Received: 1 April 2019
DOI: 10.1002/mop.32138
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dual polarized, slot coupled
monostatic antenna with high
isolation for 2.4 GHz full
duplex applications
Haq Nawaz | Muhammad A. Basit |
Furqan Shaukat
Electronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET),
Taxila, Chakwal, Pakistan
Correspondence
Haq Nawaz, Electronics Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology (UET) Taxila, Sub-Campus Chakwal, 48800, Chakwal,
Pakistan.
Email: hnawaz@sabanciuniv.edu
Abstract
This paper presents a compact, dual polarized, differen-
tially fed monostatic slot coupled patch antenna with
high isolation between transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx)
ports for 2.4GHz simultaneous transmit and receive
(STAR) or in-band full duplex (IBFD) wireless applica-
tions. By using the proposed differential feeding for
receive (Rx) mode operation through symmetrically
placed feeds of radiating patch, the self-interference
(SI) is well canceled to demonstrate high Tx-Rx interport
isolation. The simulation and measurement results for
presented IBFD antenna indicate very high levels of
interport isolation achieved through differential feeding
based self-interference cancellation (SIC) mechanism.
The implemented prototype (validation model) of pro-
posed dual port, dual polarized, slot coupled antenna
achieves more than 95 dB peak isolation and 90 dB iso-
lation in 20 MHz bandwidth. Moreover, the achieved Tx-
Rx isolation is around 85 dB within antenna’s 10 dB-
return loss impedance bandwidth of 45 MHz. To the best
of our knowledge, these are the highest levels of interport
RF isolation reported for dual polarized monostatic patch
antenna.
KEYWORDS
dual polarized antenna, full duplex antenna, high interport isolation,
self-interference cancellation (SIC), slot coupled antenna
Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;1–8. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mop
1 | INTRODUCTION
The future wireless networks including 5G systems will
require high throughput in limited bandwidth in order to
improve the spectral efficiency. The in-band full duplex
(IBFD) radio with monostatic antenna has the potential to
double the spectral efficiency through simultaneous transmit
and receive (STAR) operation within same frequency band.1-3
Furthermore, the IBFD operation can effectively resolve
many problems and issues in wireless communication net-
works and the STAR/IBFD transceivers can be implemented
with reduced cost by using current multi-in multi-out
(MIMO) transceivers.4,5
However, the practical realization of IBFD operation
requires high levels of self-interference cancellation (SIC) on
receive side for successful detection of very low power
received signal of interest (SOI) as these high levels of SIC
prevent the degradation in signal to noise (SNR) ratio resulted
from high power SI induced by co-located transmit chain.6
Such high levels of SI are comprised of both linear and
nonlinear components and should be effectively suppressed to
achieve all potential gains of IBFD wireless operation.1,6,7 The
required SIC levels are defined by the various parameters
including the levels of radiated power from transmitter in addi-
tion to noise figure and bandwidth of system.6 For instance,
the required levels of SIC for a radio transceiver with
+30 dBm transmit power (Pt), 20 MHz bandwidth (B.W) and
11 dB typical noise Figure (NF) can be determined as6:
Noise Power ðPn Þ = −174dBm + 10logðBWÞ + NF
= −174dBm + 73 + 11 = −90dBm ð1Þ
Required SIC levels = Pt − Pn = 30 + 90 = 120dB ð2Þ
The SIC levels given by (2) are required to obtain 0 dB
residual SI for given specifications as indicated in Figure 1.
A low Tx power can relax the required SIC levels, however,
the coverage or range will also be reduced accordingly when
Tx power is lowered.
In order to achieve such high levels of required SIC,
multiple SIC techniques at successive stages across the
transceiver are deployed.8 Normally, these stages utilize
techniques based on SI suppression in both analog/RF and
digital domain in conjunction with an antenna having high
Tx-Rx interport isolation.9 However, a large amount of SIC
should be performed at RF front to avoid the saturation of
receive chain from very strong SI signal.7,10 In other words,
the analog/RF domain SIC and a monostatic antenna with
© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1
2 NAWAZ ET AL.
F I G U R E 1 A, Various components of self-interference (SI), B, around 120 dB SIC across transceiver using monostatic antenna with 90 dB
interport isolation with 30 dB digital SIC [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
high port to port isolation are required to obtain required
levels of Tx-Rx isolation at RF front end. In general, the digi-
tal domain SIC techniques (time or frequency based) can
provide 25-30 dB SIC and an antenna having around 90 dB
interport isolation can be used to realize an IBFD operation
with 30 dBm transmit power and 20 MHz bandwidth as
indicated in Figure 1. Such implementation without addi-
tional analog/RF domain SIC provides an effective solution
to implement IBFD transceiver with reduced complexity and
cost for low power (up to 30 dBm transmit power for
20 MHz bandwidth) full duplex wireless applications as
shown in Figure 1.
