pharmacology

1) Write down the dosage form of the drug displayed at the various
stations.
-PARENTERAL-TRANSDERMAL

2) Administer the drug properly by required method

Remove the patch from its pouch and peel off half of its protective liner. Place the
adhesive side on the skin, then peel off the other half of the liner. Press the skin
patch firmly with the palm of your hand for at least 30 seconds, making sure it
adheres to the skin, especially at the edges.
3) Write two important advantages of the given dosage form.
1. No GIT side effects.
2. Less side effects.
3. Drug administration through skin avoids the pH variations seen with
gastrointestinal transit.
4. Drug intake can be stopped at any point by simply removing the transdermal
patch
4) Write two important disadvantages of the given dosage form.
1. Local irritation, erythema.
2. Development of tolerance.
3. The barrier function of the skin changes from one site to another on the same
person, from person to person, and with age
4. Patch may fall-off unnoticed

‫ بشار حبيب محبوب‬:‫االسم‬

 pharmacology

5) Understand and describe precautions required during use of each

dosage form.
Transdermal drug delivery systems are pharmaceutical forms designed to administer
a drug through the skin to obtain a systemic effect. They ensure a constant rate of drug
administration and a prolonged action. Several different types of transdermal delivery
devices are available on the market. They are either matrix or reservoir systems and their
main current uses are to treat neurological disorders, pain and coronary artery disease,
and as hormone replacement therapy. Transdermal drug administration has a number of
advantages compared with the oral route: it avoids gastrointestinal absorption and hepatic
first-pass metabolism, minimizes adverse effects arising from peak plasma drug
concentrations and improves patient compliance. Compared with the parenteral route,
transdermal administration entails no risk of infection. For elderly people, who are often
polymedicated, transdermal drug delivery can be a good alternative route of
administration. Transdermal absorption depends on passive diffusion through the
different layers of the skin. As skin undergoes many structural and functional changes
with increasing age, it would be useful to know whether these alterations affect the
transdermal diffusion of drugs. Studies have shown that age-related changes in hydration
and lipidic structure result in an increased barrier function of the stratum corneum only
for relatively hydrophilic compounds. In practice, no significant differences in absorption
of drugs from transdermal delivery systems have been demonstrated between young and
old individuals. The need for dose adaptation in elderly patients using transdermal drug
delivery systems is therefore not related to differences in skin absorption but rather to
age-related cardiovascular, cerebral, hepatic and/or renal compromise, and to ensuing
geriatric pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes.

‫ بشار حبيب محبوب‬:‫االسم‬