B1 Chapter 2: Structure and function of body systems Question •

Progress •
Succe ed

Knowledge organiser
Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells and have five levels of organisation:
organ multicellular
cell tissue organ system organism
the smallest building block of a group of specialised cells a group of tissues working a group of organs working a group of systems working increasing complexity
an organism working together together together together

Plant and animal organs Respiratory system Skeleton

brain The respiratory system is involved in:
brain––controls
controlsthe
thebody
body skull All the bones in your body make up your skeleton.
heart – pumps blood
lungs
lungs––take
takeininoxygen
oxygen • breathing in oxygen (for respiration)
heart – pumps blood and The four main functions of the skeleton are to:
around andremove
removecarbon
carbon nose jaw bone
aroundthe
thebody
body dioxide
• breathing out waste carbon dioxide. collar bone
dioxide mouth • support the body • protect vital organs
liver
liver––removes
removestoxins
toxins stomach sternum
stomach––digests
digestsfood
food trachea bronchus • help the body move
(poisons
(poisonsfromfromthe
theblood)
blood)
ribcage humerus
and
andproduces
producesbile
biletoto kidney
kidney––filters
filtersthe
the bronchiole • make blood cells (in the bone marrow).
help
helpdigestion blood vertebral column ulna
digestion bloodand
andproduces
produces muscle alveolus
urine (air sac) (backbone) radius
urine
intestines
intestines––absorb
absorb heart rib pelvis Joints occur between two or more bones.
bladder
bladder––stores
storesurine
urine
nutrients
nutrientsfrom
fromfood
food
lung They allow the skeleton to bend.
diaphragm
femur Three types of joint are:
kneecap
1 Hinge joints
leaf
leaf––absorbs
absorbs forwards/backwards movements only, e.g., knees
sunlight
sunlightfor
formaking
making plastic
plastic jug Measuring lung volume fibula tibia
food
foodduring
during tube
(full of 2 Ball-and-socket joints
stem
stem––holds
holds
photosynthesis
water) When you breathe out fully into the plastic tube, ankle movement in all directions, e.g., shoulders
the
theplant
plantupright
upright photosynthesis
air from your lungs pushes water out of the bottle.
tank 3 Fixed joints
root
root––anchors
anchorsthethe
with volume of air in the plastic bottle no movement allowed, e.g., the skull
water
plant
plantinto
intothe
theground,
ground, =
and
In a joint: • your bone is protected with cartilage
andtakes
takesupupwater
waterand
and
minerals
mineralsfrom
fromthe
thesoil
soil
lung volume • the two bones are held together by ligaments.

What happens when we breathe? Muscles

Muscles are a type of tissue – lots of muscle cells work together to cause movement.
• muscles between ribs contract composition of oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2
oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2 Types
• ribs are pulled up and out inhaled air: 20.96% 0.04% 16% 4% of muscle include:
When you • diaphragm contracts and flattens • cardiac (heart) muscle • smooth muscle • skeletal muscle biceps contracts
biceps
relaxes
breathe in • volume of the chest increases triceps
triceps
(inhale) • pressure inside the chest decreases Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
relaxes
contracts
nitrogen, N
nitrogen, N2 2
• air rushes into the lungs 79%
79%
Muscles produce movement by contracting (getting shorter).
arm arm
• muscles between ribs relax composition of If a muscle contracts it pulls the bone, causing it to move. bends straightens
oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2 oxygen, O2 carbon dioxide, CO2
• ribs are pulled in and down 20.96%
exhaled0.04%
air: 16% 4%
When you • diaphragm relaxes and moves up Antagonistic muscles
breathe out • volume in the chest decreases
(exhale) Pairs of muscles that work together are called antagonistic muscles.
• pressure inside the chest increases
nitrogen, N2 When one contracts the other relaxes.
• air is forced out of the lungs nitrogen, N2 79%
79% For example, biceps and triceps work together to bend and straighten the forearm.

Key terms Make sure you can write definitions for these key terms.

alveolus antagonistic bone bone marrow contract cartilage diaphragm exhale inhale joint ligament lung multicellular organ
organ system respiration respiratory system ribcage skeleton tendon tissue trachea volume