.I.T & R.C, Umrakh, Bardoli

June 2022

S.N. Patel Institute of Technology and Research Centre ,

Umrakh Bardoli
A Vidhyabharti Trust Institution

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the entitled “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLY-

ASH BASED ON RECYCLEDAGGREGATE”
has been carried out by Niranjana j vasava(210490714010) under
our guidance in fulfilment of the degree of master of engineering in
construction engineering and management of Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2021-2022

Date :

Place: SNPIT & RC , Umrakh

Signature of Guide:
Dr. Mayuri Prajapati
S.N.P.I.T & R.C. Umarakh

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page 1
Certificate Page 2
Table content 3
Abstract 4
Chapter.1 Introduction 5
1.1 Problem statement 5
1.2 Aim 5
1,3 History 6
1.4 Background 9
1.5 Material Background 10
1.5.1 Fly ash
A) Need of Fly ash
B) Advantages of Fly ash
C) Disadvantages of Fly ash
D) Types of Fly ash Cement
Coarse Aggregate
1.5.2 Recycled Concrete Aggregate
1.5.3 Fine aggregate

1.5.4 Water

Chapter.2 Literature Review 18

Chapter.3 Case study 25
Chapter 4 Conclusion 31
chapter .5 Reference 32

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 ABSTRACT

Most used material in construction Industry is concrete because of easily moulded

in any shape and good strength & workability. The Ordinary cement concrete has
low tensile strength and cause brittle failure. So modification is required and it is
achieving by using fly ash and recycled aggregate in concrete. The Recycled
Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Fly ash are used by replacing the Coarse
aggregate and cement respectively. The use of Fly ash in concrete as partial
replacement achieve improvement in durability with benefits. This replacement
of cement by fly ash would be 10% , 20% and replacement of normal aggregate
by RCA would be 10% , 20% , 50% .
In this the effect of fly ash on workability , setting time , strength etc. are studied.
Use of fly ash would results in reduction in cost of cement and coarse aggregate.

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 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

if we think about use of recycled concrete aggregate and fly ash in the green
concrete reduces the adverse effect of environment pollution and material
scarcity.
The use of recycled aggregate will solve the problem of construction and
demolition waste disposal.

This increase strength and reduced permeability.

Globally , the concrete industry consumes large quantities of natural resources ,

,which are becoming insufficient to meet the increase demands.

2. AIM

fly ash is known to be good pozzolanic material and has been

Used to increase the ultimate compressive strength and workability of fresh

concrete .

Use of recycled aggregate in concrete can be useful for environment protection

and economic terms.

Recycled aggregate are the material for the future .again fly ash is also a by
product from various industries.

hence a study was needed to arrive at various combinations of both of these

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materials.
1.3 HISTORY

In past centuries, concrete made with high volumes of ash and other pozzolanas has
been used in construction for almost 1,000 years.

The Roman Empire

The Romans knew that certain volcanic materials (now called pozzolanas) when
finely ground and mixed with lime and sand, yielded a mortar that was not only
cementitious , but water resistant and very strong.
Both the Pantheon temple and the Roman Coliseum were built with high volumes
of volcanic ash in the cement mixture.

The Pantheon, built in Rome in 128 A.D., is a circular concrete temple with walls
6.1 metres thick and a dome measuring 43.3 metres in diameter. The building still
stands in its original form due to the excellent quality of the mortar mixture and
careful selection of aggregate material. In the event of an earthquake, the building
distorts rather than collapsing and moves with the shifts of the earth instead of
cracking.

Ancient concrete mixtures were characterized by low cementitious material content,

low water content, a very slow rate of development and little shrinking or cracking
from drying. Today’s ashes from coal-fired power plants have similar properties to
the volcanic ash used by the Romans.

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 Early use in the U.S.