A separate Tx and Rx antennas (bistatic antenna system)
can be used for IBFD transceiver where the physical spacing
between both antennas can be increased to achieve improved
Tx-Rx isolation. However, such bistatic antenna system can
itself be utilized in half duplex MIMO systems to improve
the throughput, thus weakening the real motive and purpose
of IBFD.11 The bistatic antenna system also hinders the
implementation of compact transceiver as very large inter-
antenna spacing is required for high Tx-Rx isolation. An
IBFD transceiver with single/shared antenna (monostatic
antenna system) can achieve the real gains of IBFD opera-
tion.11 The monostatic IBFD antenna having high Tx-Rx port
to port isolation can be deployed to realize a compact IBFD
transceiver and such antenna with high interport isolation at
transceiver’s front end also suppresses the strong SI signal to
prevent the saturation of analog to digital converter (ADC)
in Rx chain.6,12
Normally, the monostatic antennas have dual polarized
characteristics to generate horizontal and vertical polariza-
tions (TM01 and TM10 modes) when excited from respective
edges through two perpendicular feeds. This basic configura-
tion provides ~35-40 dB interport isolation through
uncorrelated Tx and Rx mode characteristics. Using defected
ground structure (DGS) for such antennas can provide
~20 dB additional isolation compared to its basic configura-
tion.13 Furthermore, multilayered antenna structures with
hybrid feeding networks can be used to improve the Tx-Rx
isolation.14 For example, the multilayer IBFD antenna15 or
patch antenna with hybrid feedings16 can provide additional
15-20 dB Tx-Rx isolation on the top of interport isolation
achieved with polarization diversity (dual polarization). The
additional isolation in this case is resulted through sand-
wiched layer of ground plane which isolates the Tx and Rx
ports electromagnetically. The reported antenna in Reference
17, utilizes additional path with ring mono-radiator to obtain
around 20 dB isolation in 1.85-2.62 GHz bandwidth. The
interport isolation for such dual polarized patch antenna can
also be improved through differential feeding18-20 or by
using analog domain based SIC circuits.21-23 An analog SIC
circuit with circulator can also be used to obtain >40 dB
SIC within 65 MHz bandwidth as reported in Reference 24.
The RF circulator separates the Tx and Rx signals at first
stage. Then, the inherent secondary SI signals reflected at
antenna/circulator interface are used to cancel the intended
SI coupled to Rx port. Moreover, the frequency response of
the secondary SI signals is modified by using a recon-
figurable impedance mismatched terminal circuit to achieve
the reported isolation levels.
In this work, the proposed antenna is comprised of three
ports radiating patch having two symmetrically placed slot
coupled ports with respect to a third port with thin quarter-
wave (λ/4) co-planar feed. The proposed differential feeding
for Rx mode through slot coupled ports effectively sup-
presses the Tx coupling to achieve high interport isolation. A
simple 3 dB/180 power divider/combiner with nice ampli-
tude and phase balance performance has been used as differ-
ential SIC circuit. The mathematical description is also given
for differential feeding based SIC operation and the effect of
magnitude and phase error of differential circuit on SIC
levels has been analytically analyzed. A prototype of
NAWAZ ET AL.
compact IBFD antenna has been realized by implementing
the three ports antenna and 3 dB/180 power divider/com-
biner on single printed circuit board (PCB). The measure-
ment results demonstrate that the differential feeding at Rx
port provides >35 dB additional isolation on the top of
55-60 dB inherent isolation of IBFD antenna with hybrid
feeding network. In our previous work reported in Reference
18, the achievable performance of differential fed IBFD
antenna is limited by the RF coupling between radiating
patch and co-located SIC circuit. However, in our current
work, the electromagnetically isolated monostatic patch and
differential SIC circuit through the slotted ground plane
demonstrate improved interport isolation performance
(~ 10 dB) compared to differential fed antenna with co-
planar SIC circuit.
The rest of the paper is organized as: Section 2 describes
the differential feeding based SIC mechanism for three ports
antenna having Tx port with co-planar feed and two slot
coupled ports for differential Rx mode operation. The mathe-
matical description for differential feeding based SIC circuit
is also presented. The design and simulation results for com-
pact differential fed antenna by using microstrip based
3 dB/1800 power divider/combiner as SIC circuit are also
presented in this section. The test and measurement results
for implemented prototype of compact monostatic antenna
system are presented and discussed in Section 3. Section 4
concludes the paper.
