Sudan International University

(SIU)

English for MBA

Dr. Ali altaaishy

 1- Company Vocabulary

Study the following terms carefully.

Terms Definitions
Accounts Dept. n. department responsible for administering a company's financial affairs
A.G.M.UK abbr. Annual General Meeting of a company's shareholders
board of directors group of people chosen to establish policy for and control a company

chairman person who heads a Board of Directors; head of a company; chairperson

director a member of the board of directors
executive officerUS person managing the affairs of a corporation - chief executive officer
Headquarters a company's principal or main office or centre of control
manager person responsible for day-to-day running of a dept.; executive officer US
managing directorUK senior director after the chairman responsible for day-to-day direction
Marketing Dept. department that puts goods on market, inc. packaging, advertising etc
organisation chart a table or plan showing a company's structure graphically
Personnel Dept department responsible for recruitment and welfare of staff or employees
President US the highest executive officer of a company; head of a company
Production Dept department responsible for physical creation of product
Purchasing Dept. department responsible for finding and buying everything for a company
Sales Department department responsible for finding customers and making sales
shareholder person who holds or owns shares in or a part of a company or corporation
vice presidentUS any of several executive officers, each responsible for a separate division

Activity
Use the following verbs and write nouns for them

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Show – responsible for – find – buy- hold own – make –choose – put - pachage
Activity
Find connections
1- Accounts department - Company’s financial affairs
2- chair man – head of a company
3- personnel department– HR
4- share holder – shares
5- AGM – meeting
Activity

Match (A) with (B)

A B
Board of The place where visitor or clients report
directors on arrival at a company
Head quarter A person who holds share or own shares in
a company
reception Main office or center of control
shareholder A person who is responsible for day to day
running of a department
manager Control and direct a company

Activity
Study the following department and answer the questions
Accounts department – marketing department – personnel
department – sales department – production department –
purchasing department –
1- What is each of the above departments responsible for? How
are they supposes to work in harmony?
2- Which department do you work in or would like to?
3- What is the most common chain of hierarchy in most Sudanese
organizations?
Discussion

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1- what is meant by
a- establishing policy for accompany.
b- administer accompany
c- financial affairs
d- report on arrival

Reading:

4
General Motors Co will build the next generation of its Astra compact in Britain after
workers at its factory in Ellesmere Port, northwest England, overwhelmingly agreed to a
new labour deal, leaving its plant in Bochum, Germany in danger of closure.
The U.S. carmaker said on Thursday it would invest 125 million pounds in the Ellesmere
Port plant, where assembly of the new vehicle will start in 2015.
Britain's Unite union said 94 percent of those balloted voted in favour of changes to
working conditions and that some 700 jobs would be created at the plant, securing its
future until 2020.
"It's almost certain that one of GM's German plants will now be closed, probably the
plant in Bochum," a source close to the negotiations said.
GM, which sells under the Vauxhall brand in Britain, is expected to halt production of
the Astra, its most important model, at its main plant in Russelsheim, Germany, making
the car only at Ellesmere Port and at Poland's Gliwice plant from 2015.
The source added that some production of GM's Chevrolet marque could be shifted
from Asia to Europe, with Russelsheim the likely beneficiary. This would leave the Opel
factory at Bochum as the most likely site to be closed.
The decision is one of the most dramatic so far as Europe's carmakers look to
restructure or consolidate in response to more than four years of falling demand and
profits.
Many factories are running at partial capacity - analysts estimate automakers have cut
some 3 million cars, or 20 percent, from their production lines - and still producers
struggle to sell their wares.

Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

1-
1. According to the article, which GM plant will likely be closed?
a- The plant in Russelsheim, Germany
b- The plant in Ellesmere Port, England
c- The plant in Bochum, Germany

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 2. The article states that from 2015, the Astra will no longer be produced in
a- Gliwice, Poland
b- Russelsheim, Germany
c- Ellesmere Port, England
3. Does GM own the Vauxhall brand?
a- Yes
b- No
c- It's not specified in the article.
4. How many years of falling demand and profits has GM seen, according to the
article?
a- three
b- four
c- two
5. The workers at GM's UK plant _________________.
a- will soon be voting on a new labor contract
b- rejected a proposed labor contract
c- agreed to a new labor contract

Activity
Complete the following table
Verb Noun
Generate
Produce
Negotiate
Decide
Consolidate
Create
Exert

Activity
Write collocated verbs to the following nouns.
1- factory
2- labour

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3- vehicles
4- change
5- demand
6- profits
Activity
Use the following set of words and generate meaning full ideas.
1- Generation – labour – plant - closure
2- Voters - ballet – create – change
Grammar (1)

There are many parts of speech in English, but here we want just to focus on three of
them:

1- Noun (n): we use it to name something, or someone (proper).eg. money – credit

– bank
2- Verb (v): we use to for something we do is done .eg .put – write – send – pay
3- 3- Adjective (adj): we use it to describe something or some ne.eg. Small – big –
local.
Activity

Identify the following words whether they are noun (n) verbs (v) or adjectives (adj)

Bank – office –pay – send –save- local – written – order – contain – add – plastic – sum –
credit – goods – account – deducted – use – interest – more – person – make – regular –
withdrawal – transaction – instructions – different –payment - paid

Complete the table.

nouns Verbs adjectives

Grammar (2)

Study the following table carefully.

Verbs to be:

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Subject Verb Complement
The bank Is Small
The office Is Very small
money Is Vital
The bank accounts Are Very essential
The instructions Are clear

Notice

Verbs to be are followed by:

1- noun: He is a doctor.

2- adjective: He is smart.

3- (ing) form: He is working hard.

4- Prepositional phrase: He is from Sudan.

All the underlined words and phrases are called complements.

Study the table below.

Other verbs (action or doing verbs)

Subject Verb Object

The checkbook contains checks
People pay The money
The bank uses The system
managers Control The cash flow

N.B.

Objects are also called complements

Activity

Study the following list of verbs and write complements for them.

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1- Have……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- contain……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3- take…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4- give……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5- make…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6- put………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7- is……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Activity:

Write verbs for the following complements. (Complete the table)

Verbs Complements
send – receive – withdraw – give – take – put money
………………………………………………………………. Credit cards
…………………………………………………………………. office
………………………………………………………………….. Bank accounts
…………………………………………………………………….. document

Speaking
:

Company rundown

Discuss with students what visitors to the company might want to know, what
information they might seek, etc... With the help of the brochures

and sales copy, students brainstorm different ways in which to present the company’s
services:

- We supply quality Web design.

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- We adhere to the industry's highest standards of quality.

- We provide IT solutions and offer live assistance 24/7.

What company do you work for?

Which company are you with?

Who do you represent?

I work for ABC Company.

I'm with ABC.

I represent (the) XYZ (company).

What is the name of your company?

Where are you located?

The name of our company is . . . .

Our company is located in . . . .

Our headquarters is in . . .

What (type of business) do you do?

What business are you in?

We are in the computer business.

We're in computers

We sell . . .

We produce . . .

We manufacture . . .

Our major products are . .

Writing 10

:1
Study the following sentence patterns carefully.

Pattern (1) Subject – verb – object. (S+V+O)

Example:

1- I finish the work. (Who – does/did/will do – what?)

Activity

Use the following words and write sentences

1- Economy– boom 2- Export – crude oil 3- Practice - agriculture 4- Have – live stock

5- Consider – economical activities

Pattern (2) Subject – verb – complement. (S+V+C)

Example:

1- They are players

Activity

Use the following words and write sentences

1- Sudan – is 2- exports - are

Simple sentence (independent clause): Contains a subject and verb and it expresses a
complete though.
Activity

Use the following words and write simple sentences.

1- Imports - remain 2- implement – microeconomic reforms 3- manage – float of

exchange rate

2- Jobs and Work Vocabulary:

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WORKING CONDITIONS: Rank these with your partner. Put the most important at the
top. Change partners often and share your rankings.

  • pay   • lots of overtime

  • uniform   • long holidays

  • nice boss   • friendly co-workers

  • training   • responsibility

WORK: Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with
the word "work". Share your words with your partner(s) and talk about them. Together,
put the words into different categories.

Reading
Read this text and answer the questions bellow:

New report has identified the top 25 companies in the USA to work for. The report
comes out every year and always has some surprises. It ranked the best places to work
in 2014 by taking a survey of employee satisfaction. Top of the list was Google, which
has become famous for its excellent working conditions. Google knocked Face book off
of the number one position. A Google software engineer earns an average salary of
$119,000 a year. He or she also gets free access to a gym, Laundromat, sports facilities
and a place which looks after their pets when the employee goes on holiday. One ex-
employee said Google staff is so happy that it is unusual for anyone to take time off.