The first major documented use of high-volume fly ash concrete in the U.S. was by
the Bureau of Reclamation to repair a tunnel spillway at the Hoover Dam in 1942.
The second was the Hungry Horse Dam, near Glacier National Park in Montana.
Constructed between 1948-52,
this massive structure required 2,453,600 square metres of concrete.
Approximately 35% of the Portland cement was replaced by coal fly ash.
At the time of its completion, Hungry Horse was the third largest and second
highest concrete dam in the world, and it remains one of the most impressive
concrete structures in the U.S.

1980s – 1990s

In 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued “Cement and Concrete
Containing Fly Ash: Guidelines for Federal Procurement”, which encouraged increased
use of concrete containing coal fly ash in federally- funded projects. The Washington,
D.C. area Metro subway system, built during the 1980s, used more than 200,000 cubic
yards of concrete containing coal fly ash. The massive 85,000-seat stadium built in 1996
for Summer Olympics in Atlanta is another example of high-volume fly ash
construction.

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.

History in Greater Vancouver, BC

Fly ash was introduced commercially in the Lower Mainland (Vancouver)

during the 1970s and was typically used to replace about 10% of the Portland
cement in a concrete mix. There was some initial resistance in the
construction industry, but by the early 1980s the benefits were better
understood. Typical volumes of fly ash increased to 15-20%. Larger
percentages were used occasionally, mainly for mass concrete – first 30% and
then up to 40% fly ash. In the 1990s, 20% fly ash replacement became
common for structural concrete, and up to 40% for mass concrete. In the
2000s, more and more engineers are looking to use 40-60% fly ash in
structural concrete.

Long before modern power plants began producing coal fly ash, Roman
builders turned to volcanic ash to harness the power of pozzolans.

In fact, the term “pozzolana” is derived from the name of an Italian city
Pozzuoli that is regarded as the birthplace of ash concrete technologies.
Famed Roman structures such as the Pantheon and Colosseum , as well as
many roads and aqueducts, are still standing over 2,000 years after their
construction — in part because of the durability of their ash-based concrete.

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1.4 BACKGROUND

The background for this study was to find out what we know so far in the use
of fly ash in concrete. What do we know about the advantages, disadvantages,
field constructions, fly ash blended cement or fly ash blended concrete and
experience with respect to fineness. This literature study focuses of the use of
the low calcium fly ash ASTM Class F / EN 197-1 Type V. Much of the
information is collected from the experience from USA and Canada, because
of their long experience with fly ash in concrete.

Fly ash from power plants became available as early in the 1930s1. In the
U.S. the study of fly ash for use in hydraulic cement concrete began at about
that time. In 1960s a new generation of coal fired power plants was built, that
produce a finer fly ash with lower carbon content. In addition fly ash
containing high levels of calcium oxide became available (Class C fly ash).

According to U.S. department of Transportation federal Highway

Administration all the fly ash used in the US before 1975 was Class F2.
The current annual world-wide production of coal ash is estimated to be 700
million tonnes, of which at least 70 % is fly ash, i.e. fine coal ash which is
suitable for use as a pozzolona in cementitious systems. Approximately 80 %
of the coal ashes produced today end up either in low-value applications such
as landfills and base courses for roads, or simply disposed of by ponding and
stockpiling.

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1.5 MATERIAL BACKGROUND
1. Fly ash

Fly ash is composed of the non-combustible mineral portion of coal. Particles

are smooth, round „ball bearings‟ finer than cement particles. Sizes of particle are
0.1Gm-150 Gm. It is a pozzolanic material which reacts with free lime in the
presence of water, converted into calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) which is the
strongest and tough portion of the paste in concrete. The fly ash for testing
purpose is collected from industrial area near Surat.

Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion of pulverized coal, usually from coal-
fired power plants1. Fly ash solidifies in the exhaust gases and is collected by
electrostatic precipitators or filter bags. According to American Concrete
Institute ACI 116R fly ash is “the finely divided residue that results.
combustion of ground or powdered coal and that is transported by flue gases from
the combustion zone to the particle removal system.”

