Design of Solar Powered Speed Sensing Road Warning Sign For School Zone

TITLE:
DESIGN OF SOLAR POWERED SPEED SENSING ROAD WARNING SIGN FOR SCHOOL ZONE
Submitted by:
Bulacan, Rexelle Ian C.
Divino, Karl Mirro S.
Dufourt, Ej-one
Garsula, Chan Ray O.
Rivera, Aljered Nicolas

Chapter 1: Project Background
Project Background
Numerous accidents involving vehicles and pedestrians that occur daily on primary and secondary roads here
in the Philippines. As of December 2021, there are a total of 4,951,662 units of vehicles that are registered, having this
many vehicles around the road the effect is that it generates more traffic, especially those who are in major cities. Even
in the Residential sites, the number of vehicles that are running on the road is increasing and there are no ways to
control the vehicle's speed. Most road tragedies are caused due to over speeding, this problem need not be taken
lightly, especially for places where many people visit daily such as schools, hospitals, near stations, markets, etc.
According to the MMDA-TEC-Road Safety Unit from 63,072 in 2007, the reported accidents increased to 110,025 in
2017. There were 434 fatalities, 19,374 non-fatal injuries, and 94,097 property damage in the 2017 Metro Manila traffic
collisions. One of the major accidents happening and leading to serious injury or even death are vehicular accidents
involving students in school zone areas. Because many children do not have enough knowledge about road and safety
regulations. These data only cover the roads of Metro Manila and if we think about wider scope the number of accidents
will rapidly increase. This shortcoming is one of the major reasons why they are involved in accidents. Also, many
drivers are not well educated about traffic signs and rules in road safety due to the fixer system happening inside
licensing offices in the Philippines.
Due to rapidly increasing cases of students being involved in vehicular accidents in school zone areas, the
national government, local government unit (LGU), and traffic management units (TMU) are finding the best and most
suitable solutions for the problem. To lessen the accidents that may happen in a school zone, the UNICEF or United
Nations International Children's Emergency Fund raised an awareness campaign entitled "Making roads safer for
children in the Philippines." This movement helps to encourage the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
to renovate major roads along the school zone which prioritizes installing safety rail guards for students who walk
beside the roadside. The infrastructure works to help guard students in passing vehicles. Another solution that the
government implemented is by educating those students about road hazards and how to prevent accidents. Together
with the Department of Education (DepEd), the students undergo orientation that discusses the potential hazards and
accidents that may happen if they disregard traffic and road regulations. To filter and reduce uneducated drivers and
riders on the street, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) requires all the upcoming student drivers to enroll and finish
driving courses before they can apply for a driver's license. This implementation encourages all aspiring drivers to
undergo schooling to produce more well-educated and well-trained drivers and to avoid a fixer system inside the offices.
In this paper, the students want to help and create a possible solution for the road problem that causes
accidents involving students in school zones. Using modern technology and knowledge in electrical and electronics
the designer will create a solar-powered speed sensing road warning sign that will be installed in school zone areas.
The system aims to sense moving vehicles, display a sign and speed, alarms, and become energy efficient to work
simultaneously. The project will display the speed recorded thru proximity sensors and alarms if a vehicle exceeds the
speed limit. It will help to alarm the authority that vehicle passing is exceeding the speed limit. Through this system,
the students are hoping that it will help to suppress the bubbling count of vehicular accidents in school zones. Existing
solutions for reducing the speed of vehicles are speed humps, pedestrian lanes, intersections and road warning signs.
Although they are still present, accidents still happen and some of these solutions have some effects on the
environment like speed humps, given that it may reduce the speed by 16-20 km/hr, it also contributes significantly to
the environmental pollution, damage to the pavement and vehicles especially when they are poorly designed and
located as stated in a study about speed humps, furthermore they added the use of speed humps can cause many
harmful effects to the neighborhood
Project Objectives
The proposed project aims to design a solar-powered speed sensing road warning sign for school zones to reduce the
speed of the vehicles passing by the vicinity of the school. Through this system, the students aim to notify nearby
pedestrians the driver of a vehicle that is exceeding the speed limit implemented in that school zone area, keeping the
children safe and also the drivers. The key objectives include the following:
• The project aims to design a speed sensing road warning sign that will be powered by a 12 V, 20 Wp solar
PV module. The said module will power up the system and make the whole system energy-efficient and
reliable for 72 hours of autonomous operation.
• The project aims to build the prototype within the span of 2 to 3 days, having a budget limit of not exceeding
Php 10,000 and expecting that all resources will be available in the market.
• To create an alarm system that will produce a loud and clear sound measured at least 85 dB to notify the
nearby pedestrians and also the driver that the vehicle approaching is exceeding the speed limit.
• The Light Emitting Diode (LED) seven segment display must be visible in broad daylight so that drivers could
see the feedback on their current speed if it is still within the speed limit. LED seven segment display must
produce at least 5,000 nits brightness to be properly visible in outdoor daylight.
• The sensor range must be capable of detecting 2–4 meters to detect vehicles on a single-lane, two way road.
• The fixtures of the prototype must be strong enough to resist 120 kph of wind speed to withstand average
storm wind strength.
• The prototype must have good insulation and ventilation to maintain -40°C to 85°C ambient working
temperature for the electronic devices.
The Client
The Local Government Unit of Marilao Bulacan
Prenza National High School located at Prenza I, Marilao, Bulacan
Traffic Management Unit of Marilao Bulacan
Project Scope and Limitations
The project will focus on the design of solar-powered speed-sensing road LED warning signs. This project is
aimed to be deployed at school zones. The system can cover an area of 196 sq. meters since the sensors are capable
of detecting 4 meters and the display can be visible from a distance of 14 meters.
Project Development
Design
The design project will be powered by solar PV panels and will display through an LED seven-segment the
current speed the vehicles are doing, guiding the drivers and reminding the speed limit in the school zone which is
limited to 20 kph. The speed sensor embedded in the system is responsible for speed sensing. If the vehicle crosses
and exceeds the speed limit, an alarm system will trigger thru a microcontroller, and the speaker alarms notifying
authorities.
Implementation
The selected final design will be made into a working prototype based on the design. The developers will work
on the different parts of the project, and after that the developers will be piecing it up together ready for testing.
Testing
The assembled parts that were integrated into the system will be tested individually. After testing the different
parts used, the whole prototype will be tested in different parameters to ensure that the designed system will be
operable and error free.
Deployment
The designed prototype will be deployed in the field for actual testing in the vicinity of Prenza National High
School at Barangay Prenza I, Marilao, Bulacan. The place was selected due to the factors present in the area that will
help the designers to acquire accurate results.
Chapter 2: Design Inputs
Pedestrians crossing near school zones are close to danger since many drivers especially here in the
Philippines disregard the speed limit in school zones. According to Land Transportation Office LTO, the traffic speed
in the school zone is limited only to 20 kph in maximum speed. One way to limit the speed of the vehicles is by
implementing speed humps, although it may reduce the speed by 16-20 km/hr, it also contributes significantly to the
environmental pollution, damage to the pavement and vehicles especially when they are poorly designed and located
as stated in a study about speed humps, furthermore they added he use of speed humps can cause many harmful
effects to the neighborhood. Study also shows that speed limit signs also reduce the speed by about 8-10 km/hr.
This chapter presents the related literature to support the study and make it more credible. Making a Road
warning sign that will alarm once speed limit has been reached near the school zones.
Table 2.1 Client Requirements