2 | S I C ME C H A N I S M F O R TH R E E
P O R T S SL O T C O U P L E D IB F D
AN T E NNA
The proposed 2.4GHz antenna is comprised of three ports
radiating patch having two symmetrically placed slot
coupled ports with respect to a third port with thin quarter-
wave (λ/4) co-planar feed for Tx mode as shown in Figure 2
for proposed antenna structure with optimized dimensions.
The symmetrically placed Rx ports with respect to Tx port,
same levels of RF coupling or SI is induced from Tx port to
both Rx ports. The proposed antenna has been designed on
two-layered general purpose FR-4 substrate (εr = 4.4,
tanδ = .02) with 1.6 mm thickness of each layer as indicated
in Figure 2. The monostatic radiating patch and co-planar
feed for Tx port are on the top of upper layer of substrate.
The 50 Ω microstrip feeds for both slot coupled Rx ports are
on bottom of second layer of substrate. The ground plane
with rectangular coupling slot/aperture is embedded between
two layers of substrate. The monostatic radiating patch and
50 Ω microstrip feeds for Rx ports are electromagnetically
decoupled neglecting the small amount of coupling through
aperture in ground plane. The levels of back radiation
through aperture or slot in ground plane depend upon the
dimensions of aperture; especially these levels are more sen-
sitive to length of slot.
3
F I G U R E 2 The proposed 2.4GHz IBFD antenna having one Tx
port with thin co-planar feed and two slot coupled ports for differential
Rx mode operation [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
As clear from the proposed antenna’s structure shown in
Figure 2, both Rx ports (port 2 and port 3) are dual polarized
with respect to Tx port (port 1) and such orthogonal polariza-
tion provides around 55-60 dB interport isolation (S21, S31)
as reported in References 16 and 25. The reported isolation
levels in16,25 are achieved through the combination of polari-
zation diversity and electromagnetic isolation of Tx and Rx
feeds through intermediate layer of ground plane. By
employing a differential circuit for Rx mode operation
through slot coupled ports (port2 and port3) will perform
SIC at Rx port to achieve improved Tx-Rx isolation for pro-
posed monostatic patch antenna. This SIC mechanism can
be described through following simple analysis. If ITx, IRx2
and IRx3 denote the currents for respective Tx and Rx ports
as indicated in Figure 2, then:
I Rx2 = I Tx S21 and I Rx3 = I Tx S31 ð3Þ
The total current IRx flowing out from differential Rx
port is given as:
1   I
Tx
I Rx = pffiffiffi e j180 I Rx3 + I Rx2 = pffiffiffi ðS21 −S31 Þ
0
ð4Þ
2 2
The port to port current coupling ratio and interport iso-
lation are given as:
I Rx 1
= pffiffiffi ðS21 − S31 Þ ð5Þ
I Tx 2
pffiffiffi
I Tx 2
= ð6Þ
I Rx ðS21 −S31 Þ
As discussed earlier and indicated in Figure 2, due to
symmetrically placed Rx ports with respect to Tx port, same
levels of coupling or SI from Tx port to both Rx ports is pro-
duced that is, S21 = S31 which theoretically results infinite
interport isolation as clear from (6).However, for
implemented antenna S21 ≈ S31 and very high levels of Tx-
4 NAWAZ ET AL.

F I G U R E 3 The achievable SIC levels vs magnitude and phase

error of differential circuitry [Color figure can be viewed at F I G U R E 4 The simulated return loss (S11, S22, S33) and interport
wileyonlinelibrary.com] isolation results for proposed IBFD antenna with one Tx port and two
slot coupled Rx ports [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Rx isolation can be achieved when a differential circuit is
employed for Rx mode.
The achievable levels of SIC also depend on the ampli-
tude and phase balance performance of differential circuit.
For quantitative analysis, SIC levels for two RF signals with
equal magnitude and 180 phase difference are evaluated.
The achieved SIC levels vs magnitude error and phase errors
of differential circuit are shown in Figure 3. As clear from
Figure 3, the achieved SIC levels are greatly affected by
both magnitude error and phase error of deployed differen-
tial circuit. For example, as clear from Figure 3, the isolation
levels are decreased from 45 dB to around 30 dB when
phase error is increased from 0 to 2 with 0.1 dB magni-
tude error for both cases. On the other hand, the isolation
levels are degraded from 45 dB to 35 dB if magnitude error
is increased from 0.1 dB to 0.3 dB when both signals are
exactly 180 out of phase (zero phase error). Consequently,
F I G U R E 5 The magnitude and phase response of 3 dB/180
SIC levels around 40 dB can be achieved when a differential microstrip based power combiner [Color figure can be viewed at
circuit with 0.1 dB magnitude error and phase error ≤ 0.5 wileyonlinelibrary.com]
is deployed as demonstrated in Figure 3.