A) Need of fly ash

Due to increased awareness of all ill effects of pollution, utilization and safe
disposal of fly ash at thermal power plants has become an urgent and challenging
task. Fly ash is needed in many civil engineering applications because it provides
better strength at later stages than the ordinary Portland cement concrete of plain
concrete.

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Advantages of fly ash

•I provides higher strength. When fly ash is added in concrete then the amount of
Portland cement may be reduced and there for it saves concrete material cost. The
reduce permeability of concrete by using fly ash, also aids to keep aggressive
composite on the surface where the damaging action is reduced. It is also highly
resistant to attack by mild acid, water and sulphate.
•It is also use full for reducing the heat of hydration. The pozzolonic reaction in
between lime and fly ash will significantly generate less heat and thus, prevents
thermal cracking.
•It is also helping for reduce bleeding and segregation effects. If the fly ash is not
proper proportion that it creates effect to the structure.

C) Disadvantages of fly ash

•It is mainly provide good and batter strength at latter ages therefor for
construction of temporary structure in quick fly ash does not solve the purpose.
• The quality of fly ash to be utilized is very vital. Poor quality often
has a negative impact on the concrete.
•The poor quality can increase the permeability and thus damaging the building.

D) Classification of fly ash

1. Class N Fly ash

Raw or calcined natural Pozzolona such as some diatomaceous
earth, opalinechert and shale, stuffs, volcanic ashes and pumice are come in these.

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 categories. Calcimined kaolin clay and laterite shale also full in this
category of Pozzolona.
2. Class F Fly ash
Fly ashes normally proceed from burning class of fly ash exhibits
pozzolonic property but rarely if any, self- hardening property.
3. Class of C Fly ash
Fly as normally produced from lignite or sub bituminous coal is the only
material included in this category This class of fly ash both pozzolonic and
varying degree of self – cementations properties .
Typical values Class F Class C
( wt .-%)
SiO2 35-60
CaO 1-35 < 15 wt.-% >15 wt.-%
Fe2O3 4-20
Al2O3 10-30

Table 1. Typical values for fly ash Class F and C

Fly ash is a by-product of burning pulverized coal in an electrical
generating station. Specifically, it is the unburned residue that is
carried away from the burning zone in the boiler by the flue gases
and then collected by either mechanical or electrostatic separators
The heavier unburned material drops to the bottom of the furnace
and is termed bottom ash.

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Fig.1: Sample of Fly Ash
Cement
The cement used for experimental purpose is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
The Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 grade (Ultra Tech OPC) conforming to
IS:8112-1989 is used. The cement is in dry powdery form with the good quality
chemical compositions and physical characteristics. Many tests were conducted on
cement; some of them are specific gravity, consistency tests, setting time tests,
compressive strengths, etc.

Crushed stone were used as coarse aggregates; the fractions from 20 mm to

4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregate. The Coarse Aggregates from crushed
Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383 are used. The Flakiness Index and
Elongation Index were maintained well below 15%.

Crushed stone were used as coarse aggregates; the fractions from 20 mm to

4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregate. The Coarse Aggregates from crushed
Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383 are used. The Flakiness Index and
Elongation Index were maintained well below 15%.

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 Recycled Concrete Aggregate

The specific definition of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) is a granular

material manufactured by removing, crushing, and processing hydraulic-
cement concrete pavement for reuse with a hydraulic cementing medium to
produce fresh paving concrete.

Fig 2 Recycled Concrete Aggregate

Recycled concrete aggregate, also known as RCA, is an extremely popular

replacement for natural stone aggregates RCA is usually made up of old
concrete from sidewalks, pavements, curbing and building Recycling and
reuse of building wastes have been found to be an appropriate solution to the
problems of dumping hundreds of thousands tons of debris accompanied with

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shortage of natural aggregates The use of recycled aggregates in concrete it is
proves to be a valuable building material in technical, environment and
economical respect.

