Design and Application Manual

APPENDICES

CONTENTS: Troubleshooting

Glossary

Pig Selection

Pipe Schedules

ANSI Pressure Ratings

© Copyright 1999
Pipeline Engineering & Supply Co Ltd Appendices
 The following are some common problems and possible causes and solutions which may be experienced in pigging and pipeline isolation:
Product Problem Possible Cause Possible Solution
Blockage / Intrusion into Pipeline Boost/Increase pressure
Pig Stuck in Pipeline
Worn discs / cups Introduce a soft foam cylinder behind the pig

© Copyright 1999
Pigs Lack of driving pressure For bi-directional pigs: reverse the flow
Intrusion into pipe eg: weld icicles or badly fitted tee bar Introduce a pig with a steel disc on its front to remove weld icicles
Torn Discs/Cups
Degraded discs / cups Replace cups / discs
Design and Application Manual

Pigs running nose down Open bypass ports

Pipeline Engineering & Supply Co Ltd

Discs Excessively/Irregularly worn Highly abrasive environment Fit high grade Omnithane® cups/discs
discs/cups
Degraded discs/cups Replace discs/cups

Ingress of pressure during operation Fit/check pressure cap and seal to Schraeder valve
Ruptured Wall
Spheres Intrusion of sharp object into pipeline Check system for intrusion

Heavily pitted surface Explosive decompression Reduce system pressure

Increase trap decompression time

Excessive temperature Use high temperature Omnithane® polyurethane

Pigs Polyurethane degraded to a soft, Chemical attack Check chemical suitability with manufacturer
& gummy consistency
Spheres High humidity Revise storage procedures

Polyurethane hardened & cracked Effect f ultra-violet radiation (Sunlight) Review storage procedures

Damaged seals Check/replace seals

Closure Leaking pressure
Warped door Check/replace door
Damaged seal face Check/replace sealing face

Appendices
TROUBLESHOOTING
APPENDICES

Damaged seal Check/replace seal

Badly corroded pipe wall Clean pipe prior to insertion
Stopper Will not hold pressure
Excessive ovality of pipe Correct/remove ovality
Longitudinal weld bead Grind down bead
Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

GLOSSARY
Articulated Pig. A pig which incorporated two independent modules linked together
to form a single pig. Often necessary to overcome tight bends or perform more
complex tasks.

Ball Valve. Valve type favoured in many pigging applications and combined with a
pig signaller to form the Ball Valve Mounted Pig Signaller. ‘Full Bore’ valves allow
tools to move through without any compromise in the internal diameter of the pipe
and without the possibility of any obstructions being encountered.

Ball Valve Mounted Pig Signaller. This configuration allows Pipeline Engineering’s
signaller to be removed from service whilst the pipeline is under pressure.

Barrel. The major diameter section of a pig trap into which the pig is loaded and to
which the closure is fitted.

Batching Pig. A utility pig that forms a moving seal in a pipeline to separate liquid
from gas media, or to separate two different products being transported in a pipeline.
The most common configuration of batching pigs is cup pigs and spheres.

Bi-Directional. Term describing pigs that are capable of moving both forwards and
backwards.

Brushes. Commonly fitted to Cleaning Pigs. Brushes are either circular or spring
mounted and made from steel, stainless steel or nylon (Necessary for lined pipe).

Bypass. The controlled flow of pressure (and pipeline product) past the sealing
faces of the pig. This reduces the differential pressure acting on the pig and is done
to control pig speed and cleaning efficiency.

Cassette (Magazine). Frequently found offshore and in automated pigging stations.

Pigs (usually spheres) can be pre-loaded in multiples and then launched and
received at a pre-determined rate.

Clamic Seal Closure. Quick Release Closure (QRC) design providing a quick, safe
and cost effective means of gaining access to pig traps when there is no requirement
to meet the intent of the ASME VIII design code.

Clamp Ring Closure. Quick Release Closure (QRC) design that provides a single
operator with a quick, safe means of gaining access to pig traps. These closures are
designed to meet the intent of the ASME VIII design code and are suitable for use at
pressures up to those associated with ANSI Class 2500. Clamp Ring Closures are
available in both horizontal and vertical opening versions.