Another survey released at the same time shows a slightly different picture. The careers
website Glass door asked employees to rate how happy they are with their company,
career opportunities, pay, culture, and values. It found that the consulting firm Bain and
Company was the best place to work. Russ Hagey, Global Chief Talent Officer at Bain and
Co. said: "We are incredibly proud to be named the number one best place to work." He
added that: "For more than 40 years, we have placed significant focus on creating an
outstanding professional and personal work experience that in turn has fueled our

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growth anchored in a mission of delivering results for clients and organizations around
the globe."

1. TRUE / FALSE: Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).

a. A report listed the best companies in the world to work for. T/F
b. The report is made once every two years. T/F
c. Face book was number one last year. T/F
d. Google has a kind of pet hotel for when staff go on holiday. T/F
e. A company called Glass door paints pictures. T/F
f. Another survey said a consulting company was the best place to work. T/F
g. The consulting company has been number one for 40 years. T/F
h. The company's mission is to help its clients around the world. T/F

2. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article.

1. every year a. job

2 ranked b. issued
3. survey c. strange
4. salary d. ordered
5. unusual e. bringing
6. released f. annually
7. slightly g. excellent
8. career h. a little
9. outstanding i. questionnaire
10. delivering j. pay

3. PHRASE MATCH:  (Sometimes more than one choice is possible.)

1. the top 25 companies in the a. the number one

2 famous for its excellent working b. to a gym
3. earns an average salary c. off
4. she also gets free access d. happy they are
5. take time e. conditions
6. Another survey released f. experience
7. asked employees to rate how g. USA to work for
8. proud to be named h. at the same time
9. work i. for clients
10. delivering results j. of $119,000 a year

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 Gap fill:

Access – average – survey – identified- time- comes – after- conditions- growth

picture- focus – place – released- globe – pay- proud

A new report has (1) ____________ the top 25 companies in the USA
to work for. The report (2) ____________ out every year and always
has some surprises. It ranked the best places to work in 2014 by
taking a (3) ____________ of employee satisfaction. Top of the list
was Google, which has become famous for its excellent working (4)
____________. Google knocked Face book off of the number one
position. A Google software engineer earns an (5) ____________
salary of $119,000 a year. He or she also gets free (6) ____________
to a gym, Laundromat, sports facilities and a place which looks (7)
____________ their pets when the employee goes on holiday. One
ex-employee said Google staff are so happy that it is unusual for
anyone to take (8) ____________ off.
Another survey (9) ____________ at the same time shows a slightly
different (10) ____________. The careers website Glass door asked
employees to rate how happy they are with their company, career
opportunities, (11) ____________, culture, and values. It found that
the consulting firm Bain and Company was the best (12)
____________ to work. Russ Hagey, Global Chief Talent Officer at
Bain and Co. said: "We are incredibly (13) ____________ to be named
the number one best place to work." He added that: "For more than
40 years, we have placed significant (14) ____________ on creating
an outstanding professional and personal work experience that in
turn has fueled our (15) ____________ anchored in a mission of
delivering results for clients and organizations around the (16)
____________."

(1)  Write about working conditions for 10 minutes. Comment on your partner's paper.

(2) What are the differences between working for Google and McDonald's?

Writing

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Extra information we add to the complements or objects.

Study the table below carefully.

Subject Verb Object/complement Extra information

My bank account Is new To my clients
This money Is Available For every one
The bank provides People With money
The loan destroys The branches of bank All around the
country

Notice

Most of the time the extra information we add to the complements /objects is a
prepositional phrase which consists of preposition e.g. .in, on, with, to, for., near, about,
around….etc) and noun)

Examples: in the school/ From Sudan/ at the café/ around the country.

Activity

Add extra information to the following complements/objects.

1- The bankreceives money………………………………………………………………………………….

2- The company provides good

services……………………………………………………………………………………

3-they deduct some money……………………………………………………………………

3- Salary and pay:

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Terms Definitions
Pay A wage or salary earned for work
Salary A salary is a form of periodic payment from an employer to an
employee, which may be specified in an employment contract.
Wage Wages differ from salaries in the sense that each job, hour or
other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis.
Pension A pension is a fixed sum paid regularly to a person, typically,
given following a retirement from service.
back payment An overdue payment from an employer to an employee for
work done in earlier.
pay cut A reduction in the amount of pay an employee is given.
ask for pay rise To ask for an increase in pay.
pay rate The amount of money received per unit time usually per hour
net pay This is the amount of money left over after deductions from the
gross salary.
performance-related This is money paid to someone relating to how well he or she
pay works at the workplace.
basic salary What an employer earns before other sums of money, such as
payments for working extra hours, are added.
Bonus An extra sum given as a premium to an employee
cost of living A Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) adjusts salaries based on
allowance changes in a cost-of-living index. Salaries are typically adjusted
annually
disability pension A disability pension is a form of pension given to those people
who are permanently or temporarily unable to work due to a
disability.
Overtime pay Overtime is the amount of time someone works beyond normal
working hours. Overtime pay is the money given to someone for
such work. Employers are required to pay workers at a higher
hourly rate for overtime work.
severance pay A severance package is pay and benefits an employee receives
when he or she leaves employment at a company.

Activity

Group the following words according to their parts of speech. (Complete the table)

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 Verbs Nouns Adjective

Activity/Discussion

Answer the following question using the words from the table above.

4- How do you spend the petty cash?

5- What do we call the person who deals with cash transactions in abank or a shop…?

Activity

Find the connections

1- A.T.M - banks

2- Budget - company

3- Borrow - money

4- loan - interest

5- Petty cash - everyday

Activity

Match (A) with (B)

A B
cashier Paper money
banknote First installment on purchase
deposit Sum of be to be returned with interest
loan Pay back money received
refund Cash Transaction

Activity

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Study the following verbs and use them in sentences (present simple/future simple).

Send – pay – deal with – return – use – place – make – earn – put into – owe – receive

Activity

Write verbs for the following nouns (don’t forget to modify the nouns).

Currency – property – payment – use – business – interest – bank account

Language focus:

Using have and has.

Study the following grammatical rules carefully.

I – You – We – They – (have/have got)

He –she – it (has/has got)

Study the following sentences carefully:

I'd like to pay (in) cash.

I'll put it on my credit card.

Can I charge it?

Could you put that on my bill?

Could I put that on my account?

Could you send me an invoice?

Could you bill me (for that)?

Can I put it on lay-away?

May I  . . .

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 pay in cash

pay by check

pay by credit card

pay with a credit card

pay in installments

pay in one lump sum

Could you deliver it to my office?

Do you charge for shipping?

Do I need to pay for postage and handling?

How long will it take?

Language focus:

Study the following table carefully. This is the four sentence structures of the present
simple. Just substitute the verb (play)

positive negative Yes/no questions Wh questions

I play I don’t play Do I play? Where do I play?
You play You don’t play Do you play? What do you play?
We play We don’t play Do we play? Why do you play?
They play They don’t play Do they play? How do you play?
He play Doesn’t play Does he play? When does he play?
She plays She doesn’t play Does she play? Who does she play
It plays It doesn’t play Does it play? How long does it
play

Activity

19
Answer the following the questions from the table.

1- When do we add‘s’ to the verb?

2- When is the verb infinitive?

3- When do we use ‘do’ in the question form?

4- When do we use ‘does’ in the question form?

Notice: Don’t= do not - Doesn’t =does not.

Activity

Substitute the verb ‘play’ with the following verbs.

Connect – take – give – withdraw – clean – carry - receive

Notice the following spelling changes

1- Verbs that end in (y) and preceded by consonant letter, we change the (y) in to ‘ie’
then we add‘s’ eg. Study/ studies. Cry/cries/ carry/carries.

2- Verbs that end in s,sh,ch,o,or x, we add es.

Eg. Pass/passes, wash/washes, catch/ catches, go/goes.

Reading

4- When was the competition high between Boeing and Air bus?

5- The underlined word visible means…………………………..

6- Boeing produces wide body aircrafts. True/false.

7- Air bus has a strong European roots. True/false.