Alarm must be audible
Display Must be visible in daylight
Budget wise
Battery Capacity must be able to supply the sign in the night
Can withstand weather conditions such as rain and sun heat
The Product must be delivered within a month

Table 2.2 Design Criteria and Constraints
Design Criteria Range Constraints
Construction time 3 to 5 days Manufacturability
Budget Limitation ₱ 5,000 - ₱ 15,000 Economical
Solar panel and Battery capacity 12 hrs to 72 hrs Efficiency
Definition of the Constraints
Manufacturability
Manufacturability constraint derivation and application in engineering design The design technique should adhere to
the parameters of the selected manufacturing processes. There are several formulations of the design problem that,
as previously discussed, should include the mechanics of the fabrication processes. The design could be expressed
as a single problem (for example, structural topology optimization), a sequential problem (for example, shape and
structural topology optimization), or a nested problem (e.g., kinematic mechanism optimization). Which is best depends
on the manufacturing sequence chosen, the designer's preferences, and the problem's objectives. If the problem is
straightforward, a single problem-solving step may suffice.
Solar Panel and Battery Capacity
In designing this project, the developers also need to look upon the design of the system so that the solar panel can
power up the whole system and components using the power of the sun along with the battery, the components as
said are speakers, sensors, microcontroller, and LED lights.
Total PV Panel energy needed = Total Appliances Use x Energy lost in the system
Total applicances use x Days of Autonomy