Cleaning Pig. A utility pig that uses discs, brushes, scrapers or ploughs to remove
dirt, rust, scale, wax or other foreign matter from the pipeline. Cleaning pigs re run to
increase the operating efficiency of a pipeline or in preparation for its inspection.

Compression Pipe Plug. Temporary pipeline stopper system for ‘medium pressure’
applications. It incorporates multiple elastomeric sealing elements, some of which
have ‘grit’ bonded to them to increase the gripping force of the stopper.

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Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

Cradle (Half-Basket or Tray). Used for loading pigs into traps. Pre-installed in
receivers, the incoming pig comes to rest on the cradle that can then be withdrawn
when the closure is opened. Often used in conjunction with free standing jib cranes.

Cup Pig. A utility pig that is supported and driven by cups made of a resilient
material such as rubber of polyurethane. At least one of the cups forms a piston-like
seal inside the pipe.

Cups. Elastomeric fittings (usually polyurethane) allow a pig to form a seal in the
pipeline. There are two types: standard and conical. Pigs fitted with cups are uni-
directional only, irrespective of the type of cup fitted.

David and Bench. Method of loading a pig into, or retrieving it from, a trap.
Consists of a cradle bench with a winch to retrieve the pig and a free standing jib
crane.

Differential Pressure (d.p.). The pressure difference across the sealing elements of
any tool operating a seal in a pipeline. In order to deploy pigs, the d.p. must be high
enough to overcome the frictional resistance of the pig seals on the pipe wall.

Discs. Elastomeric fittings (usually polyurethane) allow the pig to form a seal in the
pipeline. They also provide a scraping action and are fitted to any pig that is required
to be bi-directional.

Drain Plugs. Temporary pipeline stopper system for ‘low pressure’ applications. A
moulded rubber ring is expanded against the pipe wall and a large central drain port
allows the plug to be used for low pressure testing, plugging and draining of pipes
and drains.

Dual Diameter Pigs. Pigs capable of passing through two or more nominal pipe
diameters in the same piping system (eg. 12” to 10”, 10” to 8”, etc.).

Energise. Term describing the activation of a tool. There are generally 3 methods:
Manual (spanner, etc.) Pneumatic and Hydraulic (using pumps). Some stoppers
(Grip Lock Pipe Plugs) are ‘self-energising’. That is, due to features incorporated in
their design, an increase in differential pressure across the stopper is directly
translated into a radial pressure which increases the drip of the vice jaws against the
pipe wall.

Fittings. Items (not seals) which can be fitted to and removed from pigs. Such items
include brushes, scrapers, ploughs, transmitters and housings, magnets and gauging
plates.

Foam Pigs. Pigs made entirely from open cell polyurethane foam. Various coatings
can be applied and the pigs are available in three densities.

Flange. Mechanical method of connecting pipelines and fittings. Generally specified

according to their method of attachment to the pipeline. (e.g. Weld
neck/Threaded/Slip-on) and flange face profile (e.g. Raised Face/Ring Type Joint
(RTJ)). A blind flange is a solid cap which is used to ‘blank off’ a pipe section which
has been terminated using any of the previously mentioned flange types.

Flange Mounted Pig Signaller. Allows Pipeline Engineering’s signaller to be

attached to the pipeline via a 2” flange.

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Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

Flange Weld Tester. Tool designed to test welds securing a flange into the end of a
pipe spool.

Gas Seal Stopper. Temporary pipeline stopper system for ‘low pressure’
applications. The design incorporates inflatable rubber tyres in single, twin and triple
tyre versions.

Gauging Pig. A utility pig that is fitted with a gauging plate that is permanently
deformable by obstructions in the pipeline and this, upon retrieval from the line,
provides evidence of the ‘worst case’ obstruction in a given pipeline segment.