Reading:
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Consumers went back to using their credit cards in March to keep spending while
student and new-car loans shot up as the value of outstanding consumer credit jumped
at the fastest rate since late 2001, data from the Federal Reserve showed on Monday.
Total consumer credit grew by $21.36 billion - more than twice the $9.8 billion rise that
Wall Street economists surveyed by Reuters had forecast. That followed a revised $9.27
billion increase in outstanding credit in February.
Analysts expressed some reservations whether the date reliably signaled a real pickup in
demand, something that would normally fuel stronger growth, or just a need to rely
more on credit in an economy generating anemic job growth.
"The optimistic read is that consumers' improved outlook on the economy and
employment prospects led them to feel comfortable spending on credit, while a more
downbeat interpretation is that credit is needed for consumers to keep up," Nomura
Global Economics said in a note afterward.
The March rise in consumer credit was the strongest for any month since November
2001 when it soared by $28 billion. That was shortly after the September 11, 2001
attacks when big automakers were offering zero-percent financing and other incentives
to lure consumers back to their showrooms.
New-car sales and production were a key influence on the 2.2 percent annual rate of
economic growth posted during the first three months this year. The government
estimated that about half of that growth came from increased new car production.
(c) AFP 05/14/2012

Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

1. According to the article, the growth in consumer credit in March was

______________ economists had predicted.
a- about the same as
b- slightly lower than
c- twice as much as

2. By using the word "anemic", the article wants to say that the current
job growth numbers are ______________.
a- average
b- poor
c- impressive

3. According to the article, does the increase in consumer credit mean

21
 that the economy is improving?
a- Not necessarily
b- Yes
c-No, just the opposite

4. How long had it been since the consumer credit numbers increased so
much in one month?
a- A year
 b- Over 10 years
c- About three years

5. According to the article, what played an important part in the

economic growth at the beginning of this year (2012)?
a- A record-breaking drop in unemployment
 b- A decrease in tax rates
c- New car production and sales

Writing:

Use the following words and ideas to write paragraphs

Guided words/phrases and ideas.

 Paragraph one: business – global- work hard – capital – invest – motivation –

challengers – companies -
 Paragraph two: standardization - supporters – demand – market – advertise –
adaptation – methods

3- Advertisement:

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Vocabulary

Study the following words and phrases with their definitions

Words/phrases Definitions

a television commercial is a span of television programming produced and paid for by

an organization. It conveys a message, aimed to market a
product or service

Billboard  refers to a kind of large, outdoor advertisement that is

usually seen in cities or along major roadways

A flyer is a form of paper advertisement intended for wide

distribution and typically posted or distributed in a public
place, handed out to individuals or sent through the mail

a small advertisement that you put in a newspaper or a magazine, usually because

you want to sell or buy something or to find or offer a
job. Advertising and marketing.

Traileradvertisement consisting of short scenes from a motion picture that will appear in
the near future.

Promotion keeps the product in the minds of the customer and helps stimulate
demand for the product. It involves ongoing advertising and
publicity

Endorsement are a form of advertising that uses famous personalities or

celebrities who command a high degree of recognition, trust,
respect or awareness amongst the people. Such people advertise
for a product lending their names or images to promote a product
or service.

Productplacement a practice in which manufacturers of goods or providers of a

service gain exposure for their products by paying for them to
be featured in movies and television programs

brand awareness is recognized by potential customers, and is correctly associated

with a particular product. Expressed usually as a percentage of
target market, it is the primary goal of advertising in the early
months or years of a product's introduction.

Sponsorship is a type of advertising where a company pays to be

23
 associated with a specific event. Besides from charitable
events, companies may sponsor local sporting teams, sports
tournaments, fairs, and other community events.

Discussion

Answer the following questions.

1- Who produces and pays for the commercial advertisement?

2- What does it convey and what does it aim to?

3- What is a flyer intended for and how are they often posted or distributed?

4- What is the form of advertising that uses famous personalities or celebrities called?

Activity

Study the following adjectives. How are they related to the word advertisement?

Witty – humorous – persuasive – misleading – word of mouth – memorable.

Activity

Study the following nouns. How are they related to the word advertisement?

Regulation – advertising agency – brand awareness – target - consumers

Activity

Match (A) with (B)

A B
Trailer Major highways.
billboard helps stimulate demand for the product.
flyer form of paper advertisement
advertisement company pays to be associated with a specific event
sponsorship famous personalities or celebrities
Endorsement associated with a particular product
brand awareness Short scenes

Activity

Study the following nouns and write verbs for them.

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Advertisement – television – revenue – film – promotion – sponsorship - endorsement

Activity

Study the following verbs and write nouns for them.

Organize –promote – advertise – hand out – earn – allow -

Activity

Associate the following terms then write three paragraphs.

1- television – billboard – flyer – unique – personal - placement

2- Promotion – endorsement – sponsorship – tailor –television commercial

3- Advertisement – roadside – commercial – billboards – high ways.

Grammar focus

Activity

Determine the following nouns by completing the table below.

Nouns possessives Adjectives Articles quantifiers

advertisement
promotion
flyer
regulations
brand
sponsorship
product

Speaking:

Compliments and respond to compliments

Compliments Response
I would like to compliment on your recent Thank you for saying so
achievements
That’s a nice T-shirt. I appreciate your compliment
Your car looks terrific Thank you. it’s very economical

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Study the following general compliments: Practice them with your partner and
respond to them.

 You are such a nice boy/girl.

 You are my best friend.
 You’ve given me great help.
 You are such a wonderful person.
 You’ve shown me great kindness.
 You are a great mom/dad/friend.

Reading:

Automakers will race to appeal to budget-conscious Chinese car buyers as the industry
expands beyond the wealthy coastal cities in the east, Ford Motor Co's (F.N) Asia chief
said on Tuesday.
As they expand more heavily into central and western China, automakers can appeal to
price-sensitive consumers by offering multiple vehicles within the same size segment at
varying prices, Joe Hinrichs said.
"The growth expected the rest of this decade in China is largely to come from the
central and western parts of the country which is more value-oriented," he told
reporters at Ford's headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan.
"You'll need to serve those customers differently," he added.
Ford's plan to introduce 15 new vehicles in China by 2015 began with last month's
launch of the new Focus. Hinrichs said last month in Beijing that Ford plans to sell cars
priced below the Fiesta, currently their cheapest model in Asia with a price ranging from
$12,300 to $17,500.
Ford sales in China rose 24 percent in April to 54,881 vehicles, spurred by strong
demand for the Focus.
Ford makes the Fiesta, Focus, Mondeo and other vehicles in China in a three-way tie-up
with Chongqing Automobile Co Ltd 000625.SZ and Japan's Mazda Motor Corp (7261.T).

Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

1. According to the article, where in China are people more budget-minded?

a- In the central and western part of the country
b- In Shanghai
c- In the coastal cities
2. Which Ford car is not mentioned in the article?
 a- Mustang

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b- Fiesta
c- Focus
3. How many other companies does Ford partner with to make cars in China?
a- Three
b- One
c- Two
4. According to the article, China's wealthiest cities are _______________.
a- in the central part of the country
b- in the eastern part of the country
 c- in the western part of the country
5. How many new cars does Ford plan to introduce in China over the next 3 years?
a- 10
b- 15
c- Focus, Fiesta, and Mondeo

Writing
Compound sentence

Contains two simple sentences (independent clauses).

Examples

Ahmed went shopping and Sami played football. 

Notice we use the following words to link the two simple sentences to form a compound one.

And – yet – but – so – for – nor -

Example

Witty – product – laugh – buy – advertisement – and

Activity Some companies prefer witty adverts which make people laugh and buy the products.

Use the following group of words and write compound sentences.

1- and – television – advertisement – promotion - commercial

2- endorsement – personal ads – price – small ads – billboard - target- but

3- Companies – product promote – advertise for/on – advertising agency - or

4- for – brand awareness – consumers – advertisement – brand fan - consumers

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5- appointments- busy – and – make – emergency department

Activity

Use the following set of words and write paragraphs.

Paragraph one.

People- accept – advertising – industry – form – regulations – agencies – extensive –

market - research

Paragraph two

Customers – attract – influenced – argue – decide – consumers - buy

Paragraph three

Essential – companies – awareness – brand – build –fame – reputation

(4) Business Vocabulary 1

28
Study the following terms carefully

Terms Definitions
Brand The name of a well-known product (McDonald's, Coca Cola,
Volkswagen, etc.)
break even When our spending equals the amount we receive from sales
"The company didn't make money nor lose money during the last
quarter. They just broke even."
Budget a detailed plan for spending money
Calculate to count, add, subtract, multiply, divide numbers
capital - money
charge for ask money for payment
CEO the top officer in a company, the chief executive officer
CFO the top financial officer in a company
Commission a percentage of each sale that goes directly to the salesperson
Competition other companies that make the same product as yours
Consumption the total amount of product bought in a market
Credit when you buy first, but pay later
Deadline the time by which some project must be finished
demand - the wish of customers to buy a product
discount - a lower price
Distribution getting the product to the final consumer, or customer
Diversify start many new businesses instead of doing just one
Economics the study of finance and money
Employee a worker
Employer the person who finds and pays workers
Estimate

Reading:

29
Choose your company with care

Small is beautiful. That at least, is the conclusion of new research examining how
satisfied secretaries are in different sized firms. "We have found that people who work
for small or medium-sized companies work harder and are more committed," says David
Smith, author of one of the latest studies in this field. "The smaller the environment, the
bigger the part you play as an individual, and the more people notice your absence."