Battery Capacity =
0.85 x 0.6 x Nominal Battery Voltage
Design Inputs Needed in Designing the System
Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the ATmega328. It has the same functionality of
the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack and works with a Mini-B USB cable
instead of a standard one.
Figure 2-1.
Battery
Li-ion batteries are a popular rechargeable choice for use in a variety of applications such as personal devices,
automobiles, and stationary applications to provide uninterruptible power supply. The State of Charge (SoC) and
State of Health (SoH) of a Li-ion battery are important criteria that can aid in both battery prognostics and diagnostics
to ensure high reliability and a long lifetime.
Figure 2-2.
Buzzer
Speaker is a sounding device that can make audio signals into sound signals. It is creatively powered by DC Voltage
and used in any type of devices like alarms, speakers, printers, and electronic products. This device can help
pedestrians to make sound or signal for the pedestrian to give them signs of warning to stop crossing or wait for it until
the sound stops.
Figure 2-3.
Solar PV (PhotoVoltaic)
The Solar panel is an electrical panel generated by capturing energy from the sunlight in a form of photon. And
transform that solar energy into electricity. The amount of electricity produced, as measured as watts and volts,
according to the system or type of solar cell.
Figure 2-4.
Battery Case Slots
This case can be used with your own battery to create a power system supply. It is a rechargeable battery case and
easy-to-make rechargeable power supply Battery Holder for Simple Installation with metallic spring with a pin design
for simple installation and electrical circuit work.
Figure 2-5.
Seven segment LED (Light Emitting Diode)s display
Led is used in this design project, for it displays any text message about the established speed limit of the area. The
use of LED on this design is to prevent any form of accidents in pedestrians crossing and it can be a sign for them as
a warning sign. When observing a warning sign of the design, it must be in the line of sight of a pedestrian for it to be
seen properly.
Figure 2-6
Matrix of the RRL
Table 2.3 Similarities and Differences of the Project and Existing Articles
Title Similarities Differences
PHVA: A Position Based High

Speed Vehicle Detection Algorithm Each design is having the same This proposal used a vehicular
for Detecting High Speed Vehicles application which is to detect a cloud server where the cloud server
using Vehicular Cloud speed of the vehicle is used as computing as a service
(2018)
SSSSS: Sensor surveillance Both proposals used solar power to This proposal does not use a
solar synchronous system for back up the system and reduce the camera to monitor the illegal
pedestrian pathways cost of consuming energy. pedestrian crossing scenes.
(2017)
Autonomous solar smart cap

(ASSC) for pedestrian safety Both proposals used solar energy This proposal used a smart cap for
(2017) and were cost-effective. pedestrian safety.
Traffic Caution System for Using of LED lights and some The project only functions like a
Pedestrian Safety sensors as a warning sign for the traffic light and not a post sign with
(2016) pedestrian an alarm.
Pedestrian-Safety-Aware Traffic Urban Area Pedestrian safety Designing of an algorithm of a traffic