Gauging Plate. Steel or aluminium circular plates normally fitted to metal bodied
pigs. They are usually machined to 95% of the internal pipeline diameter and are
designed to deform on contact with any deviation in pipeline diameter, whether this is
an object or a deformation in the pipeline).

Gel Pig. A utility pig that is composed of a highly viscous gelled liquid. These pigs
are often used for pipeline cleaning.

Grip Lock Pipe Plug. Temporary pipeline stopper system for ‘high pressure’
applications. It incorporates a seal and a gripping element (vice jaws) and is
described as ‘self-energising’.

Grit. Bonded to the polyurethane tyres/seals of a stopper in order to improve its grip
against the internal pipe wall. Gritting allows the stopper to hold against higher
differential pressures.

HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking). The prolonged effect of sour products on

steels, particularly on those steels under pressure). Untreated, HIC will lead to
catastrophic failure of the affected region.

Hi-Differential Pigs. Often referred to as High Friction pigs. Designed to withstand

pressures up to a predetermined value. When the pressure behind the pig reaches
this value it will overcome the frictional resistance between the discs and the pipe
wall and the pig will begin to move.

Hot-Tapping. The process whereby a signaller can be installed into a pipeline whilst
that pipeline is under full line pressure.

Hydrotest. Method of pressure testing pipelines (using water as a test medium) prior
to commissioning.

Inflatable Air Bag. Temporary pipeline stopper system for ‘low pressure’
applications. Nylon/canvas covered rubber bladders are filled with air or an inert gas.
Conventionally used for air/water/smoke testing in drains/pipes/sewers.

In-Line Inspection Tool (ILI). Also known as an ‘intelligent’ or ‘smart’ pig. It uses
non-destructive testing techniques to inspect the pipe wall.

Intelligent Pig. See In-Line Inspection Tool.

Internal Joint Tester. Tool designed to test welds that tie lengths of pipe together.
These versatile tools can often be used to solve more diverse testing problems.

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Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

Key Transfer Interlocking. Method of controlling pig trap operations in a safe and
pre-determined manner.

Kicker. Valved connection that allows line product to pressurise the space behind
the pig as it lies in the trap. This increase in pressure is responsible for launching the
pig. Also known as the ‘bypass’ or ‘bridle’.

Launcher. See Pig Trap.

Magazine. A means of storing spheres for subsequent automatic launching in

pipeline system. Spheres are individually fed from the magazine into the launching
trap.

Magnets. Used mainly for picking up ferrous debris after brushing, these are usually
fitted to metal bodied and special pigs. They can also be fitted to foam pigs and
caste into spheres and solid cast pigs. In such instances they are used mainly to
provide a transmission source for pig tracking and location equipment.

Manufacturing Design Code. There are several codes covering the design of
pressure vessels: BS 5500, ASME VIII, ANSI B31.3/4/8, BS8010, BS4515,
Stoomwezen, AD Merkblatte, DIN.

Metal Bodied Pigs. A standard pig, the body of which is made predominantly from
metal (seals and fittings can all be replaced). Also known as a ‘Mandrel’ pig.

Meter Prover Loop. A special pipeline system used for calibrating flow meters.
Inflatable spheres are commonly used in meter prover loops.

Minimum Bend Radius. The smallest longitudinal radius to be encountered in any

section of pipeline. The MBR limits the length of any tool to be deployed and is
specified relative to the diameter of the pipeline. E.g. ID (Where D is the nominal
pipeline diameter), 1½D, 3D, etc.

MV/E/MVE. Pipeline Engineering abbreviations for the trhee signaller output options:
Mechanical/Visual (MV, Electrical (E) and Combined (MVE).

NDT/NDE. Non-Destructive Testing / Non-Destructive Examination.

Neckpipe. The minor diameter section of a pig trap.

Nipolet. Weldable fitting used as a small diameter offtake and to which piping and
other fittings can be attached.

Nozzles. Piped offtakes from the pig trap barrel and neck pipe. These include:
Kicker, Drain, Vent, Blowdown, Balance Lines, Pressurising Lines and Thermal Relief
Valves.