The differential circuit at Rx port also suppresses the
higher modes (TM02,TM20 etc.) of patch and enables it to circuit will perform required (S21-S31) operation at Rx port
operate with only fundamental modes (TM01 and TM10) to when connected with proposed three ports antenna which was
achieve reduced cross polarization levels.26 Figure 4 pre- presented in Figure 2. The proposed 3 dB/180 power com-
sents the simulated return loss and interport isolation results biner and simulated magnitude and phase balance characteris-
for proposed antenna shown in Figure 2. The ideal differen- tics for this power combiner are shown in Figure 5. The
tial circuit (having perfect magnitude and phase balance proposed 2.4GHz 3 dB/180 power divider/ combiner pro-
characteristics) can provide >95 dB interport RF isolation in vides very nice amplitude and phase balance performance as
40 MHz bandwidth and > 120 dB peak isolation as clear clear from simulated results shown in Figure 5. The amplitude
from simulated results presented in Figure 4 for proposed imbalance <0.1 dB and phase error < 0.5 within required
dual polarized IBFD antenna. 40 MHz bandwidth as clearly indicated in Figure 5. As dis-
A 2.4GHz, 3 dB/180 microstrip transmission lines based cussed earlier and shown in Figure 3, such differential circuit
power combiner has been used as differential circuit at Rx port at Rx port can achieve more than 40 dB SIC to provide more
for proposed IBFD antenna. The required 180 phase differ- than 90 dB interport isolation(55-60 dB is contributed by
ence for such circuit has been achieved through microstrip polarization diversity) when it is integrated with proposed
transmission lines with un-equal lengths. Such differential three ports antenna presented in Figure 2.
NAWAZ ET AL.
F I G U R E 6 ADS Momentum simulated surface currents for compact, differential fed antenna [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 7 The implemented prototype of compact, dual port,
differential fed IBFD antenna [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
The three ports antenna and 3 dB/180 power combiner
are integrated to realize a compact antenna for full duplex
transceiver as shown in Figure 6. The radiating patch with
co-planar Tx port and 3 dB/180 power combiner are placed
on top and bottom side of double layered FR-4 substrate
respectively. The simulated surface currents and gain pat-
terns shown in Figure 6 demonstrate the dual polarized char-
acteristics of proposed compact IBFD antenna.
3 | MEASURE M E N T R E SUL T S F O R
COMPACT D I F F E R E N T I A L FE D
IBFD ANTENNA
The implemented prototype of compact dual port, dual polar-
ized, differential fed IBFD antenna is shown in Figure 7.The
5
F I G U R E 8 The simulated and measured S11, S22, and interport
isolation (S21) results for compact, dual port, differential fed IBFD
antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
dimensions of compact antenna are also shown in Figure 7
with designated Tx and Rx ports for IBFD operation. The
compact antenna was implemented on double-layered FR-4
substrate (εr = 4.4, tanδ = .02) with 1.6 mm thickness of
each layer.
Figure 8 presents the measured and simulated return loss
(S11, S22) and Tx-Rx isolation (S21) results for implemented
prototype of compact, dual port, differential fed IBFD
antenna. The implemented antenna provides more than
45 MHz impedance bandwidth (referred to return loss
≥10 dB) and the measured peak interport isolation >95 dB
6 NAWAZ ET AL.
as indicated in Figure 8. Moreover, the implemented proto-
type of IBFD antenna achieves >85 dB and > 90 dB port to
port isolation within 45 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths
respectively. As stated earlier, a dual port, dual polarized
antenna with co-planar Tx port and slot coupled Rx port pro-
vides around 55-60 dB interport isolation, so our proposed
differential circuit with three ports antenna has achieved
30-35 dB additional isolation through SIC with differential
feeding at Rx port for implemented IBFD antenna. As clear
from Figure 8, the simulated results for compact, differential
fed IBFD antenna are well endorsed by measurement results.