Recycled aggregate possess relatively lower bulk density, crushing and

impact values and higher water absorption as compared to natural aggregate
The compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete is relatively lower
up to 15% than natural aggregate concrete The variation also depends on the
original concrete from which the aggregates have been obtained The
durabılity parameters studied at SERC (G) confirms suitability of RCA &
RAC in making durable concrete structures of selected types.

Benefits of recycled concrete aggregate

•Cost saving: Possessors and contractors alıke can save some money by using
with RCA Because the materials are less expensive to produce, it should be
able to lay down a firm base or foundation for a fraction of the cost This frees
you up to spend more on decorative surfacing materials.

•Eco friendly: Perhaps the most important advantages of using RCA are that
it is "green construction material The process of harvesting stone and then
crushing it down to size requires the use of natural resources and mechanical
processing When unwanted concrete is recycled, then getting new life the
aggregate and leaves natural materials untouched. In addition to this, less
space is taken up by non-biodegradable concrete in landfills.

•Versatility: RCA is able to be used for a number of different functions that

are suitable for construction applications, landscaping projects and home
improvement efforts.
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•Durability: Studies conducted by the federal Highway Administration have shown
that, despite having been recycled from concrete scrap, RCA is actually just as
structurally reliable and safe for use as natural aggregate material. This means that you
can enjoy doing your part to help the environment and take advantages of decreased
to sacrifice strength and durability.

Beneficial use of recycled concrete aggregate

Residential purpose: When installing a new driveway, walkway or veranda, first step
need to lay down a layer of a reliable base material Manny Owners choose to work
with RCA because it's extremely affordable while also living up t0 the highest
performance standards.

•Commercial: Because commercial parkıng lots and municipal roads are so heavıly
trafficked, t's extremely important that they feature a sturdy base layer comprise of
material approved by the DOT RCA meets the requirements for constructing safe
roadways In some cases Contractors also elect to use RCA as a base material for
constructing new building Finally, recycled concrete aggregate is a great option for
layıng down pipe bedding and utilities for or improving within a property

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 3.Fine aggregate
Locally available Tapi River sand was used as fine aggregates. Those fractions
from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river sand and
crushed sand is used in mixture as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements
of IS: 383. The river sand is washed and screened, to abolishdeadly materials and
over size particles.

4.Water

Water is an important constituent of concrete as it actually participates in the

chemecal reaction with cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving cement
gel, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully.
Water which is pure and safe for drinking purpose is used and water cement ratio
was 0.42 for design mix M30.

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 CHAPTER :2 LITERATURE REVIEW

fanguy Liu, Wenqi ding , Yafei Qiao ,(2020)

Digital image correlation (DIC) measurement is also utilized to
capture the
formation and propagation of cracks during the test.
The tensile strength of HFRC increases with increasing steel fiber content and
decreases as the PVA fiber content increases. However, as an important index
for underground structures, engineering tensile strength (the tensile stress at
a crack of
0.2 mm) increases with increasing steel fiber content or PVA fiber content.

Shuyan Yang , Junyu Tian , Xiaofei Bian, yunhui Wu,(2019)

In this study, by introducing tannic acid (TA,
a naturally occurring plant polyphenol), nitrile butadiene
rubber (NBR)/FA/TA composites were prepared via a
simple environment-friendly method.
The properties of the products were thoroughly investigated and experiments
showed that the TA incorporation into NBR/FA composites resulted in
formation of hydrogen bonds among NBR, FA, and TA, leading to dramatic
improvement in surface adhesion between NBR and FA.
As a consequence, the tensile strength of the NBR/20FA/ 0.4 TA
composite was
~110.4% larger than that of NBR/20FA composite, thus opening a new route to
large-scale practical use of FA in the polymer industry.