Ovality. Deformation found in pipeline sections as a result of manufacturing

processes, particularly prevalent at bends.

Pig. A generic term signifying any independent, self-contained devise or vehicle that
moves through the interior of a pipeline for the purposes of inspecting, dimensioning
and cleaning that pipeline or for transporting (batching) pipeline product.

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Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

Piggable Hyperbaric Sphere. Specifically developed to act as a local stopper

during subsea tie-ins. They are inserted into the pipeline to act as a plug and the
pipeline is then welded together sealing the spheres inside. They are retrieved by
increasing the pipeline pressure which ‘pigs’ the spheres past the weld site and down
the pipeline to the receiving station.

Pigging Function. Describes the task which a pig is designed to perform. Such
tasks include debris removal, cleaning, gauging, filling, de-watering, drying,
separation (batching), condensate removal, meter proving, product displacement,
product conversion, gel pigging and coating application.

Pig Signalling. A means of indicating the progress of a pig along a pipeline. Pig
signalling falls into two categories: intrusive and non-intrusive. Intrusive signallers
incorporate a trigger mechanism that protrudes into the pipeline whilst non-intrusive
signallers usually require an active transmitting source to be built into the pig.

Pig Tracking. A means of continuously indicating the progress of a pig along a

pipeline. Pig tracking requires an active transmitting source to be built into the pig the
signals of which are interpreted by an external receiver. Various technologies are
used to provide the source: electromagnetic, acoustic and radioactive.

Pig Trap. Allows pigs and other in-line tools to be inserted into and removed from a
pipeline that is to be subsequently pressurised. Pig traps are alternatively known as:
Launchers, Receivers, Scrap Traps, Barrels, Universal, Bi-Directional, Sphere,
Inclined, Declined, Vertical and Temporary Traps.

Ploughs. Polyurethane fittings, often used as an alternative to brushes and

scrapers. Particularly suitable for removing and breaking up soft waxes.

Polyurethane. An elastomeric material that can be formulated to suit specific

operating conditions. Cast to form discs, cups, scrapers and ploughs, it has excellent
physical strength but is often limited by thermal and chemical compatabilities with the
pipeline product.

Ports. Pre-machined openings found in most equipment types and provided for the
purposes of filling (a pipe section with a fluid medium); venting excess fluid/pressure;
allowing partial pressure transfer ‘bypass’; monitoring internal pressure; draining test
medium/pipeline contents.

Pressure. All tools manufactured by Pipeline Engineering are designed to resist

against an applied (differential) pressure in some way. Tools, in particular, stoppers,
must resist pressure in two ways, by sealing and holding. Sealing can be affected
against very high pressures relatively easily. However, it is more difficult to maintain
the tool in position against the same pressure. A means, therefore, is required to
expand the tool against the pipe wall with sufficient pressure to overcome the
differential pressure acting across the tool.

Quick Release Closure. Pressure retaining structures, typically designed to provide

a quick, easy access to pig traps, strainers, filter units, meter prover end chambers,
etc. whilst maintaining the ability to seal against the working pressure within the
pipeline.

Receiver. See ‘ Pig Trap’.

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Pipeline Engineering & Supply Co Ltd Appendices
Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

Reducer. A point of transition built into a pig trap that compresses the pig seals from
the freely loadable into the travelling state which corresponds to the bore of the
pipeline. The pig is pushed through the reducer under hydraulic line pressure.
Reducers are either concentric or eccentric depending upon whether they are
installed in receivers or launchers respectively.

ROV. Remotely Operated Vehicle (pilotless submersible) used for subsea operations
and controlled from a remote station aboard a surface vessel.

Rubber. A common material for the manufacture of discs and spheres. Lacks the
physical strength of polyurethane but has good chemical and thermal properties.
There are several popular formulations: neoprene, nitrile, silicon, viton.

Scrapers. Polyurethane or metal fittings - often used as an alternative to brushes

and ploughs. Scrapers re particularly suitable for removing hard waxes.

