TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
BREEDS
TYPES OF BREEDS
CLASSIFICATION OF BREED
MILK BREED
 SAHIWAL
 RED SINDHI

DUAL PURPOSE BREED

 THARPARKAR
 ONGOLE
DRAUGHT BREEDS
 MALVI
 AMRITMAHAL
 EXOTIC BREED
 HF
 BROWN SWISS
 JERSEY
INDIAN BUFFALOW BREED
 MURRAH
 NILI RAVI
 JAFFRA BADI

MILK PRODUCTION IN INDIA

 INDIAN DIARY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT
 RECENT DIARY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
 MARKETING CHANNELS FOR DAIRY PRODUCT
ANALYSIS OF THE DAIRY SECTION IN UP
 RECENT DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN UP
 NATURAL CONDITION AND FARM STRUCTURE
 CONCLUSION
 REFRENCE
 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

Cattle farming involves rearing and management of two types of animals- one group for food
requirements milk and another for labour purposes like ploughing, irrigation, etc.
Socio-economic stability of dairy farmers of the state. To ensure fresh and safe milk to
consumers of the state. Increase Rural Employment Opportunities through Entrepreneurship.
Unify the accounting and management system of the Dairy Co-operatives.
Dairy is a universal agricultural production: people milk dairy animals in almost every country
across the world, and up to one billion people live on dairy farms. 1 It is a vital part of the
global food system and it plays a key role in the sustainability of rural areas in particular.
Provide adequate and quality services at farmers’ door sStrengthening of the organised Dairy
farming sector through cooperation.
The guiding objective for good dairy farming practice is that safe, quality milk should be
produced from healthy animals using management practices that are sustainable from an animal
welfare, social, economic and environmental perspective. Socio-economic management. India is
endowed with the largest livestock population in the world.
 INTRODUCTION

Milk production is a livestock enterprise in which small-scale farmers can successfully engage in
order to improve their livelihoods. Regular milk sales also allow them to move from subsistence
to a market based income. The main purpose of this study was to gain insight into the household
and farm economics of small-scale dairy farmers in India, the country with the highest number of
small-scale dairy farmers by far, and to obtain estimates of their costs of milk production so
as to gauge their vulnerability to international competition. In order to ascertain possible
developments in the dairy sector and to broadly identify areas of interventions that favour small-
scale dairy producers, the study examines impacts of changes in prices, farm management and
other market factors that affect small-scale milk production systems, the whole farm and related
household income. A case study approach is used, the aim being qualitative insight rather than
quantitative extrapolation.
 BREDS

Definition- A group of usually domesticated animals or \plants presumably related by descent

from common ancestors and visibly similar in most characters exotic breeds of cats retrievers
and other popular dog breeds.
A stock of animals or plants within a species having a distinctive appearance and typically
having been developed by deliberate selection..
A breed is a specific group of domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype),
homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of
the same species.
A breed is a specific group of domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype),
homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of
the same species. In literature, there exist several slightly deviating definitions.[2] Breeds are
formed through genetic isolation and either natural adaptation to the environment or selective
breeding, or a combination of two.
 TYPES OF BREEDS

Cattle breeds are of two types-

1- INDIGENOUS BREEDS
2-EXOTIC BREEDS

1. INDIGENOUS BREEDS -produced, growing, living, ooccurring natively or naturally in a

particular region or environment indigenous plants the indigenous culture.
Examples of Indigenous Peoples include the Inuit of the Arctic, the White Mountain Apache of
Arizona, the Yanomami and the Tupi People of the Amazon, traditional pastoralists like the
Maasai in East Africa, and tribal peoples like the Bontoc people of the mountainous region of the
Philippines.

2. EXOTIC BREEDS -Exotic breeds are used for crossbreeding. Exotic means foreign is not
native. An exotic is developed somewhere and brought to an area. An indigenous bred to me
place will be exotic breed.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BREEDS

India cattle breed of cattle classified into three types

1- Milch breed or milk breed

2-Dual purpose breed

3-Draught breeds
 MILCH BREED /MILK BREED

The best cow breed in milking in India include Sahiwal, Gir, Rathi, Tharparkar, and Red Sindhi.
Any breed of cattle developed primarily for the efficient production of meat (such as the Angus,
Hereford, or Shorthorn) and characterized by capacity for rapid growth, heavy rectangular well-
fleshed body, and comparatively short stocky neck and legs — compare dairy breed. For
example.
1-Sahiwal
2-Red sindhi
3-Gir
 SAHIWAL