Light Control Strategy for Urban light system to minimize congestion
Traffic Congestion Alleviation in urban areas.
(2019)
Hybrid Deep Learning-Gaussian Pedestrian safety This Design used Deep learning and
Process Network for Pedestrian Gaussian processes.
Lane Detection in Unstructured
(2020)
A Vision-based Pedestrian Comity Alert the pedestrian and for Combination of traditional detection
Pre-Warning System pedestrian safety algorithm and ADAS system
(2021)
StreetBit: A Bluetooth Beacon- Safety for Pedestrians crossing the Uses BLE technology and
based Personal Safety Application street smartphones to warn the
for Distracted Pedestrians pedestrians
(2021)
Zone Based Speed Control using Controlling the speed of vehicle The design used a radio frequency
RF to control the speed of the vehicle
(2020) inside the area
Context Aware School Zone Speed reduction in School Zones It is an onboard installed system for
Warning System in VANETs and for awareness oz the drivers for the vehicles that automatically
(2019) the safety of the students detects if you are in a school zone
and warns the driver to reduce the
speed.
Low-cost speed limit monitoring Uses series of infrared sensor to Only measures the vehicle speed
system for developing countries measure the vehicle speed but does not have and alarm system
using a series of active infrared for awareness of the pedestrian and
sensors (2017) driver
Reference for Table 2.3:
[1] R. P. Nayak, S. Sethi and S. K. Bhoi, "PHVA: A Position Based High Speed Vehicle Detection Algorithm for
Detecting High Speed Vehicles using Vehicular Cloud," 2018 International Conference on Information Technology
(ICIT), 2018, pp. 227-232, doi: 10.1109/ICIT.2018.00054.
[2] M. Hemalatha, R. A. Prasath and D. Vijayakumar, "SSSSS: Sensor surveillance solar synchronous system for
pedestrian pathways," 2017 International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy Information and
Communication (ICCPEIC), 2017, pp. 807-812, doi: 10.1109/ICCPEIC.2017.8290473.
[3] P. Kalra, D. Mittal, Prince and E. Sidhu, "Autonomous solar smart cap (ASSC) for pedestrian safety," 2017
International Conference on Big Data Analytics and Computational Intelligence (ICBDAC), 2017, pp. 307-311, doi:
10.1109/ICBDACI.2017.8070854.
[4] H. Jung, S. K. Kwon, H. Lee and S. H. Son, "Traffic Caution System for Pedestrian Safety," 2016 IEEE 22nd
International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA), 2016, pp. 262-
262, doi: 10.1109/RTCSA.2016.60.
[5] Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang and R. Su, "Pedestrian-Safety-Aware Traffic Light Control Strategy for Urban Traffic
Congestion Alleviation," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 178-193, Jan.
2021, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2019.2955752.
[6] T. N. A. Nguyen, S. L. Phung and A. Bouzerdoum, "Hybrid Deep Learning-Gaussian Process Network for
Pedestrian Lane Detection in Unstructured Scenes," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning
Systems, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 5324-5338, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TNNLS.2020.2966246.
[7] J. Lin, Q. Luo, Y. Qian, X. Zhang, C. Wang and M. Yang, "A Vision-based Pedestrian Comity Pre-Warning
System," 2021 International Conference on Security, Pattern Analysis, and Cybernetics（SPAC), 2021, pp. 385-391,
doi: 10.1109/SPAC53836.2021.9539939.
[8] R. Hasan, M. A. Hoque, Y. Karim, R. Griffin, D. Schwebel and R. Hasan, "StreetBit: A Bluetooth Beacon-based
Personal Safety Application for Distracted Pedestrians," 2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications &
Networking Conference (CCNC), 2012, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/CCNC49032.2021.9369650
[9] A. Firdous, Indu and V. Niranjan, "Zone Based Speed Control using RF," 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference
on Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA), 2020, pp. 102-105, doi:
10.1109/ICCCA49541.2020.9250920.
[10] J. AlSultan, "Context Aware School Zone Warning System in VANETs," 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference
on Computer and Communication Engineering Technology (CCET), 2019, pp. 139-142, doi:
10.1109/CCET48361.2019.8989398.
[11] B. J. Damascene and R. Okuda, "Low-cost speed limit monitoring system for developing countries using a series
of active infrared sensors," 2017 56th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of
Japan (SICE), 2017, pp. 740-744, doi: 10.23919/SICE.2017.8105634.
CHAPTER 3
Proposed Design for Solar Powered Speed Sensing Road Warning Sign for
School Zone
Type of Sensors Used
IR sensor
Ultrasonic Radar Optocoupler
IR sensor with GSM
sensor sensor Tacho sensor
module
Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of

Battery Battery Battery Battery Battery
Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion
Figure 3-1
FLOW CHART
Start
Displayin
ga
Warning
Sign
Sensing
Speed
No
O
Detecting
Speed if will
exceed
limit.
If
Speed
is > 20
kph
Yes
Triggers
Alarm and
Display a
Warning
Displayin
g
Warning End
to
Reduce
Figure 3-2 Flow
Speed Chart
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Figure 3-3 3D Model of working princple
Figure 3-4 2D Model working principle

PROTOTYPE
Figure 3-5 3D Model Prototype

Design Option 1: Solar Powered Speed Detector using IR sensor
Description
The Solar Powered Speed Detector with an IR Sensor is a warning sign that is design to detect the speed of any
vehicles that has reached the speed limit. The warning sign helps the drivers to know to regulate and limit the speeds
of their vehicles around the school zones. The components to be use is, a Lithium-ion batteries as the power source
of the system and a 20-Wp (Watt-peak) solar panel with the dimensions of 450 x 425 x 23 mm.
Step 1. Determining Power Consumption Demands
Table 3-1
Appliances Hours per day Watts
LED seven segment 24 Hours 0.07 watts
Buzzer 24 Hours 0.36 watts
Arduino 24 Hours 0.29 watts
IR sensor 24 Hours 0.1 watts
LED 24 Hours 0.04 watts
The systems will be powered by 12 Vdc, 20 Wp PV modules
Total appliances use:
= (0.07 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.36 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.29 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