This will come as a surprise to many secretaries. Some recruitment agencies said that
secretaries are keen to get positions in the bigger companies. However, smaller
companies can be more flexible when it comes to working hours, and have better
working conditions. But working for a smaller firm is not without its disadvantages.
Career development in the form of courses can be limited, but, on the other hand,
employees often feel that they can learn more on the job.

In fact, opportunities for promotion are the same whatever the size of the company.
Smith also says: "Our research shows that in a company of fewer than 50 people,
employers can actually see what their employees are producing and then give them
bonuses as appropriate".

Another major employer in Littleton, the Victoria Hotel, was recently bought by the
well-known hotel chain Mount Clark, which fought off an attempted takeover by the
health club operators Health Check.

Although staff had feared that they would lose their jobs in the resulting reorganisation,
hardly any employees have in fact been made redundant. The company’s management
has recently announced ambitious plans for the improvement of the building’s
guestrooms.

Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

1. Bosses in small companies reward secretaries financially if they are pleased with
their work.
1.   Right
2.   Wrong
3.   Doesn’t say
2. Medium-sized companies pay their secretaries more than small companies do.
1.   Right

30
 2.   Wrong
3.   Doesn’t say
3. Agencies sometimes find that secretaries prefer to work for larger organisations.
1.   Right
2.   Wrong
3.   Doesn’t say
4. Large companies promote secretaries more often than small companies do.
1.   Right
2.   Wrong
3.   Doesn’t say
5. Secretaries in smaller firms are more important to the organisation than the
ones in larger firms.
1.   Right
2.   Wrong
3.   Doesn’t say
6. Large companies regularly run their own courses for secretaries.
1.   Right
2.   Wrong
3.   Doesn’t say
7. The new research focuses on the number of secretaries employed in small firms.
1.   Right
2.   Wrong
3.   Doesn’t say

Writing summary

31
 

32
In the following exercises, a passage is given and a written summary is required in less
than 120 words

1)  You read the passage first, and

2)  Attempt to write a summary of your own.

Summarize in not more than 120 words, the various communicative methods
practiced by animals in the wild.
Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown,
depending on our moods. Animals too, communicate, much to our surprise. Just like us,
interaction among animals can be both verbal or non-verbal.

Singing is one way in which animals can interact with one another. Male blackbirds
often use their melodious songs to catch the attention of the females. These songs are
usually rich in notes variation, encoding various kinds of messages. Songs are also used
to warn and keep off other blackbirds from their territory, usually a place where they
dwell and reproduce.

Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to adventurous sailors. Enormous
whales groan and grunt while smaller dolphins and porpoises produce pings, whistles
and clicks. These sounds are surprisingly received by other mates as far as several
hundred kilometers away.

Besides singing, body language also forms a large part of animals' communication
tactics. Dominant hyenas exhibit their power by raising the fur hackles on their necks
and shoulders, while the submissive ones normally "surrender" to the powerful parties
by crouching their heads low and curling their lips a little, revealing their teeth in
friendly smiles.

Colors, which are most conspicuously found on animals are also important means of
interaction among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have the most gaudy colored
feathers often hang themselves upside down from branches, among fluffing plumes,
displaying proudly their feathers, attracting the opposite sex.

The alternating black and white striped coats of zebras have their roles to play too. Each
zebra is born with a unique set of stripes which enables its mates to recognize them.
When grazing safely, their stripes are all lined up neatly so that none of them loses track
of their friends. However, when danger such as a hungry lion approaches, the zebras
would dart out in various directions, making it difficult for the lion to choose his target.

Insects such as the wasps, armed with poisonous bites or stings, normally have brightly
painted bodies to remind other predators of their power. Hoverflies and other harmless
insects also make use of this fact and colored their bodies brightly in attempts to fool

33
their predators into thinking that they are as dangerous and harmful as the wasps too.

(5) Business Vocabulary 2

34
export - to send goods out of a country
"As the local currency drops in value, our exports to that country also drop."

extend - to give more, especially a loan of money

"The bank said they cannot extend the deadline. We have to pay by Friday or face the
consequences."

finance - the study of money and how to use money well

"After you study finance, you will know how to increase profits and limit losses."

fund - to provide money in general.

"The CFO said the company plans to fund 50% of the project. The rest will come from
the government."

gross - amount of money received from sales

"We took in more than $100 million in gross sales last year.

import - to bring goods into a country

"When our currency is strong, we can import more goods into our own country."

incentive - a special price to get customers to buy

"By offering a 15% discount as an incentive, we'll attract many new customers."

income tax - money paid to the government, based on total money received
"I thought I made enough money last year, but after paying 25% income tax, I didn't
have enough to buy that new house."

inflation - rising prices

"Rising energy prices have caused many other prices to increase. The rate of inflation
has increased to 7%."

install - to put in and prepare for use, as with a machine

"If you buy now, we'll install this machine for free."

interest - extra money needed to pay back borrowed money

"When you pay back the 100,000 euros, you must also pay 10% interest, so the total will
be 110,000 euros."

inventory - unsold items that you keep so that you can sell them in the future
"Our inventory is very low right now. We have to increase build up our inventory to
meet demand in the coming year.

35
invest - spending money so that we can make more in the future
"If we invest so much money in a new factory, we won't have any money in our budget
for new advertising."

invoice - a paper which explains what was sold and at what prices
"Look at the invoice. You charged us for repairs that you said were free!"

leadership - the skill of managing people

"He has natural leadership skills, so he will surely be successful."

lend - giving money to someone else, which they will pay back to us later
"When did you lend him the money? I lent it to him two months ago."

loss - when we spend more money than we receive from selling our product
"We took a loss last year, but this year we are spending less and selling more."

lucrative - the possibility of making a great amount of money

"This could be a very lucrative contract! Well make money for each sale as well as for
each installation!"

maintain - keep a machine in good condition

"If you maintain this product, it will last for years."

management - the study of how to run a business and lead people

"I plan to study management before I open my own business."

memo - a paper with a message, sent to other people in the same company
"The CFO read the CEO's memo at the meeting, to remind the employees of the
company's strategic goals."

monopoly - when only one company controls a whole market

"With this new product, we can break our competitor's monopoly."

negotiate - try to get a better price or make a better arrangement

"We negotiated for hours before they finally gave us a 20% discount."

net - the amount of money received from sales, after expenses are subtracted
"Our gross sales were very good, but we need to cut expenses to add to our net sales."

principal - the main part of a loan, before interest is added

"We can pay back the pincipal in 10 years, then we will only have to repay the interest."

process (verb) - get something ready.

"Please process his employement application, then send him to the accounting office."

36
profit - the money left over after all expenses are paid
"Our profits are lower this year, but at least we're not losing money!"

quarter - three months of the year, the usual time for planning and reporting financial
reports
"Last quarter was our best ever, and I am confident next quarter will be even better."

recruit - search for and choose workers

"We'll need to recruit new employees before the factory starts operation."

refund - giving money back to the customer if there is a problem with the item you sell
"We cannot give you a refund after 90 days. Sorry!"

Reading:

Airbus crisis over

Airbus says it has turned the corner after a crisis connected to production problems and
turmoil in the boardroom at its A380 super-jumbo project that has gone on for the past
year. Speaking at the Paris air show, Louis Gallois, CEO of the European planemaker,
said, "Airbus is back."

Airbus, which announced a raft of orders on the first day of the show, is competing with
Boeing, its American rival, for the title of the largest planemaker in the world.

Boeing is expected to reveal the numbers of orders for its 787 Dreamliner soon. Airbus
orders unveiled on Monday included Qatar Airways confirming a $16bn order for 80
A350 Airbus planes and ordering three A380 super-jumbos for about $750m.

Boeing and Airbus are also competing for orders from aircraft leasing firms. Orders from
these companies - who rank highly among the biggest global buyers of aircraft - are
often regarded as an indication of how successful a model will be in the long term.

Airbus also secured orders from US Airways that are worth $10bn for 22 of its A350 jets,
60 A320s and ten of its A330-200 wide-body planes.

A few months ago, Airbus unveiled a major cost-cutting programme aiming to reduce
the workforce in Europe by 10,000, as well as announcing a group restructuring. "I can
tell you with full confidence that Airbus is back and fully back, as you have started
noting yesterday as demonstrated by our first day announcements," said Mr Gallois on

37
the second day of the air show.

However, Boeing also announced a deal with General Electric (GE) on the show's first
day. GE's commercial aviation services placed an order for six 777 Boeing freighters
valued at around $1.4bn, to be delivered in the last quarter of 2008.

A Wall Street Journal website report, quoting the Delta operating chief yesterday said
that Delta Air Lines were on the verge of ordering as many as 125 Boeing 787 jetliners
by the end of this year. However, a spokesman for Delta later said that it had been
having conversations "with several aircraft makers" and that "no final decision" had
been made on future fleet purchases.