Sahiwal cattle is a breed of zebu cow, named after an area in the Punjab, Pakistan. The cattle is
mainly found in Punjab province of Pakistan, and Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, & Rajasthan.
Sahiwal is considered a heat-tolerant cattle breed.
Origin: Pakistan
Use: Dual-purpose Dairy/Draft
Conservation status: Endangered
Coat- Brownish Red to Greyish Red
Horn status:- Horned
Conservation status-Endangered
Other names-mint kumre
Nicknames-Lambi Bar, Lola, Montgomery etc.
The Sahiwal is the heaviest milker of all Zebu breeds and display a well developed udder.
Sahiwals demonstrate the ability to sire small, fast-growing calves and are noted for their
hardiness under unfavorable climatic conditions.
 SAHIWAL
Origin: Pakistan
Use: Dual-purpose Dairy/Draft
Conservation status: Endangered
Coat- Brownish Red to Greyish Red
Horn status:- Horned
Conservation status-Endangered
 RED SINDHI

Red Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all Zebu dairy breeds. The breed originated in the
Sindh province of Pakistan,they are widely kept for milk production across Pakistan, India,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and other countries. They have been used for crossbreeding with
temperate origin dairy breeds in many countries to combine their tropical adaptations (heat
tolerance, tick resistance, disease resistance, etc.) with the higher milk production found in
temperate regions.
Origin: Pakistan
Scientific name: Bos taurus indicus
Use: dairy
Height: : Male: 132 cm; Female: 115 cm;
Weight: : Male: 530 kg; Female: 325 kg
Coat: red-brown
Skin color: brick red
While traditionally considered a milking breed they have been successfully used in crossing
systems with British breeds to produce tropical beef types. In Australia, they have been an
adaptable, hardy breed, good foragers and have a high degree of resistance to heat and ticks.
 RED SINDHI
Origin: Pakistan
Scientific name: Bos taurus indicus
Use: dairy
Height: : Male: 132 cm; Female: 115 cm;
Weight: : Male: 530 kg; Female: 325 kg
Coat: red-brown
Skin color: brick red
 DUAL PURPOSE BREED

Dual-purpose breed is an animal breed such as chickens, beef/dairy cattle, sheep, goats, ducks,
geese, pigs, hops, etc. that provide at least 2 kinds of resources (food such as meat, eggs, and
milk; wool, hide) or skills (such as with some hunting dogs and pigeons).
Dual-purpose breeds, such as the Targhee and Columbia, are productive at two or more traits
(e.g., wool and meat). The East Friesian is the world's highest-producing dairy breed, producing
500–700 kg of milk per lactation with 6–7% milk fat.
Dual-purpose cattle systems (DPS) are defined as those where milk and meat are produced
simultaneously, cows are partially milked, the residual milk is consumed by their calves, feed is
mainly based on grazing .
 THARPARKAR
Tharparkar is a breed of cattle originating in Tharparkar District in Sindh province in present day
Pakistan and also found in neighbouring nation of India. It is a dual purpose breed known for
both its milking and draught potential. The cattle is of medium to large build and have white to
gray skin .
The Tharparkar breed has been named after the district in Sindh and Gujarat from which it
originates. This district has large stretches of sand dunes, and adequate grazing is only available
a few months after the monsoon rains (July to September). They are very well adapted to the
extreme climatic conditions and feed scarcity of their home tract.
Thari are medium-sized animals with a long tapering face, slightly convex forehead, medium-
sized horns that curve upward and outward, and large, semi-pendulous ears. They are generally
light-grey, with the colour deepening on the fore and hindquarters in males. A white stripe runs
along the backbone. The tail twitch is black. They have a well-developed, firm hump, medium
dewlap, deep barrel, and strong legs. The udder is medium-sized and strong. Cows are fairly
good milk producers. Adult males and females weigh 400-500 and 300-380 kg.
THARPARKAR
 ONGOLE