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P. Indiramama , Ch. Sudharani, S. Needhisan (2019)
An experimental investigation was conducted to study the individual and
combined effects admixtures viz., lime and fly ash on the geotechnical
characteristics of expansive soil.
First, expansive soil is mixed with 4% and 8% of lime and next expansive soil
is
mixed with 10% Fly ash + 4% Lime and 10% Fly ash + 8% Lime.
The result shows that addition of expansive soil with lime alone or with lime and
fly ash in different percentages, the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity Index,
optimum moisture content and differential free swell index decreased, whereas
maximum dry unit weight and strength of soil admixtures increased.

G.Jayarajan , S .Arivalagan(2019)
Environmental pollution is the world’s greatest challenge. M J. Sumajouw et al.
(2007) provides the experimental study and evaluation findings on the operation
and power of slender concrete reinforced geopolymer columns. They came to the
conclusion that low calcium heated fly ash concrete for precast industries is an
outstanding application opportunity. Concrete geopolymer may be used for the
processing of currently manufactured goods in this sector. The specification
provisions in the current standards and codes for geopolymeric concrete products
are included .

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 Praveen Kumar , Kanti , K .V . Sharma , Zafar Said , Munish
Gupta(2021)

Water-based stable fly ash and fly ash– Cu (80:20% by vol.) hybrid nanofluids
were used as working fluids in the concentration range of 0.5 to 2.0 vol%.
Experiments in the Reynolds number range of 6800 to 45,200 were performed at
fluid inlet temperatures in the temperature range of 30 to 60 ◦C.
The findings suggest that compared to water and fly ash nanofluid, thermal
conductivity, viscosity, and the heat transfer rate of hybrid nanofluid is higher.
A maximum thermal performance factor of 1.65 and 1.87 is observed for fly ash
and hybrid nanofluid respectively at 60 ◦C with a 2.0% volume concentration.
Correlations for evaluating the Nusselt number and friction factor of hybrid
nanofluid were developed with the experimental data.

Zhong Xu, Zhenpu Huang, Changliang Liu, David Hui(2021)

In this study, we experimentally investigated a method to improve the

performance of geopolymer-recycled aggregate concrete (GRAC). The recycled
concrete aggreJongsung Sim , Cheolwoo park
gates and steel fiber (SF), fly ash (FA), metakaolin (MK), and sodium silicate
solution were used as the main raw materials to prepare fiber-reinforced
geopolymer-recycled aggregate concrete (FRGRAC).
building on the optimal mix proportion, the effects of the SF content on the
slump, 7 and 28 days compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural
strength of FRGRAC were further, Finally, the microscopic mechanism of
FRGRAC was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The study results indicate that the slump continues to decrease as the fiber
content increases, but the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural
strength increase to a certain extention penetration
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 Jongsung Sim , Cheolwoo park(2011)
This study investigates the fundamental characteristics of concrete using recycled
concrete aggregate (RCA) for its application to structural concrete members. The
specimens used 100% coarse RCA, various replacement levels of natural aggregate
with fine RCA, and several levels of fly ash addition.
Compressive strength of mortar and concrete which used RCA gradually decreased
as the amount of the recycled materials increased. Regardless of curing conditions
and fly ash addition, the 28 days strength of the recycled aggregate concrete was
greater than the design strength, 40 MPa, with a complete replacement of coarse
aggregate and a replacement level of natural fine aggregate by fine RCA up to
60%.
The recycled aggregate concrete achieved sufficient resistance to the chloride.

Baojian Zhan , Chi sun poon, Qiong Liu, Shicong Kou, Caijun Shi (2013)

the results of an experimental program on studying the use of a carbonation

process to enhance the properties of recycled aggregates are presented. Hardened
concretes prepared by using different water-to-cement ratios in the laboratory,
were crushed to produce recycled aggregates with different particle sizes.
Before and after the laboratory carbonation process, the physical properties of the
recycled aggregate, including water absorption and density were determined. The
extent of CO2 curing of the recycled aggregate was quantified by assessing the
carbonation percentage of the aggregates.
Carbonation resulted in reduction in water absorption values and increase in density
and these showed that the properties of recycled aggregate were improved.