Comprehension Questions

Q1 - The problems at Airbus

have been resolved completely.
are well on their way to being sorted out.
are far from resolved.
Q2 - Airbus announced
a large number of orders on the first day of the show.
some orders on the first day of the show.
a few orders on the first day of the show.
Q3 - Qatar Airways ordered
83 planes on Monday.
80 planes on Monday.
3 planes on Monday.
Q4 - US Airways
placed an order for the new super-jumbo.
didn't place an order for the new super-jumbo.
may have placed an order for the new super-jumbo.
Q5 - Boeing
announced sales of the Dreamliner.
may sell some Dreamliners to General Electric.
may sell some Dreamliners to Delta Air Lines.

38
Q6 - The Wall Street Journal website report
was definitely correct.
was possibly correct.
was definitely wrong.

Writing:
Paraphrasing

It is using your own words to express someone else's message or ideas.

Guidelines for Paraphrasing

How do you paraphrase a source?

 Read the original two or three times or until you are sure you understand it.
 Put the original aside and try to write the main ideas in your own words..
 Look closely at unfamiliar words, observing carefully the exact sense in which the
writer uses the words.
 Check your paraphrase, as often as needed, against the original for accurate tone
and meaning, changing any words or phrases that match the original too closely.
If the wording of the paraphrase is too close to the wording of the original, then
it is plagiarism.
 Include a citation for the source of the information (including the page numbers)
so that you can cite the source accurately. Even when you paraphrase, you must
still give credit to the original author.

Example:

Paraphrasing can be done with individual sentences or entire paragraphs. Here are
some examples.

39
Original sentence:
Her life spanned years of incredible change for women.

Paraphrased sentence:
Mary lived through an era of liberating reform for women.

Original sentence:
Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay, and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day.

Paraphrased sentence:
A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay every day.

Example:

“Top 12 Bizarre Pet Accidents”

Original source: “Often, a dog will chase an animal with the focus of a heat-seeking
missile. But a wheelbarrow planter was not part of Belgian sheepdog Rider’s focus. Rider
collided with the wheelbarrow while the squirrel escaped up a cedar tree in Joyce
Biethan’s backyard.

“He’s kind of an all-or-nothing dog and he went into ‘all,'” Biethan said. “He chased after
that squirrel with total disregard of what might be in front of him.”

His collision left Rider with a broken scapula, a broken rib and a punctured lung.

“He was in so much pain that I think he just tried to lay low,” Biethan said. “He
prescribed himself bedrest.”

Biethan said Rider did not need surgery and made a full recovery.”

Incorrect: A dog named Rider ran into a wheelbarrow but didn’t need surgery (“Top
12 Bizarre Pet Accidents”).

Can you guess what’s missing from this paraphrase?  Details!

The example does paraphrase some information, but it reads more like a summary, as
it’s missing key details from the story.

40
 Correct: Like many dogs, a Belgian sheepdog named Rider became so focused on
chasing down a squirrel that he paid no attention to the wheelbarrow directly in front of
him. The squirrel got away, but Rider collided head on with the wheelbarrow. Rider
broke his scapula, broke a rib, and also punctured a lung. Though he was likely in a lot of
pain, he only needed rest. He did not have to have surgery” (“Top 12 Bizarre Pet
Accidents”).

“10 Crazy Reasons People Got Rejected From College”

Original source: “College admissions officers all advise against writing a college
admission essay about something that an applicant learned while stoned or drunk. “But
we still get a few of those essays,” a college admissions officer tells me. “We even got
the classic one about how the student, while stoned, realized that the solar system is an
atom and the earth is an electron. You’ll remember, that conversation occurred in the
movie Animal House.”

Incorrect: A college admissions officer told the story of a student who didn’t get into
college because he wrote an admission essay about the movie Animal House (“10 Crazy
Reasons People Got Rejected From College”).

Remember what I said earlier about writing an accurate paraphrase?  This is a good
example.

This attempted paraphrase is about college admissions essays, but that’s where the
accuracy stops. Make sure to read the source carefully so you paraphrase correctly.

Correct: College admissions officers generally tell students not to write their
admissions essays about a lesson they learned when being stoned or drunk; however,
some students still ignore the advice. For instance, one student wrote about the
conversation in Animal House, as if it were his own stoned experience, about the solar
system as an atom and the earth as an election (“10 Crazy Reasons People Got Rejected
From College”).

“Over-the-top international fast-food items”

Original source: “For some reason, cheese-topped donuts are quite popular in
Indonesia, and in September 2013 KFC decided to get in on the action, offering a glazed
donut topped with shredded Swiss and cheddar cheese.”

41
 Incorrect: Cheese-topped donuts are popular in Indonesia. In September 2013, KFC
decided to offer a glazed donut topped with shredded Swiss and cheddar cheese (“Over
the top international fast-food items”).

This example is outright plagiarism. This isn’t a paraphrase at all; it simply omits a few
words.

Even though it includes a proper MLA in-text citation, it doesn’t rewrite the original
using your own wording or sentence structure.

Correct: In 2013, a KFC in Indonesia began selling shredded Swiss and cheddar
cheese topped glazed donuts, a treat that is popular in this Asian country. (“Over the
top international fast-food items”).

42
 (6) Business Vocabulary 3

Vocabulary

Words/terms Definitions
Income is the revenue a business earns from selling its goods and
services.
entrepreneur The capacity and willingness to develop, organize and
manage a business venture along with any of its risks in
order to make a profit.
Enterprise a unit of economic organization or activity especially a
business organization or a systematic purposeful activity
Tax/taxation A means by which governments finance their expenditure by
imposing charges on citizens and corporate entities.
Gross investment is the amount a company has invested in an asset or
business without factoring in depreciation.
Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio between the output volume
and the volume of inputs
Potential is known as your Target Audience, the group of people or
client/customer organizations who are most likely to buy from your company
Net price is the value at which a product or service is sold after all
taxes and othercosts are added and all discounts subtracted.
Depreciation is the gradual decrease in the economic value of the capital
stock of a firm, nation or other entity,
Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the
goods and services produced by an economy over time.
Law of supply and is a theory that explains the interaction between the sellers
demand of a resource and the buyers for that resource.
Durable is a good that does not quickly wear out, or more
specifically, one that yields utility over time rather than
being completely consumed in one use.
prosperity is the state of flourishing, thriving, good fortune or
successful social status.

Activity

Group the following words according to their parts of speech. (Complete the table)

Verbs Nouns Adjective

43
Activity/Discussion

Answer the following question using the words from the table of the vocabulary list in
the beginning of this unit.

1- What do we call the revenue a business earns from selling its goods and services?

2- According to the above definition how do you describe your income?

3- What is productivity? How do you apply it to your real economic situation?

4- Describe the Law of supply and demand in the Sudanese market? How does affect the
Sudanese economic growth?

5- What is taxation?

Activity

Match (A) with (B)

A B
entrepreneur a systematic purposeful activity
Enterprise The revenue a business earns from selling its goods and services.
prosperity the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and
services
Productivity is the gradual decrease in the economic value of the capital stock of a
firm
Income the state of flourishing
Economic growth a ratio between the output and inputs volume.
Depreciation The capacity and willingness to develop a business venture

Activity

Write verbs for the following nouns

Labour – division – influence – volunteer – transportation – roles – productivity -

distribution

44
Activity

Write nouns for the adjectives

Durable – federal – voluntary – general – systematic – flourishing – thriving – successful

– social - consumed

Grammar focus

Some time we use some words and phrases with the comparative adjectives such as.
Slightly – little (a little bit) to show how small the degree is.

And words and phrases like: much, two/three/five times, to show how big the degree is.

Examples:

Sudan is much bigger than Egypt

Khartoum is slightly smaller than Cairo.

Writing

Complex sentence

Has an independent clause joined (with a subordinator) with a dependent clause.

Examples for some subordinators:

As – before – after – because – while – if – although – since – when…..

E.g. If you are ill, the doctor will describe some medicines for you. (Notice the comma)

The doctor will prescribe some medicines for you if you are ill. (Notice the omission of the
comma.