Ongole cattle is an indigenous cattle breed that originates from Prakasam District in the state of
Andhra Pradesh in India. The breed derives its name from the place the breed originates from,
Ongole. The Ongole breed of cattle, Bos indicus, has a great demand as it is said to possess
resistance to both foot and mouth disease and mad cow disease.[1] These cattle are commonly
used in bull fights in Mexico and some parts of East Africa due to their strength and
aggressiveness. They also participate in traditional bull fights in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu. Cattle breeders use the fighting ability of the bulls to choose the right stock for breeding in
terms of purity and strength.
Ongole cattle are efficiently used in their native home for both work and milk production. They
are usually docile and the bulls are very powerful, suitable for heavy plowing or car work but are
not considered to be suitable for fast work or trotting purposes. The cows are fair milkers.
White Healthy Ongole Cow at Price 40,000 INR/Number in Kolkata.
Ongole cattle are known for their toughness, rapid growth rate, and natural tolerance to tropical
heat and disease resistance. It was the first Indian breed of cattle to gain worldwide recognition.
ONGOLE
 DRAUGHT BREED

They are pulling carts and ploughing fields. The bulls are used for draught works. The cows are
poor milkers. Important examples are Amrithamahal, Kangayam, Malvi, and Hallikar. Dual-
purpose breeds : This is milk yield and draught works.
The Draught breed of cattle is Red Sindhi. They are exclusively meant for pulling carts and
plowing fields. Their body is well-built. The bulls are used for draught works. The cows of this
group are of high milk yielding variety with extended lactation periods.
They are exclusively meant for pulling carts and ploughing fields. They are well-built. The bulls
are used for draught works. The cows are poor milkers. Important examples are Amrithamahal,
Kangayam, Malvi, and Hallikar..
 MALVI
The Malvi or Malavi, also known as Manthani or Mahadeopuri, is breed of zebu cattle from the
Malwa plateau in western Madhya Pradesh, in central India. It is a good draught breed; the
milk yield of the cows is low.
Conservation status-FAO (2007): not at risk[1]: 58  Other names-Malavi
Manthani- Mahadeopuri Country of origin-India
Distribution-Madhya Pradesh
Use-draught
Weight -Male:average: 499 kg[2]
Female: average: 340 kg[2] Height- Male:140 cm[2]
Female: 130 cm[2]
Coat- white/grey
Horn status- lyre-shaped
The breed has been studied at the Government Cattle Breeding Farm at Agar, in Shajapur district
of Madhya Pradesh, for more than 50 years.
MALVI
 AMRITMAHAL

The Amrit Mahal is a breed of cattle that originated from the erstwhile state of Mysore in
Karnataka, India. They originated from the Hallikar and closely related breeds, Hagalavadi and
Chithradurg. Originally developed for use in war for transporting equipage,[1] the bullocks are
notable for their great endurance and speed. Their head is elongated with a ridge in the middle
and a bulging forehead. The cows in contrast are poor milk-yielders and hence, are classified to
be a draught breed.
The Amrit Mahal is one of the two breeds, along with Hallikar, which have received the royal
patronage and care from the erstwhile Vijayanagara Kingdom, sultans and princely state of
Mysore through conservation and development.Amrit Mahal was originally bred by the Hallikar
community traditionally known for cattle rearing and animal husbandry.[4] During Chikka
Devaraja Wadiyar's reign a department was created within his administration known as "Benne
chavadi" literally "butter
department" which maintained cows and bulls, branded (with his initial ೇ /Dē/) and maintained
for supplying butter and milk to the royal household. This was taken over by Hyder Ali and he
renamed the administrative unit as "Amrit Mahal". The British took an interest in these cattle
when Hyder Ali used them to move guns 100 miles in two days to Chelambram during the
Battle of Porto Novo and when Tipu Sultan used them to
march across south India in a month.
 EXOTIC BREED
crossbreeding. Exotic means foreign is not native. An exotic is developed somewhere and
brought to an area. An indigenous bred to me place will be exotic to another place. This exotic
breeds may experience difficulties due to environmental changes.
Exotic breeds require specific environment. The exotic breads of cattle population are under
intensive feeding system which consists of stall feeding in which the keeper has control over the
diet composition. while the indigenous varieties are under an extensive feeding system where
animals are let out for gazing.
The important exotic cattle breeds were Holstein-Frisian, Jersey, Brown-Swiss, Guernsey, Red
Dane etc.They are resistant to diseases as they are not easily attacked and thus can survive even
when there is an out diseases
2. Exotic breeds are normally characterized with higher growth rate and thus this ensures that
their productivity is very high.
Exotic animals are difficult to care for; some require large areas to live in, which the average
person doesn't have and they can have very big appetites. If the animal gets free, it could harm
and even kill its owner and others in the house.
 HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN