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.
Nan Zhang , Ahmadreza Hedayat ,Hector Gelber Bolanos Sosa ,Nestor
Tupa ,Isaac Yanqui
Morales, Reynaldo Sabino Canahua Loza (2021)
In this study, class F fly ash was utilized as an amorphous additive and the additional
aluminum source to adjust the Si: Al ratio for better geopolymerization effects.
To better understand the mechanical and fracture behavior of the geopolymer after
adding fly ash, the Brazilian indirect tensile tests were then conducted to evaluate the
influence of different fly ash additions, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, on the tensile
strength of the geopolymer.
under the presented sample curing condition, the geopolymer with 15% fly ash
addition had the largest tensile strength. The geopolymer made without and with
lower fly ash additions had both tensile and shear crack modes.

Fei Sha , Shucai Li Rentai Liu, Zhaofeng (2017)

To ensure desirable flowability, enough penetrability and less leaching of grouting
materials in geotechnical engineering, the ASTM Type I Portland cement (PC), class
F fly ash (FA), bentonite (B), superplasticizer (SP) and water glass were designed to
improve properties of grouting materials in different aspects.
The water/solid (W/S) ratio is selected as 1.0, the amounts of FA, bentonite and
SP by mass of PC were 0–40%, 0–15% and 0.7%, respectively.
The results show that the FA and 0.7% SP enhance the flowability and spreading
ability of fresh grouts, and the bentonite can enhance the stability. The effects of
various FA, B, SP and water glass contents on flexural strengths of grouts are
different.

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(Pofale, &Deo, 2010)

with their study indicated about 20% increase in compressive strength and about 15%
increase in flexural strength of concrete over control concrete by replacing 27% of sand
with low lime fly ash. In study fly ash based Portland pozzolana cement was used. They
had also reported about 25% increase in workability of the fly ash based concrete over
control concrete. Out of large number of papers studied papers only found very relevant
are included for putting forward present objectives. Literature discussed has shown partial
replacement of scarce sand with fly ash had shown higher strength from 3rd day as
compared to control concrete. Long term strength was about 20% higher than the control
concrete. Along with increase in strength, increase in workability and durability of
concrete by partial replacement of sand with fly ash is very encouraging.

Mr. Tushar R Sonawane (2013):

In this paper the study carried out on use of recycled aggregate concrete. Main advantage
of RCA is cost saving waste material. There are no harmful effects on concrete and it is
expected that the increase in the cost of cement could be compensate by the low cost of
Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA). 20% cement replaced by fly ash is found to control
alkali silica reaction (ASR). The replacement of RCA 0, 50, 100is to be carried out.
Disadvantage of recycling of concrete materials less quality, Compressive strength reduces
by 10-30%, Duration of procurement of materials may affect life cycle of project, Very
high water absorption, it has high drying shrinkage and creep. The test is carried out
specific gravity, water absorption, bulk density, crushing values, impact values test. The
conclusion is the use of aggregate at to 30% does not affect the functional requirements
As per IS. 2386 various tests satisfied of RCA with NCA.

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Saravanakumar and G. Dhinakaran(2013)

Formation of landfills in thermal industries is an inevitable problem. To solve these

issues, fly ash can be used as a partial replacer in cement in the construction industry.
In general, the reaction of calcium hydroxide with the presence of water led to the
formation of C-S-H gel. Nowadays, a number of works are being performed using fly
ash with high volume even up to 60% of cement (Malhotra 2002; Mehta 2004).
Ishiyama et al. (2010) studied the strength characteristics of recycled aggregate with
high-volume fly ash concrete. They tried with three different types of aggregates such
as sea sand with coarse aggregate, sea sand with recycled coarse aggregate, and
recycled fine aggregate with coarse aggregate. They concluded that although a
greater amount of fly ash was used even with recycled aggregates, compressive
strength was increased at the age of 91 days.