Activity
Use the following words and write complex sentences.
1- Income – people –rich –low – high – work hard - entrepreneur
2- Productivity – firm – labour force – economic growth – stock - decrease
3-Target -Audience- people- organizations - buy - company

45
 Reading:

Biofuels and the Environment

Leading investors have joined the growing chorus of concern about governments and
companies rushing into producing biofuels as a solution for global warming, saying that
many involved in the sector could be jeopardising future profits if they do not consider
the long-term impact of what they are doing carefully.
It is essential to build sustainability criteria into the supply chain of any green fuel
project in order to ensure that there is no adverse effect on the surrounding
environment and social structures. The report produced by the investors expresses
concern that many companies may not be fully aware of the potential pitfalls in the
biofuel sector.
Production of corn and soya beans has increased dramatically in the last years as an eco-
friendly alternative to fossil fuels but environmental and human rights campaigners are
worried that this will lead to destruction of rain forests. Food prices could also go up as
there is increased competition for crops as both foodstuffs and sources of fuel. Last
week, the UN warned that biofuels could have dangerous side effects and said that
steps need to be taken to make sure that land converted to grow biofuels does not
damage the environment or cause civil unrest. There is already great concern about
palm oil, which is used in many foods in addition to being an important biofuel, as rain
forests are being cleared in some countries and people driven from their homes to
create palm oil plantations.
An analyst and author of the investors' report says that biofuels are not a cure for
climate change but they can play their part as long as governments and companies
manage the social and environmental impacts thoroughly. There should also be greater
measure taken to increase efficiency and to reduce demand.

Comprehension Questions

Q1 - ____ are worried about the boom in biofuels.

Few people
Many people
Only these leading investors
Q2 - Biofuel producers ____ know about the possible problems.

46
 do not
might not
must not
Q3 - Environmentalists believe that increased production of corn and soya
has destroyed rain forests.
may lead to the destruction of rain forests.
will lead to the destruction of rain forests.
Q4 - Biofuels might
drive food prices up.
drive food prices down.
have little or no impact on food prices.
Q5 - The increased production of palm oil
just affects the environment.
just affects people.
affects both people and the environment.
Q6 - The author of the report says that biofuels
have no role to play in fighting global warming.
can be effective in fighting global warming on their own.
should be part of a group of measures to fight global warming.

47
Vocabulary
Words/terms Definitions
Central bank is a monetary institution, which fully controls the production,
circulation, and the supply of money in the market, seeking to
regulate the member banks and stabilize a nation's economy and
national currency.
Interest rate is the percentage of principal charged by the lender for the use of
its money. The principal is the amount of money lent.
Open market (OMO) refer to a central bank's buying and selling of government
operations securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the
amount of money in the banking system.
Treasury funds or revenue of a government, public or private corporation,
etc. (initial capital letter) the department of government that has
control over the collection, management, and disbursement of
the public revenue.
Budget is a financial plan for a defined period, often one year.
Accumulation to accumulate something is to increase the amount of it. In terms
of trading, accumulation typically refers to a position size in an
asset that increases over multiple transactions.
Subsidy  is an amount of money provided to firms to help reduce
production costs which can then be passed on as lower prices,
and which can encourage consumption.
Public goods is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that
individuals cannot be excluded from use or could be enjoyed
without paying for it.
institutions Well-established arrangements and structures that are part of the
culture or society, e.g., competitive markets, the banking system.

Discussion

48
Activity
Classify the following words according to their parts of speech.( complete the table.)
Discount – medium – instrument – purchase – denote – bill – induce – entire – plus –
minus – durable – non durable – determine – determinant – judgment – handle –
objectives – curve – aggregate – schedule – behaviour.
Verb Noun Adjective

Activity
Find the connections
1-institution – central bank
2- Treasury - revenue
3- Budget - plan
4- Interest rate - lender
5- Subsidy - money

Activity
Match (A) with (B)
A B
Public goods Well-established arrangements and structures that are part of the
culture or society
institutions Finical plan
Budget funds or revenue of a government, public or private corporation
Treasury in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking
system.
Open market a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous
operations

49
Activity

Write verbs for the following nouns

Market – budget – central bank –transaction – consumption –asset – currency – culture

– society – supply – change.

Activity

Write nouns for the following verbs

Regulate – control – seek – expand – collect – pass on – establish – exclude –use - refer

Grammar focus

Past simple (narrative verb) is used to tell stories (narration). It is either regular where
we add (d, ed , or ied) e.g. play/played, visit/visited, like /liked or irregular e.g.
come/came/meet/met……

Infinitive Negative Yes/ Question Wh/question

He played foot He didn’t/did not play foot Did he play What did he play
ball ball football?

Activity

Use the following verbs and write sentences in the past.

1- Destroy – recognize – fight – produce – open– regulate – expand - establish

Reading:

Consumers went back to using their credit cards in March to keep spending while
student and new-car loans shot up as the value of outstanding consumer credit jumped
at the fastest rate since late 2001, data from the Federal Reserve showed on Monday.
Total consumer credit grew by $21.36 billion - more than twice the $9.8 billion rise that
Wall Street economists surveyed by Reuters had forecast. That followed a revised $9.27
billion increase in outstanding credit in February.
Analysts expressed some reservations whether the date reliably signaled a real pickup in
demand, something that would normally fuel stronger growth, or just a need to rely
more on credit in an economy generating anemic job growth.

50
"The optimistic read is that consumers' improved outlook on the economy and
employment prospects led them to feel comfortable spending on credit, while a more
downbeat interpretation is that credit is needed for consumers to keep up," Nomura
Global Economics said in a note afterward.

The March rise in consumer credit was the strongest for any month since November
2001 when it soared by $28 billion. That was shortly after the September 11, 2001
attacks when big automakers were offering zero-percent financing and other incentives
to lure consumers back to their showrooms.
New-car sales and production were a key influence on the 2.2 percent annual rate of
economic growth posted during the first three months this year. The government
estimated that about half of that growth came from increased new car production.

Answer these questions (choose the best answer):

1. According to the article, the growth in consumer credit in March was

______________ economists had predicted.
   about the same as
   slightly lower than
   twice as much as

2. By using the word "anemic", the article wants to say that the current job growth
numbers are ______________.
   average
   poor
   impressive

3. According to the article, does the increase in consumer credit mean that the economy
is improving?
   Not necessarily
   Yes
   No, just the opposite

4. How long had it been since the consumer credit numbers increased so much in one
month?
   A year
   Over 10 years
   About three years

51
5. According to the article, what played an important part in the economic growth at the
beginning of this year (2012)?
   A record-breaking drop in unemployment
   A decrease in tax rates
   New car production and sales

Writing:

Writing

Study the following examples for the words/phrases that show results.

1- It is raining today thus/therefore/for that reason/consequently I am not going to

work.

Activity

Use the following words and phrases and write sentences showing the reasons.

1- Money – bank – save – ATM – happy – firm

2- Cost – pass on – price –consumption – encourage – therefore

3- Pay – school fees – family – enjoy – for that reason – lower prices

Compare and Contrast Paragraph:

In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and differences
between two or more people, places, things, or ideas.

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 Example:  Write a paragraph comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.

The following words can help you to write a good compare and contrast paragraph:

Helper Words:

Similarities Differences

is similar to the other hand

both however

also but

too in contrast

as well differs from

while

unlike

Similarities:

is similar to
Example:   Spring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax.

both
Example:   Both Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring.

also
Example:   Halifax also has a rainy spring season.

too
Example:   Halifax has a rainy spring season, too.

as well
Example:   As well, Halifax has rainy spring season.

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Differences

on the other hand

Example:   On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax.

however
Example:   However, winter is much colder in Halifax.

but
Example:   Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one.

in contrast to
Example:   In contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter.

differs from
Example:   Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter.

while
Example:   While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter.

Exercise

In the following paragraph use an appropriate conjunction from those shown below.

      however       likewise       another difference       similarly       whereas
also       while        but        on the other hand

    
  Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are different in
many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large,

having an area of 114,000 square miles, Rhode Island is only about a tenth
the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles.   ___________   is in the size of the
population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it,   
___________    Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the
kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state,
consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year.  
___________   Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of

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44 inches of rain per year. In addition,  ___________   Arizona is a landlocked state and
thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a
significant coastline.

(5) Marketing 1:

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1) training

activity leading to skilled behavior

Seeks opportunities to continuously develop through ongoing training and

provides significant knowledge transfer to other members of the team and cross
functionally.

2) Commerce

comply

act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes.

3) assist

give help; be of service

4) competitor

the contestant you hope to defeat

5) progressive

favoring or promoting progress

6) foster

providing nurture though not related by blood or legal ties

7) social

living together or enjoying life in communities

8) handling

the action of touching with the hands (or the skillful use of the hands) or by the
use of mechanical means

9) illustrate

depict with a visual representation

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10) strong

having strength or power greater than average or expected

11) communicate

transfer to another

12) accordance

concurrence of opinion

13) hinder

be an obstacle to

14) arrange

put into a proper or systematic order

15) adjust

alter or regulate so as to conform to a standard

16) acquire

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

Technical Requirements
Sound knowledge of principles, concepts, pr...

17) technical

of or relating to aptitude in a practical skill

Technical Requirements
Sound knowledge of principles, concepts, pr...