Seal. Elastomeric element used to create a pressure differential within the pipeline.
Elastomer type depends on application: polyurethane is physically superior whereas
viton/nitrile may have better resistance in many chemical environments. Seals are
usually employed as static discs or rings (pigs, closures, signallers) or expandable
rings (stoppers and testers).

Solid Cast Pig. Pig made as a single casting entirely from polyurethane.

Sour Service. Refers to the presence of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the line product.
This makes the product and any condensate very acidic, corroding carbon steel
pipelines and components and degrading polyurethanes which have not been
formulated specifically to withstand sour service conditions.

Special Pigs. Pigs that have been extensively modified from standard in order to
perform a special task.

Sphere. A spherical utility pig made of rubber or polyurethane. The sphere may be
solid or hollow, filled with air or liquid. Spheres are often used for batching in
unmanned, automated pigging programmed as several can be loaded at once into
launcher magazines. Inflatable spheres are almost always specified for use in meter
prover loops because their diameter can be adjusted to compensate for wear.

Sphere Release Mechanisms. Mechanisms incorporated into unmanned automatic

sphere launching and receiving stations. These include steel fingers and flaps that
protrude into the pipeline and specially designed automated valves.

Spool. An independent section of pipe not yet tied into the main pipeline.

Stopper. A tool that can be inserted into a pipeline to form a reliable and reusable
temporary seal capable of safely retaining a specified pressure for long periods.
Stoppers are energised either mechanically, hydraulically or pneumatically and can
be removed from the pipeline after use. There are three basic types of stopper
classified as high, medium and low pressure, according to the differential pressure
they are required to retain.

Supports. Permanently support and restrain a pig trap. Sliding supports are often
fitted under the trap barrel where expansion may be excessive.

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APPENDICES

Trap. See ‘Pig Trap’.

Transmitter. Electronic method of identifying the location of a pig in a pipeline. The

transmitter is either constantly active or remotely activated when required. Its signals
can then be interpreted by a receiver either fixed to the pipeline or sited locally.

Tyres. Alternative term for the seals found in Gas Seal Stoppers. More specifically,
tyres are expended by introducing a pressurised fluid (liquid or gas) through the valve
into the tyre. Typically used for large diameter, low pressure applications.

Uni-Directional. Term for pigs that can move only in one direction within the
pipeline.

Uni-Sig. Pipeline Engineering’s In-line serviceable (hot tappable) signaller.

Utility Pig. A pig that performs relatively simple mechanical pigging functions. The
range includes metal bodies pigs, solid cast pigs, foam pigs, spheres and special
pigs.

Vice Jaws. Forged and hardened steel gripping elements that are expanded against
and bite into the pipe wall. The jaws are segmented and held by an elastomeric ring
around a taper which moves and expands the jaws as the pressure on the face of the
tool increases, This type of tool is described as ‘self-energising’.

Welding boss. Weldable fitting that can subsequently be threaded to accept various
components and piping configurations.

Welding Habitat. Temporary subsea working environment, dry, pressurised and

built around the pipeline worksite. Water is forced out through the floor and access is
via a diving bell that can be locked onto the habitat.

Weld-o-Flange. Weldable flanged fitted onto which similarly sized flanges can be
connected.

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Pipeline Engineering & Supply Co Ltd Appendices
Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES
PIG SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE
To assist in offering the optimum pig system for your requirements, please complete this form as thoroughly as
possible and return to the address overleaf.

A) CLIENT DETAILS

Company ________________________________________________________________________

Address ________________________________________________________________________

Contact _____________________________ Tel.________________ Fax.__________________

Date Quotation Required ( / / )

Date Equipment Required ( / / )

Project Name ___________________________________________ Client Ref. __________________