Holstein Friesians are a breed of dairy cattle that originated in the Dutch provinces of North
Holland and Friesland, and Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany. They are known as the
world's highest-producing dairy animals.
Mass: 580 kg (Female, Sexually mature, Adult) Height: 1.5 m (Female, Adult, At Shoulder)
Use: Dairy and meat (ground beef and roast beef)
Coat: Black and white patched coat (occasionally red and white)
Other names: Holstein cattle, Friesian cattle
They are good-natured, are easy to handle and can be stabled without any problems. They are
also resistant to stress, exhibit a herd mentality and are not solitary animals. Holsteins are more
than just a dairy breed.
Holstein Friesian (HF) is the official name of the breed in America. This breed was originally
developed in two provinces of Holland- North Holland & West Friesland and is descendents of
the wild cattle Bos primigenius. HF is one of the largest cattle breed with high milk
productivity
Dutch and German breeders developed the breed with the goal of producing animals that could
most efficiently use grass, the area's most abundant resource, as their food. Over the centuries,
the result was a high-producing, black-and-white dairy cow.
HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN
(H.F)
 BROWN SWISS

The Brown Swiss or American Brown Swiss is an American breed of dairy cattle. It derives
from the traditional triple-purpose Braunvieh ("Swiss Brown") of the Alpine region of Europe,
but has diverged substantially from it. It was selectively bred for dairy qualities only, and its
draft and beef capabilities were lost. Milk yield was measured in 2013 at 10231 kg (22600 lb)
per year.the milk has about 4% butterfat and 3.5% protein and is suitable for making cheese.
Conservation status-FAO (2007): not at risk[1]: 143  Other names- American Brown Swiss
Country of origin- United
States Distribution + world - wide
Use-dairy
cross-breeding
In English "Swiss Brown" refers to the original Braunvieh breed, as opposed to "Brown Swiss"
for the American breed.
In the twentieth century the Brown Swiss became a world breed, with a global population
estimated in 1990 at seven million head. It has been much used for cross-breeding and has
influenced a number of modern breeds.
BROWN SWIEE
 JERSEY

The Jersey is a British breed of small dairy cattle from Jersey, in the British Channel Islands. It is
one of three Channel Island cattle breeds, the others being the Alderney – now extinct – and the
Guernsey.
Use: dairy; draught
Height: Female: 115–120 cm (45–47 in)
Coat: variable
Distribution: world-wide Origin: Jersey, British Isles
Mass: 600 – 700 kg (Male), 350 – 400 kg
The average mature size for Jerseys is approximately 1,000 pounds and the range in weight and
height of mature Jersey cows is narrower compared to ranges described for larger dairy breeds.
The Jersey cattle are relatively a smaller sized dairy cattle breed. Their body color is usually
slightly red, deep brown, or mixed. They have a relatively long sized head, and they usually
have no hunchback. The tail of the Jersey cattle is black and as a dairy breed, their udder is
usually big.
JERSEY
 INDIAN BUFFALO BREEDS

The domestic or water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) belong to the family bovidae, sub-family
bovinae, genus bubalis and species arni or wild Indian buffalo. Buffalo are believed to have been
domesticated around 5000 years ago in the Indus Valley.
There are total 231 breeds of cattle in the world out of which 26 are in India. Most indigenous
cattle breeds in the tropics are multipurpose (milk, meat, draught) and that only a few breeds
have good milk potential. Indian cattle breeds of cattle are classified in to three types as
under:The buffalo species originated in India. The present day domesticated buffaloes are the
descendants of Bos arni found in wild state even today in north-eastern parts of India specially
Assam and the surrounding areas. The buffaloes are normally classified into river ad swamp
types though both are called Bubalus bublis.India has been blessed with a large repository of
indigenous bovine population with rich bio-diversity. There are 50 well-defined breeds of cattle
and 17 breeds of buffaloes.
 MURRAH