The measured 2D gain patterns for implemented proto-
type of compact, dual port, differential fed IBFD antenna are
presented in Figure 9. The implemented antenna provides
>3.8 dBi gain for each polarization. The implemented
antenna demonstrates excellent polarization purity and mea-
sured cross-polarization levels are below -35 dB and -55 dB
within half power beam-width (HPBW) of 80 as clearly
indicated in Figure 9. The radiation efficiencies of presented
antenna are around 55% and 52% for Tx and Rx ports respec-
tively at center/resonant frequency. These results are not
presented here for brevity. The radiation efficiencies of
F I G U R E 9 The measured 2D gain patterns for compact, dual port,
differential fed IBFD antenna [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
TABLE 1 Performance comparison of presented antenna with previously reported monostatic antennas reported in References 14, 18, 20,
and 29
Antenna designs Maximum isolation 10 dB return loss bandwidth
Reference 14 33 dB 18.8%
Reference 18-1 67 dB 50 MHz
Reference 18-2 90 dB 50 MHz
Reference 20 98 dB 50 MHz
Reference 29 78 dB 50 MHz
Presented antenna 95 dB 45 MHz
presented antenna are low because the FR-4 dielectric has
high loss (loss tangent). The radiation efficiencies and conse-
quently the gains of both Tx and Rx modes can be improved
significantly if a low loss substrate is used for antenna
implementation.
The independent in-band and simultaneous Tx and Rx
capabilities of presented antenna with high isolation can be
endorsed through Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
metric. The ECC metric or performance indicator is used to
ensure the minimum value of interport isolation for multiport
antenna. The ECC for multiport antennas should be as low
as possible and the acceptable antenna’s ECC for reliable
IBFD performance is reported to be <0.5.27 The ECC can be
directly computed from far-field patterns. Moreover, it can
be determined through S-parameters results as detailed in
Reference 28. The computed values of ECC for presented
antenna are <0.01 based on both measured S-parameters and
radiation patterns measurements throughout the 45 MHz
bandwidth. These results are not presented here for brevity.
The computed ECC values ensure that implemented dual
polarized antenna can be effectively employed for IBFD
operation over intended bandwidth of 45 MHz.
The measured interport isolation results for implemented
validation model demonstrate improved interport isolation
performance compared to previously reported antenna
designs detailed in References 14, 18, 20, and 29. These
interport isolation improvements for presented antenna can
be attributed to effective cancellation of SI through well-
balanced differential feeding network. The interport isolation
performance comparison for presented antenna with previ-
ously reported antennas is detailed in Table 1. As clear from
Table 1, the reported antenna in14 provides wider bandwidth
of 18.8% but the port to port isolation for this antenna is lim-
ited to around 28 dB. The reported antennas in References
18, 20, and 29 also employ differential feeding for SIC oper-
ation to achieve improved interport isolation. However, the
EM coupling between SIC circuit and co-located radiating
patch limits the achievable isolation levels for these anten-
nas. The novelty of our current work is that the electromag-
netically isolated monostatic patch and differential feeding
Isolation/bandwidth Dimensions (mm3)
28 dB/410 MHz 100 × 43 × 9.2
62 dB/50 MHz 110 × 90 × 1.6
70 dB/50 MHz 120 × 90 × 3.2
79 dB/20 MHz
80 dB/40 MHz 125 × 84 × 1.6
90 dB/20 MHz
64 dB/50 MHz 105 × 88 × 1.6
85 dB/45 MHz 100 × 95 × 3.2
90 dB/20 MHz
NAWAZ ET AL.
network through the slotted ground plane demonstrate
improved interport isolation performance (~ 10 dB) com-
pared to previously reported differentially excited antennas
presented in References 18, 20, and 29. Moreover, the pres-
ented antenna is more compact (reduced dimensions) com-
pared to previous antenna designs as detailed in Table 1.
4 | CONCLUSION
A high isolation, compact (95 mm x 100 mm), dual port,
dual polarized, monostatic patch antenna has been presented
for 2.4GHz IBFD applications. A simple 3 dB/180 micro-
strip based power combiner with nice amplitude and phase
balance characteristics has been used as differential feeding
circuit at Rx port for effective suppression of SI to achieve
very high Tx-Rx isolation at receiver’s front end. The differ-
ential circuit provides better than 30 dB additional isolation
on the top of inherent 55-60 dB isolation of IBFD antenna
with hybrid feeding network. Furthermore, the electromag-
netic isolation between monostatic patch and differential cir-
cuit provides around 10 dB improvement in isolation
compared to our previously reported work on high isolation
IBFD antenna. The implemented prototype of proposed com-
pact antenna with better than 90 dB isolation within 20 MHz
bandwidth can be used to realize a low power IBFD trans-
ceiver without additional and complex analog/RF SIC tech-
niques/stages. However, the external RF-SIC circuit can be
used with this antenna for further improvement of interport
isolation for presented antenna when Tx power is increased.
O R C ID
Haq Nawaz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4218-3821
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How to cite this article: Nawaz H, Basit MA,
Shaukat F. Dual polarized, slot coupled monostatic
antenna with high isolation for 2.4 GHz full duplex
applications. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32138