B) PIPELINE DATA

1. Length _________________________________ 2. Material __________________________________

3. Outside Dia _____________________________ 4. Internal Dia__________ (max) ___________(min)

5. Details of Restrictions ___________________________________________________________________

6. Line Elevation ___________________________ 7. No. of Bends _______________________________

8. Minimum Bend Radius 1.5D [ ] 3D [ ] 5D [ ] Other [ ]

9. Specify Minimum Distance Between Bends.

__________________________________________________

10. Tee Types: Sphere [ ] Barred [ ] Unbarred [ ] State max branch dia [ ]

11. Other Fittings: Wyes, Hydrocouples _______________________________________________________

12. Are scraper traps fitted? Yes [ ] No [ ]

C) VALVE TYPES

1. Ball [ ] Through Bore_____________________________________________________________

2. Gate [ ] Seat Ring Length _______________________Min Bore __________________________

3. Conduit [ ] Bore at Gate _______________________ Bore at Ends _________________________

4. Check [ ] Bore at End ________________________ Bowl Length _________________________

5. Detail other valves or details of above ______________________________________________________

D) INTERNAL CONDITION

1. Specify condition (e.g. mill scale, epoxy lined, heavy wax) ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

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Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

2. Last pigged (pig type(s), date of last run, etc.) ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

E) PRODUCT / PRESSURES/ FLOWS

1. Line Contents (e.g. heavy crude, water, etc.) _______________________________________________

2. Propellant (e.g. crude at 70°C) __________________________________________________________

3. Flow Rate Min _________________________________ Max ____________________________

4. Pressure Min _________________________________ Max ____________________________

F) PIG SELECTION

1. Purpose of pig operation (e.g. dust, water, wax removal, batching)

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Specific requirements (e.g. back loading, bi-directional) _______________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Options (Just some are listed)

Transmitter Housing (State model/type) [ ]

Bumper Nose (polyurethane) [ ]

Jetting Head [ ]

Magnets [ ]

Gauging plate Steel [ ] Aluminium [ ]

Brushes Stainless Steel [ ] Other (please specify) [ ]

4. Estimated Quantities ___________________________________________________________________

5. Any further information to help in selection __________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Date Completed ________________ Name ________________________ Signed _______________________

Thank you for completing the questionnaire. Please send to:

Sales Office, Pipeline Engineering

Gatherley Road, Catterick Bridge, Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, DL10 7JG
Tel No: +44 (0) 1748 818341 Fax No: +44 (0) 1748 812955
E-mail: enquiries@pipelineengineering.co.uk
Literature Required [ ]

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Pipeline Engineering & Supply Co Ltd Appendices
Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

PIPE SCHEDULES
ASA PIPE SCHEDULES
Wall: Wall Thickness in Millimeters
ID: Internal Diameter

Nominal O.D Schedule Schedule Schedule Standard Schedule Schedule Extra Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Double
Pipe mm 10 20 30 40 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 Extra Strong
Size Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID Wall ID
Inches