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 CHAPTER 3 case study

• These soils are regarded as problematic and if not treated properly can cause
extensive damage to the structures built upon them, as well causing loss in human
life. These are mainly found in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, and some few places in Odisha and are also found in the river valley of
Narmada, Tapi, Godavari and Krishna.

• The properties of the expansive/black cotton soils may be altered in many ways
viz. mechanical, thermal, chemical and other means to improve its strength by
stabilizing it.

• Soil stabilization is a process by which certain materials are added to soil to

improve its engineering properties and these materials are classified as pozzolanic
(fly ash, rice husk ash etc.), binder (lime, cement, cement kiln dust, lime sludge
etc.) and inert (quarry dust, sand, ceramic dust etc.) are added to soil individually
or combined. Stabilizing expansive soil by the addition of lime is an ancient art
and an age old practice, which has been followed all over the world .

• It is an effective agent for soft soil and expansive soils and can enormously
increase the workability, and strength while limiting volume changes. Lime has
many applications in the geotechnical engineering practice like pavements,
stabilizing underlying soils in highways, canal linings, earth dams and building
structures.

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• It is CaO (calcium oxide or quicklime), Ca(OH)2 (hydrated lime) and CaCO3
(calcium carbonate) and for stabilization both CaO and Ca(OH)2 are widely
used. The properties of the stabilized material depend on the type of the additive
and the pozzolanic nature of the soil to be treated. Fly ash is a by-product
material being generated by thermal power plants from combustion of pulverised
coal.

• Ash content is found to be in range of 30% to 50% in Indian coal and at present
the annual production of fly ash is about 115 million tonnes and is expected to
cross 230 million tonnes by 2020.

• In developed countries more than 80% fly ash is used for the manufacture of
bricks, cellular concrete blocks, road construction, landfill application, ceramics,
agriculture, insulating bricks, recovery of metals, and dam constructions. While
in India about 10% ash is being utilized in various segments like cement,
asbestos-cement products & concrete manufacturing industries, land
development, road embankment, building products such as bricks/tiles/blocks,
reclamation of coal mine, and source of micro and macro nutrients in agriculture.

• If understood and use it properly, this could be a valuable resource material. It

contains siliceous and aluminous materials and also certain amount of lime.

• the fly ash produced by thermal power plants can cause pollution in air, surface
water and ground water. It is the significant contributor to total pollutants such as
PM, NOx and SOx and it widely known that the residue generated at the thermal
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power stations create major environmental hazards.
• . Generation of fly ash can be visibly seen from various sources as 66.88 MT
in 97, 163.56 MT in 2013, 172.87 MT in 2014 and 177.94 MT in 2018. This
huge quantity gives challenging problems, in the form of land usage, health
hazards and environmental dangers and both in disposal as well as utilization,
utmost care has to be taken to safeguard the interest of human life, wild life
and environment.

• When pulverized coal is burnt to generate heat, the residue contains 80% fly
ash and 20% bottom ash. Fly ash disposal in sea/rivers/ponds can cause
damage to aquatic life it is not managed properly. Slurry disposal lagoons/
settling tanks can become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and bacteria and
also it can contaminate the subsurface water with traces of toxic metals
present in it. Utilization of fly ash is not only possible, it is also essential.

• Efforts for utilizing the ash have resulted in achieving just 58% by year
ending 2018 and India is nowhere near its target of utilizing 100% of fly ash
generated by the coal based power plants. Fly ash particles ranging in size
from 0.5 to 300 mm in equivalent diameter, being light weight, have potential
to get airborne easily and pollute the environment.

• Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India has

revised norms for fly ash usage and disposal by granting permission to use it
for agriculture. The ministry has also made it mandatory for power plants.