18) interpret

make sense of; assign a meaning to

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19) instant

a very short time

20) advise

give advice to

21) entertainment

an activity that is diverting and that holds the attention

22) continually

seemingly without interruption

23) deliver

bring to a destination

24) network

an open fabric woven together at regular intervals

25) design

the act of working out the form of something

26) positive

characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance

27) organized

methodical and efficient in arrangement or function

28) critical

of a serious examination and judgment of something

29) public
30) handle

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 the appendage to an object designed to be held

31) overcome

win a victory over

32) complaint

an expression of grievance or resentment

professional

of or relating to or suitable as an occupation

33) supported

held up or having the weight borne especially from below

34) attention

concentrating on certain features of the environment

35) agency

the state of being in action or exerting power

36) review

look at again; examine again

37) preparation

setting in order in advance some act or purpose

38) pressure

the exertion of force to a surface

39) change

become different in some particular way

40) contract

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 a binding agreement that is enforceable by law

41) drive

operate or control a vehicle

42) intelligence

the ability to comprehend

43) advanced : situated ahead or going before.

44) relations: mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or
groups
45) energy

forceful exertion

Group the following words according to their parts of speech.

Verbs Nouns Adjectives

Activity

Find the connections

1- Coupon - certificate

2- Franchise - independent

3- Guarantee – faulty product

4- retail- sell

5- department store – product lines

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Activity

Match (A) with (B)

A B
discount Joining of two companies
Joint venture The company with the largest share in an industry
Trade fair An exhibition of specific industries
Market leader Small shop in a residential area
Convenience store Reduction in price

Activity

Write verbs to the following nouns.

Coupon – joint venture – trade fair – discount – franchise - guarantee

Activity

Write nouns to the following verbs

Locate – give – repair – enter – reduce – buy - sell

Grammar focus

Compound noun: Consists of two parts. Convenience store.

Examples

Joint venture – market leader – business person –department store – business man

Activity

Make compound nouns from the following nouns.

Drug – union – European – store – agency –brand - advertising – awareness – placement

– product -

Speaking

Offering help

Study the following phrase and practice with your partner.

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 Offering help Positive response Negative response
May/can I help you? Yes, please No, thankyou
Would you like/do you need Yes, that would be Thank you for offering, but
some help? great. Thank you I think I can manage it.

Writing

A noun phrase includes a noun and a modifier which distinguish it. Some of those
modifiers come before the noun and others come after it.

Activity

Study the following table carefully.

Before (modifier) Examples After Examples

(modifier
a/an/the A Trade fair Prepositional In the Sudan,in Khartoum,
phrase of the company, with an
international companies.
Possessive nouns The company’s In the front door
logo
adjectives Electronic means Of the company
Possessive pronouns Our company In Egypt

Activity

Complete the following table to form a noun phrase.

Noun Article Possessive noun Possessive pronoun Prepositional phrase

Compan The The company’s logo Our company The company in Sudan
y company
market
System
trade
franchise
discount
product

Activity

Read the text again. Identify the noun phrases

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Shoppers:

Shoppers in Wal-Mart can be classified according to the attitudes that they display.
There are many subcategories, but the observant people-watcher can detect five
general types. They are: the purposeful shopper, the leisurely shopper, the hypnotized
shopper, the bored shopper, and the angry shopper. The purposeful shopper is one who
is intent and organized. They are short on time. They stride in the store purposefully,
and they go directly to the appropriate aisle(s). They get what they need, and they get
out of the store quickly. The leisurely shopper enjoys shopping, and strolls along
deriving pleasure from viewing all the different objects that can be purchased and
displayed in their homes and offices. It is somewhat of a pastime for them. The
hypnotized shopper wears a dazed expression on his or her face. They are dazzled by
the bright lights, and the sheer cubic footage of the massive box store. The endless array
of goods leeches their will and intent the moment they enter the store. They will walk
away from the store with far more than they intended. The bored shopper is usually
brought into the store slightly against their will. Men and children fall into this category.
The only exception to this group is if the men or children are shopping for their toys;
then they can be pleasant until they get what they want. The last category is the angry
shopper. The majority of this group was previously in one of the other groups listed
above, but for some reason their mood swiftly deteriorated. They can be harassed
wives, or husbands. They can be a child throwing a temper tantrum, or the parents
reacting to such a tantrum. The minority are just the plain angry, rude people. It is just
best to avoid eye contact with this group lest their anger be turned on you. All of the
above shoppers are interesting to watch, and all types are welcome to spend their
money in “Wally’s World.”

Writing:

Nominalization: The word nominalization defines itself, since it is itself an example of a

nominalization. When you turn a verb into a noun, you nominalize it, creating a
nominalization. Some examples:

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 Verb Nominalization

Discover Discovery

Impair Impairment

Allow Allowance

Agree Agreement

Study Study

All verbs turn into noun when we add –ing; these were called gerunds way back when:

She reported the event. Her reporting of the event…

We studied the matter. Our studying of the matter…

Some typical patterns of nominalizations:

The data are proof of thesis.

There was committee agreement.

Failure could result in rejection of the budget.

Remember that every sentence has both story elements (characters/action) and
traditional sentence elements (subject/verb). When you nominalize the “action” of a
sentence, you conceal that action in a noun. This requires your reader to “translate”
the sentence into more easily comprehensible story elements, and thus makes your
prose seem obscure. Notice also that nominalizations generate excessive use of
prepositional phrases. In every case, to edit, we merely turn the nominalization back
into a verb, find a subject for it, and recast the sentence:

The data prove the thesis.

The committee agreed.

If you fail, we may reject your budget.

Here’s an example of how employing too many nominalizations can kill a perfectly good
sentence:

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 Decisions in regard to administration of medication despite inability of irrational
patients appearing in Trauma Centers to provide legal consent rest with physicians
alone.
When a patient appears in a Trauma Center and behaves so irrationally that he or
she cannot legally consent to treatment, only the physician can decide whether to
administer medication.
What follows is the text of an actual automobile recall letter:

A defect which involves the possible failure of a frame support plate may exist on
your vehicle. This plate (front suspension pivot bar support plate) connects a portion of
the front suspension to the vehicle frame, and its failure could affect vehicle directional
control, particularly during heavy brake application. In addition, your vehicle may
require adjustment service to the hood secondary catch system. The secondary catch
may be misaligned so that the hood may not be adequately restrained to prevent hood
fly-up in the event the primary catch is inadvertently left unengaged. Sudden hood fly-up
beyond the secondary catch while driving could impair driver visibility. In certain
circumstances, occurrence of either of the above conditions could result in vehicle crash
without prior warning.

In general you should avoid nominalizations in your prose. But it’s not always wrong
to employ nominalizations; in fact there are several instances in which they are useful.
Here are a few of them:

(a) The nominalization is a subject that refers to something in the previous text:
These arguments all depend on a single untested variable.

This decision may have substantial consequences.

(b) The nominalization names what would be the object of its verb:
I do not understand her intention/what she intends.

We must examine all of their proposals/everything that they propose.

(c) The nominalization is a standard technical term or a bit of insider talk. When a
nominalization is a term you and your reader use all the time, don’t change it to a
verb. Examples include terms like “standard deviation” and “debt financing.” Here’s
a sentence written by a law student:

65
 In a civilian request for a discovery in an action involving liability for negligence
by the military, there is a requirement for a showing of a level of need higher
than in other cases.

Four of the first five nominalizations seem to be legitimate insider terms, but two of the
last three are not:

When a civilian requests discovery in an action involving liability for negligence

by the military, courts require a plaintiff to show a higher level of need than in
other cases.

(6) Marketing 2:
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46) co-ordinate

a number that identifies a position relative to an axis

47) oversee

watch and direct

48) strategic

relating to an elaborate and systematic plan of action

49) tracking

the pursuit by following tracks or marks they left behind

50) organizational

of or relating to an organization

51) ordinate

the value of a coordinate on the vertical axis

52) quantitative

expressible as an amount that can be measured

53) enhance

increase

54) accountability

responsibility to someone or for some activity

55) datum

an item of factual information from measurement or research

56) analyze

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 break down into components or essential features

57) distribution

the act of spreading or apportioning

58) enhanced

increased or intensified in value or beauty or quality

59) maintain

keep in a certain state, position, or activity

60) modeling

the act of representing something.

61) acrobat

an athlete who performs acts requiring skill and agility

62) demographic: a statistic characterizing human populations

63) impeccable: without fault or error

• Impeccable written and verbal communication skills.