+ (0.1 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.04 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)
= 20.64 Wh/day
Energy lost in the system = 1.3
Total PV panels energy needed:
𝑊ℎ
= 20.64 𝑥 1.3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 26.83 Wh/day
Step 2. Sizing PV modules

Total Wp of PV panel capacity needed
𝑊ℎ
26.83
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
3.43
= 7.82 Wp
Number of PV panels needed
7.82 𝑊𝑝
=
20 𝑊𝑝
= 0.39 modules
Actual requirement = 1 modules
So, this system should be powered by at least 1 module of 20 Wp PV module.
Step 3. Battery Sizing
Total appliances use = 20.64 Wh

Nominal Battery Voltage = 12 V
Days of Autonomy = 3 days
Battery Capacity
𝑊ℎ
(20.64 ) (3)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
0.85 𝑥 0.6 𝑥 12𝑉
Total Ampere-hours required = 10.11 Ah

That battery should be rated:
12V 15Ah for 3 days Autonomy
Design Option 2: Solar Powered Speed Detector using Ultrasonic Sensor
Description
For the design option two, the developer will be using an Ultrasonic Sensor with a detection of a distance up to 4 m
and have a 0.025 wattage. It is also a warning sign that is design to detect the speed of any vehicles that has
reached the speed limit. The other components to be use is the same with Design Option 1, a Lithium-ion batteries
as the power source of the system and a 20-Wp (Watt-peak) solar panel with the dimensions of 450 x 425 x 23 mm.
Table 3.2
Ultrasonic sensor 24 Hours 0.025 watts
= (0.07 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.36𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.29 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

= 18.84 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ
= 18.84 𝑥 1.3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 24.492 Wh/day

𝑊ℎ
24.492
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
3.43
= 7.14 Wp
7.14 𝑊𝑝
=
20 𝑊𝑝
= 0.357 modules
Total appliances use = 18.84 Wh/day

Battery Capacity
𝑊ℎ
(18.84 ) (3)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
0.85 𝑥 0.6 𝑥 12𝑉

12V 15 Ah for 3 days Autonomy
Design Option 3: Solar Powered Speed Detector using Radar Sensor
Description
For the third design option, the designer use the Radar Sensor which operates at 60 Hz with 40 m range detection.
One of the unique functions of this sensor is that it uses laser for detection in which it costs highly but it has the
advantage for effective accuracy for longer range. The other components remain the same.
Table 3.3
Radar Sensor 24 Hours 0.1 watts

= 20.64 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ
= 20.64 𝑥 1.3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 26.83 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ
26.83
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
3.43
= 7.822 Wp
7.822 𝑊𝑝
=
20 𝑊𝑝
= 0.39 modules

Battery Capacity
𝑊ℎ
(20.64 ) (3)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
0.85 𝑥 0.6 𝑥 12𝑉

Design Option 4: Solar Powered warning sign using Optocoupler Tacho Sensor with Lithium-Ion Batteries
Description
For the fourth design option, the designer used Optocoupler Tacho Sensor as the speed sensor for the system.
Mostly this sensor is used to measure the Revolution per Minute (RPM) of a spinning object because of its limited
range. But still, this sensor can be used in detecting the speed of a vehicle by taking the initial and final velocity of the
object passing through the sensor and computing how fast the object travels the distance. Optocoupler Tacho Sensor
is
Table 3.4
Optocoupler Tacho sensor 24 Hours 0.075 watts

= 20.04 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ
= 20.04 𝑥 1.3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 26.052 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ
26.052
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
3.43
= 7.60 Wp
7.60 𝑊𝑝
=
20 𝑊𝑝
= 0.38 modules

Battery Capacity
𝑊ℎ
(20.04 ) (3)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
0.85 𝑥 0.6 𝑥 12𝑉

