IGCSE PHYSICS NOTES 3.2 LIGHT Reflection When a ray of light strikes a mirror , it is reflected. The bouncing back of light from a barrier is called reflection reflected ray angle of incidence angle of reflection The incoming ray is the incident ray(OA). The outgoing ray is the reflected ray(OB). The imaginary line at right angles to the mirror surface is the normal. Angle of incidence: This is the angle between the incident ray and the normal. Angle of reflection: This is the angle. between the reflected ray and the normal. Laws of reflection 1. The ungle of incidence (i) = the angle of reflection (r) 2. ‘The incident ray , reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane . Real image and virtual image An image that can be focused on a screen is real image.It is formed when actual rays meet. It is always inverted. E.g. image formed by a camera , image formed by eyes. An image that cannot be focused on a screen is virtual image .It is imaginary and is formed by rays that appear to meet. It is always upright. E.g. image formed by a mirror.Image in a plane mirror Properties of image in a plane mirror 1. The image is the same size as the object. 2. The image distance is equal to the object distance . wo |. The image is laterally inverted ( right to left ). . Itis virtual . a . A line joining equivalent points on object and image passes through the mirror at right angles . os 6. Itis upright. Construction Ray diagram. 1. Draw two incident rays from the object to the mirror. 2. Draw normal at the point of incidence. . Draw the reflected rays for the incident rays with angle of incidence = angleConstruction ig Properties . The image distance is equal to the object distance 2. A line joining equivalent points on object and image passes through the mirror at right angles . Periscope using mirrors Periscope minor Actual image and mirror image of clock time+ aero ae | Te _| eter | agen i a il) A A O ai. |S 2 B a K x Te c 5 4.4 U U D4 a mM |oM v My E 3 N uv Ww Ww Pa 8 o | © x x7 i aa a P aoa i, i 3 H Q 9 Zz S I aa Re | - “all Experiment js Finding the position of an image in a mirror plane mirror can be found by object pin Put a mirror upright on a piece of paper. Puta pin (the objecd in front of it. Mark the positions of the pin and the mirror. Line up one edge ofa ruler with the image ‘ofthe pin; Draw aliné along the edge to mark its position. Then repeat with the ruler ina different position, ‘Take away the mirror, pin, and ruler Extend the two lines to find out where ‘they meet. This is the position of the image. ‘The result of the experiment can be checked like this. Ifa second pin is put ‘behind the mirror, in the position found for the image, the pin should be in line with the image, as shown on the right. And it should stay in line when you move your head from side to side, Scientifically speaking, there should be no parallax (no relative movement) between the second pin and the image when you change your viewing position. Ifthere is relative movement (parallax), then the two are Rot in the same position object pin Jf a second pin is putin exactly the same position asthe image of the first pin, It should stay in line with the image, wherever {you view it from.EXPERIMENT1: Experiment to verify the laws of reflection (a) Using no-parallax method. Apparatus: soft board, optical pins, plane mirror, protractor and a plane sheet of paper. Proce i) Drawa line to mark the silvered surface of the mirror on the sheet of paper. ii) Mark a point X on the line. iii) | Drawanormal at X. iv) Using a protractor mark off an angle of incidence, e.g. 20° and draw the incident ray. Stand the mirror vertically on the line representing the silvered surface. Plane Mirror vi) Tuck pins P, and Pp in the incident ray. Note: P; and P2 should stand vertically and far apart.i” f 20 30 40 50 60 70 What do you observe? (Generally, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection) (b) Using a ray of light. Apparatus: plane mirror, protractor, ray box or laser light, Bulb, Cell holder, Cells, connecting wires. (Hint: this experiment is best done in a dark room.]