0.125 10.3 1.7 6.9 1.7 6.9 2.4 5.5 2.4 5.5
0.25 13.7 2.2 9.3 2.2 9.3 3.0 7.7 3.0 7.7
0.375 17.1 2.3 12.5 2.3 12.5 3.2 10.7 3.2 10.7
0.5 21.3 2.8 15.7 2.8 15.7 3.7 13.9 3.7 13.9 4.8 11.7 7.5 6.3
0.75 26.7 2.9 20.9 2.9 20.9 3.9 18.9 3.9 18.9 5.6 15.5 7.8 11.1
1 33.4 3.4 26.6 3.4 26.6 4.5 24.4 4.5 24.4 6.4 20.6 9.1 15.2
1.25 42.2 3.6 35.0 3.6 35.0 4.9 32.4 4.9 32.4 6.4 29.4 9.7 22.8
1.5 48.3 3.7 40.9 3.7 40.9 5.1 38.1 5.1 38.1 7.1 34.1 10.2 27.9
2 60.3 3.9 52.5 3.9 52.5 5.5 49.3 5.5 49.3 8.7 42.9 11.1 38.1
2.5 73.0 5.2 62.6 5.2 62.6 7.0 59.0 7.0 59.0 9.5 54.0 14.0 45.0
3 88.9 5.5 77.9 5.5 77.9 7.6 73.7 7.6 73.7 11.1 66.7 15.2 58.5
3.5 101.6 5.7 90.2 5.7 90.2 8.1 85.4 8.1 85.4 16.2 69.2
4 114.3 6.0 102.3 6.0 102.3 8.6 97.1 8.6 97.1 11.1 92.1 13.5 87.3 17.1 80.1
5 141.3 6.6 128.1 6.6 128.1 9.5 122.3 9.5 122.3 12.7 115.9 15.9 109.5 19.0 103.3
6 168.3 7.1 154.1 7.1 154.1 11.0 146.3 11.0 146.3 14.3 139.7 18.3 131.7 21.9 124.5
8 219.1 6.4 206.3 7.0 205.1 8.2 202.7 8.2 202.7 10.3 199.0 12.5 194.1 12.7 193.7 15.1 188.9 18.3 182.5 20.6 177.9 23.0 173.1 22.2 174.7
10 273.0 6.4 260.2 7.8 257.4 9.3 254.4 9.3 254.4 12.7 247.6 12.5 248.0 15.1 242.8 18.3 236.4 21.4 230.2 25.4 222.2 28.6 215.8 25.4 222.2
12 323.9 6.4 311.1 8.4 307.1 9.5 304.9 10.3 303.3 14.3 295.3 12.7 298.5 17.4 289.1 21.4 281.1 25.4 273.1 28.6 266.7 33.3 257.3 25.4 273.1
14 355.6 6.4 342.8 7.9 339.8 9.5 336.6 9.5 336.6 11.1 333.4 15.1 325.4 12.7 330.2 19.0 317.6 23.8 308.0 27.8 300.0 31.8 292.0 35.7 284.2
16 406.4 6.4 393.6 7.9 390.6 9.5 387.4 9.5 387.4 12.7 381.0 16.7 373.0 12.7 381.0 21.4 363.6 26.2 354.0 30.9 344.6 36.5 333.4 40.5 325.4
18 457.2 6.4 444.4 7.9 441.4 11.1 435.0 9.5 438.2 14.3 428.6 19.0 419.2 12.7 431.8 23.8 409.6 29.4 398.4 34.9 387.4 39.7 377.8 45.2 366.8
20 508.0 6.4 495.2 9.5 489.0 12.7 482.6 9.5 489.0 15.1 477.8 20.8 466.4 12.7 482.6 26.2 455.6 32.5 443.0 38.1 431.8 44.4 419.2 50.0 408.0
22 558.8 6.4 546.0 9.5 539.8 12.7 533.4 9.5 539.8 22.2 514.4 12.7 533.4 28.6 501.6 34.9 489.0 41.3 476.2 47.8 463.2 54.0 450.8
24 609.6 6.4 596.8 9.5 590.6 14.3 581.0 9.5 590.6 17.4 574.8 24.6 560.4 12.7 584.2 30.9 547.8 38.9 531.8 46.0 517.6 52.4 504.8 59.5 490.6
26 660.4 7.9 644.6 12.7 635.0 9.5 641.4 12.7 635.0
28 711.2 7.9 695.4 12.7 685.8 15.9 679.4 9.5 692.2 12.7 685.8
30 762.0 7.9 746.2 12.7 736.6 15.9 730.2 9.5 743.0 12.7 736.6
32 812.8 7.9 797.0 12.7 787.4 15.9 781.0 9.5 793.8 12.7 787.4
34 863.6 7.9 847.8 12.7 838.2 15.9 831.8 9.5 844.6 12.7 838.2
36 914.4 7.9 898.6 12.7 889.0 15.9 882.6 9.5 895.4 12.7 889.0

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Design and Application Manual
APPENDICES

A.N.S.I. PRESSURE RATINGS

CLASS 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

WORKING
PRESSURE

1 bs/sq/ in. 275 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000

BAR 18.96 49.64 66.19 99.28 148.93 248.21 413.69

GAUGE

TEST
PRESSURE

1 bs/sq. in 425 1100 1450 2175 3250 5400 9000

BAR 29.30 75.84 9.97 149.96 224.08 372.32 620.53

GAUGE

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