64) coordination

regulation of diverse elements into a harmonious operation

65) identify recognize as being

66) focused

brought into sharp clarity

67) dynamics

mechanics concerned with forces that cause motions of bodies

68) refine

reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state

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69) external

happening or arising outside some limits or surface

70) promote

assign to a higher position

71) ongoing

currently happening

72) forecast

a prediction about how something will develop

73) equivalent

being essentially equal to something

74) monitor someone who gives a warning so that a mistake can be avoided
75) motivated

given incentive for action

76) advertising

the business of drawing attention to goods and services

77) communication

the activity of conveying information

78) innovation

the act of starting something for the first time

79) profitably

in a productive way

80) presentation

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 the activity of formally giving something, as a prize

81) interpreting

an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious

82) starter

any new participant in some activity

83) channels

official routes of communication

84) affecting

arousing emotion

Writing:

15-Employment:

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IN A FIRM

job postings / situations vacant

job opening / vacancy
job profile
job vacancy
job specification / description
internal recruitment
to apply for a job
applicant file /application file
shortlist applicants
to be shortlisted for a job
shortlisted
shortlisting
to appoint somebody to a position
to be appointed to a position
job openings / prospects
graduate recruitment
internship

attractive salary
salary band / bracket
reward system
hourly rate of pay
hourly wage
to be paid (an hourly wage / basis) (by the
hour)
to be paid monthly
to be paid piece-work,
hourly worker
average pay
net annual salary
gross annual salary
basic salary
to be paid (an extra month's salary) (over 13
months)
lump sum variable bonus
long-service premium
responsability bonus
attendance bonus

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mobility allowance
holiday allowance
holiday entitlement
benefits in kind
benefit package
overtime rate
overtime pay
paid (annual) leave / paid holiday
refundable business expenses
refunding of expenses
agreement in principle

hours of duty
hours spent at  work
hours of work
flexible working hours
flexitime
adjustable hours
flexible work option
flexible working
full-time employment / work
full-time equivalent
overtime
bank holiday

career objectives
career path
career pattern / plan
career evolution
career opportunities
career perspectives
career advancement
career development prospects
career goals
professional skills
to get ahead
career interview
to obtain new skills

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on-going education
appraisal interview
background
skills assessment
evaluation criterion
job with a future
to fulfil oneself through work

individual employment contract

to abide by the terms of a contract
reappointment
collective bargaining agreement
to hold talks
bilateral agreement
internship contract
granting of tenure

team spirit
college graduate (US)
command of a foreign language
geographical mobility
initiative, work organization and follow-up

letter of application
letter of appointment
letter of engagement
letter of reference
letter of resignation
letter of dismissal

Reading:

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Read the following article and answer these questions:

HELPING WOMEN MOVE UP THE CAREER LADDER

     A local organization is helping women who do not have the resources to dress well
for their job interviews. The Women's Business Association provides women with the
clothes they need to look professional and ready for the business world. The women
who use this service need to show that they are financially in need and that they are
actively looking for work. After a short interview with a volunteer at the Women's
Business Association, the women can choose from a room full of donated dresses, skirts
and business suits.

     "The clothes they gave me made me look more professional, and made me feel more
confident," said Beverly Sills, a recent recipient of two dresses and a business suit. "I
knew I needed to dress up for the interview to be a secretary, but I didn't know what to
wear, and I couldn't afford to buy any new clothes. I am now a secretary in a small
office, and I love my job. I hope that someday I can donate clothes to the Association so
that other women can Dress for Success".

     Women who are interested in receiving clothes for job interviews can apply at the
Association's downtown office 345 S. Wasatch Ave., or call 471-5555. Women who are
interested in donating women's business clothes of all sizes and that are in good
condition can bring them to the office MWF from 9am-1pm.

1. Who can get clothes from the Association?

1.   Any woman.
2.   Women who are professional.
3.   Women who have a financial need.
2. How much do the clothes cost?
1.   Nothing.
2.   The women have to make a donation.
3.   It depends on the person.
3. What kind of clothes is available?
1.   Secretarial clothes
2.   Dresses, skirts and business suits
3.   All kinds and all sizes

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 4. What is the purpose of the Women's Business Association?
1.   To give women clothes for job interviews
2.   To dress like a woman
3.   To start new business with women as the owners
5. Why did Beverly Sills need some professional clothes?
1.   She wanted to dress appropriately for a job interview.
2.   She wanted to donate her old clothes.
3.   She wanted a new dress

Writing:

Narrative paragraph:

 Narration: A story that is written to explain what, when, and who. It reveals
what a reader should learn. Narration paragraphs are usually written in
chronological order.

Common Transitional expressions used in a narrative paragraph are after, finally, soon,
as (soon as), later, then, before, meanwhile, upon, during, next, when, first, now, and
while.

A good way to plan for a well developed paragraph is to write out a topic sentence, then
write events in chronological order and then write a conclusion. This is a good way to
make sure you stay on topic and that all the events are in the correct order.

 Here is an example of a Narrative Paragraph:

Peddling On My Own:

Learning how to ride a bike for the first time was a nerve racking independent moment.
I was about five years old when my sister informed me that I was too old to still be
riding a bike with training wheels. That was the time I decided not to depend on them
anymore. Even though I had some doubt, my sister and I went outside and started to
take the little wheels off my bike. After my bike went through the transformation, I was

75
now ready for the big moment. With butterflies in my stomach, I slowly got on the bike,
and with my shaky hands, I gripped the handles tightly. Meanwhile my sister was
holding on to me to help keep my balance. I was so afraid the she would let go, yet I was
determined to ride this bike on my own. Next with a little push from her, I started to
peddle. The faster my bike went the faster my heart raced. Finally I looked back
nervously and noticed that my sister let go of my bike a long time ago. I was so excited
that I accomplished freedom on my bike that I forgot to peddle. The next step I
remember, I was lying on the ground, yet I did not care because of the adrenaline rush. I
will never forget the exhilarating moment and growing up stage of riding a bike without
training wheels.

~© Fallon Fauque 2005~

16- Banking Vocabulary:

Here are twenty words and terms often used in banking.

1 balance n. the difference between credits and debits in an account

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2 bank charges n. money paid to a bank for the bank's services etc
3 branch n. local office or bureau of a bank
4 checkbookUS n. book containing detachable checks; chequebookUK
n. written order to a bank to pay the stated sum from one's account;
5 checkUS
chequeUK
n. money in a bank a/c; sum added to a bank a/c; money lent by a
6 credit
bank - also v.
n. (plastic) card from a bank authorising the purchasing of goods on
7 credit card
credit
current n. bank a/c from which money may be drawn at any time; checking
8
account accountUS
9 debit n. a sum deducted from a bank account, as for a cheque - also v.
deposit
10 n. bank a/c on which interest is paid; savings accountUS
account
v. to add written information to a document to make it complete; to
11 fill inUK
fill outUS
12 interest n. money paid for the use of money lent - interest rate n.
n. money lent by a bank etc and that must be repaid with interest -
13 loan
also v.
n. deficit in a bank account caused by withdrawing more money than
14 overdraft
is paid in
15 pay in v. [paid, paid] to deposit or put money in to a bank account
16 payee n. person to whom money is paid
n. small document recording money that you pay in to a bank
17 paying-in slip
account
18 standing order n. an instruction to a bank to make regular payments
19 statement n. a record of transactions in a bank account
v. [-drew, -drawn] to take money out of a bank account - withdrawal
20 withdraw
n.

EX:

1. I'd like to _________ an account.

  a. open
  b. start
  c. commence

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2. You don't have any _____money in your account.
   a. funds
   b.fun
   c. funding

3. The bank ______my credit card because I didn't pay my credit card bills.
  a. reneged
  b. retracted
  c. cancelled

4. A document which shows all your withdrawals and deposits (usually for one month)
is called a "bank __________________"
   a. statement
   b. bill
   c. stapler

5. What's another way to say "to withdraw"?

  a. to make out
  b. to stake out
  c. to take out

6. I'd like to _________________ some money to my other account.

  a. transfer
  b. change
  c. switch

7. A cashier's check is a check that's ___by a bank.

  a. guaranteed
  b. guarantee
  c. warrantee

8. Another way to say "debit card" is ________

  a. credit card
  b. plastic card
  c. bank card

9. Is there _____ around here somewhere? (a cash machine)

  a. an electronic machine
  b. an ATM
  c. a money machine

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10. If you've lost your bank card you can ____for a new one.
  a. reply
  b. reapply
  c. fill

Reading:

Why Study Economics?

Economics is the study of how people establish social arrangements for

producing and distributing goods and services to sustain and enhance human life. Its
main goals are both to understand these arrangements and to improve them, seeking
the best possible allocation of our scarce resources. Viewed

this way, economics has a very broad scope. It investigates such wide-ranging questions
as: What are the best mechanisms for controlling pollution? What determines the value
of a tree, a species or an ecosystem? Should health care be delivered privately or
publicly? What policies might best alleviate the problems of unemployment and
poverty? Economics is an ideal course of study for providing an analytical and problem-
solving approach to issues such as international trade, health care, income inequality,
natural resource management, and economic development.

Discussion

1. What is economics?
2. What are the goals of economics?
3. What is the relationship between resources and economics?

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80