• Ordinary portland cement of 53 grade was used in this paper. River sand was
used as fine aggregate. Broken stone was used as coarse aggregate. The
specific gravity was 2.65 for river sand, 2.70 for broken stone, and 3.12 for
cement. Fly ash used for the present study is class F and collected from the
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Thermal Power Station, Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
• Recycled aggregates were obtained from a demolished building with an age of 20
years. This information was obtained from the owner of the demolished building.

• After identifying the site for RA, the materials were collected through the truck in
bulk quantity and crushed to get segregate the aggregates. Adhered mortar was
removed to the maximum possible extent from aggregate.

• The chemical composition of materials was obtained by X-ray fluorescence analysis

using an XRF spectrometer for the materials used in the present research work, such
as natural aggregate, recycled aggregate, cement, and fly ash.

• Most of the requirements in KS F 2573 are primarily similar to those in ASTM C 33.
both coarse and fine RCA satisfied the requirements except for the relatively higher
water absorption of the fine RCA.

• The coarse RCA contained 0.71% of impurities by volume, which consisted primarily
of pieces of brick and wood.

• Effect of organic impurities in fine aggregate was investigated according to ASTM C

40, Standard Test Methods for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete,
and ASTM C 87, Standard Test Methods for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine
Aggregates on Strength of Mortar No evident color change was observed in the
sodium hydroxide solution of both the natural and recycled samples.

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• Mortar strength ratios before and after-wash were 92% and 90% for the natural
and the fine RCA, respectively, which ensured the compliance of 90% with the
Korean Standard Specifications of Concrete. The fly ash used was commercially
available and typically used in ready-mixed concrete plants in Korea.

• The combustion of Indonesian coal at the Vijayanagar power plant, Mundaragi,

Karnataka, India in a Fluidized bed boiler generates fly ash particles which are
collected at the electrostatic precipitators (ESP).

• The particles obtained at the ESP are typical of a micron-scale. The particle size
of 14.5 nm was obtained after 60 h of ball-milling (Make PM100 Retsch).

• Owing to the extensive friction in the ball milling process, the particle
crystallinity decreases, loses its spherical shape due to deformation, and is
obtained as amorphous fly ash [4,5,38]. Copper nanoparticles procured from
Sigma Aldrich, USA, of particle size 25 nm, are used in the preparation of hybrid
nanofluids.

• The chemical composition of fly ash has been determined from X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer (Model S4PIONEER BRUKER). The chemical
composition of fly ash estimated on a mass basis was determined to be SiO2
(64.26%), Al2O3 (28.8%), Fe2O3 (1.2%), TiO2 (1.86%), Na2O (1.16%), K2O
(0.8%) and MgO (1.9%)

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• The bentonite was used to enhance the stability and pumpability of fresh grouts.

• The module of water glass is 3.0, and its Baume degree is 40. All grouts were
prepared with potable water in this investigation [18].

• The raw materials were from Shandong province in China, and the chemical
compositions of PC, FA and bentonite were presented.

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 CHAPTER 4 : CONCLUSION

The authors have reviewed many studies in this area of research and concluded that
adhered mortar from the original concrete plays an important role in determining the
performance with respect to permeability and strength. This was considered to be
one of the most significant differences between Recycled aggregate concrete and
Natural aggregate concrete.

The use of recycled aggregate from construction and demolition wastes is showing
prospective application in construction as an alternative to natural aggregates. It
conserves natural resources and reduces the space required for landfill disposal. In
this paper, strength characteristics of high-volume fly ash (FA)–based concrete with
recycled aggregate of M50 grade were studied. Fly ash has some unique properties
and is largely useful to a wide range of concrete characteristics.

The widely used fiber can be made of steel, glass, carbon, plastic, polymer or
shredded rubber . Among them, macrofibers, such as steel fibers, could improve the
tensile behavior of concrete in terms of crack resistance ability and toughness , and
microfibers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, could not only restrain the early
plastic cracks of concrete but also improve the toughness and impact the resistance
of concrete.

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