Design Option 5: Solar powered using IR sensor with GSM module
Description
For the fifth design option, the developer will make an improvement to design option 1. After developing the system
of IR sensor as the speed sensor to be used, the developer will add a GSM module to help in notifying features of the
system. GSM module will be able to send a SMS message to someone whose authorized in the vicinity.
Table 3.5
IR sensor 24 Hours 0.1 watts
GSM module 24 Hours 0.0075 watts
= (0.07 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.36 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.29 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

+ (0.1 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.04 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.0075 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)
= 20.82 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ
= 20.82 𝑥 1.3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 27.066 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ
27.066
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
3.43
= 7.89 Wp
7.89 𝑊𝑝
=
20 𝑊𝑝
= 0.395 modules

Battery Capacity
𝑊ℎ
(20.82 ) (3)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
0.85 𝑥 0.6 𝑥 12𝑉

Reference:
"IEEE Guide for the Characterization and Evaluation of Lithium-Based Batteries in Stationary Applications,"
in IEEE Std 1679.1-2017, vol., no., pp.1-47, 31 Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8262521.
TESDA course “Solar Night Light Assembly” https://e-tesda.gov.ph/course/view.php?id=104
University of Washington. (n.d.). What is a lithium-ion battery and how does it work? LITHIUM-ION
BATTERY. Retrieved from https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/battery-technology/.
VOLT, AMPS, AMP-HOUR, WATT AND WATT-HOUR: TERMINOLOGY AND GUIDE. (n.d.). Rebelcell.
Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://www.rebel-cell.com/knowledge-base/volt-amps-amp-hour-watt-
and-watt-hour-terminology-and-guide/
HC-SR04 Datasheet (PDF) 1 Page - List of Unclassified Manufacturers https://html.alldatasheet.com/html-

pdf/1132203/ETC2/HC-SR04/229/2/HC-SR04.html

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TITLE:

Bulacan, Rexelle Ian C.

Divino, Karl Mirro S.

Garsula, Chan Ray O.

Rivera, Aljered Nicolas

The Local Government Unit of Marilao Bulacan

Prenza National High School located at Prenza I, Marilao, Bulacan

Traffic Management Unit of Marilao Bulacan

Project Scope and Limitations

Chapter 2: Design Inputs

Table 2.1 Client Requirements

Display Must be visible in daylight

Battery Capacity must be able to supply the sign in the night

Can withstand weather conditions such as rain and sun heat

The Product must be delivered within a month

Construction time 3 to 5 days Manufacturability

Budget Limitation ₱ 5,000 - ₱ 15,000 Economical

Solar panel and Battery capacity 12 hrs to 72 hrs Efficiency

Definition of the Constraints

Solar Panel and Battery Capacity

Total applicances use x Days of Autonomy

Design Inputs Needed in Designing the System

Seven segment LED (Light Emitting Diode)s display

PHVA: A Position Based High

Autonomous solar smart cap

Pedestrian-Safety-Aware Traffic Urban Area Pedestrian safety Designing of an algorithm of a traffic

Reference for Table 2.3:

Type of Sensors Used

Type of Type of Type of Type of Type of

Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion

Figure 3-3 3D Model of working princple

Figure 3-4 2D Model working principle

Figure 3-5 3D Model Prototype

Step 1. Determining Power Consumption Demands

LED seven segment 24 Hours 0.07 watts

Buzzer 24 Hours 0.36 watts

Arduino 24 Hours 0.29 watts

IR sensor 24 Hours 0.1 watts

LED 24 Hours 0.04 watts

The systems will be powered by 12 Vdc, 20 Wp PV modules

Total appliances use:

= (0.07 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.36 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.29 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

Step 2. Sizing PV modules

Actual requirement = 1 modules

So, this system should be powered by at least 1 module of 20 Wp PV module.

Step 3. Battery Sizing

Total appliances use = 20.64 Wh

Total Ampere-hours required = 10.11 Ah

Step 1. Determining Power Consumption Demands

LED seven segment 24 Hours 0.07 watts

Buzzer 24 Hours 0.36 watts

Arduino 24 Hours 0.29 watts

Ultrasonic sensor 24 Hours 0.025 watts

LED 24 Hours 0.04 watts

The systems will be powered by 12 Vdc, 20 Wp PV modules

Total appliances use:

= (0.07 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.36𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (0.29 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

Step 2. Sizing PV modules

Actual requirement = 1 modules

So, this system should be powered by at least 1 module of 20 Wp PV module.

Step 3. Battery Sizing

Total appliances use = 18.84 Wh/day