The Murrah buffalo is a breed of water buffalo mainly kept for milk production. It originates in
Haryana and Punjab of India, where it is kept in the districts of Bhiwani, Hisar, Rohtak, Jind,
Jhajhar, Fatehabad, Gurgaon and the capital region of Delhi.
Origin: Haryana
Weight: Male: 750 kg; Female: 650 kg
Height: Male: 4.9 foot ca. 142 cm; Female: 4.7 foot ca. 133 cm
Use: Dairy
Coat: Black
Conservation status: Domesticated
A Murrah buffalo milk yield usually ranges from 10 liters per day to 16 liters per day. There are
also buffaloes that yield more than 16 liters but their price will be higher. Murrah buffalo yield
ranges in the range of 2500 to 3600 liters per lactati.
Murrah buffalo is the most preferred choice of many dairy farmers in Indian dairy farm
business. Murrah breed is also known as “Delhi”, “Kundi.
The lactation length is about 300 days in the Murrah breed and about 320 days in the Nili-Ravi
breed. Milk yields range from 1500 to 1800 kg for the first lactation with a steady increase to a
peak in the fourth lactation, and are then maintained at peak levels until the ninth lactation.
MURRAH
 NILI RAVI

Nili-Ravi is a breed of domestic water buffalo of Punjab. It is distributed principally in Pakistan

and India, concentrated in the Punjab region. It is similar to the Murrah breed of buffalo, and is
reared mainly for dairy use.
Height: : Male: 135 cm: 69 ; Female: 125 cm: 69 ;
Use: dairy
Distribution: : Bangladesh; China; India; Pakistan; Philippines; Sri Lanka;
Brazil; Venezuela;
Other names: Nili Ravi
It is similar to the Murrah breed of buffalo, and is reared mainly for dairy use. The average milk
yield is approximately 2000 kg per year; the record yield is 6535 kg in a lactation of 378 days.
The Nili-Ravi buffalo breed has a wedge shaped body with massive frame. These animals are
mostly black in color, but often have white markings on the forehead, face, muzzle and lower
parts of the legs (due to which it is also called 'Panj Kalyan'). Their horns are small and curly and
have wall eyes.
NILI RAVI
 JAFFRA

It is one of the important buffalo breeds of India and Pakistan. The Jafarabadi buffalo is also the
first buffalo breed exported to Brazil, and is also one.
They are very good milkers. Average milk yield of the animals is 2239 kilo grams per lactation
with a fat % of
7.7. The lactation yield ranges from 2150 to 2340 Kg. Jaffara is one of the heaviest buffalo
breeds and is a native of Saurashtra region of Gujarat around Gir forest. It is also known as
Bhavanagri.
Jaffarabadi is one of the heaviest buffalo breeds and is a native of Saurashtra region of Gujarat
around Gir forest. It is also known as Bhavanagri, Gir or Jaffari. It is named after the town of
Jaffarabad of Gujarat state. The breeding tract includes Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh,
Porbandar and Rajkot districts of Gujarat state. The animals weigh up to 700 Kgs (average) and
female animals may weigh 620 kgs (average). The animal have a big dome shaped forehead with
flat, thick, downwardly curved horns. The bulge of forehead sometimes covers eyelids also.
Horns exhibit wide variation, but usually emerge out by compressing the head, go downward
sideways, then upward and inward finally forming a ring like structure. Horn shape is peculiar in
this breed.
JAFFRA
 MILK PRODUCTION IN INDIA

India is the largest milk producer. India is ranked 1st in milk production contributing 23 per cent
of global milk production. Milk production in the country has grown at a compound annual
growth rate of about 6.2 per cent to reach 209.96 mn tonnes in 2020-21 from 146.31 mn tonnes
in 2014-15 .
A whitish liquid containing proteins, fats, lactose, and various vitamins and minerals that is
produced by the mammary glands of all mature female mammals after they have given birth
and serves as nourishment for their young.
The milk of cows, goats, or other animals, used as food by humans. Any of various potable
liquids resembling milk, such as coconut milk or soymilk. A liquid resembling milk in
consistency, such as milkweed sap or milk of magnesia. Milk production in the country has
increased from 146.3 million tonnes in 2014-15 to 198.4 million tonnes in 2019-20,” the survey
said. Compared to 2018-19, it has increased by 5.70 percent according to th government data.
It also added that as per a study on the demand for milk conducted by the National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB), the estimated demand for 2030 at an all India level is 266.5
million metric tonnes for milk and milk products.
 INDIAN DAIRY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT

World Milk Production -

In 2001 India became the world leader in milk production with a production volume of 84
million tons, followed closely by the USA.
‘Dairy’ Animals -

Although achieving relatively similar total milk production, India keeps over three
times the number of cattle as the USA. In addition, 94 million buffalo contribute to milk
production in India.
Dairy Farm Structures -
The vast majority (over 80 percent) of ‘dairy animals’ in India are kept in farms of 2 to 8
animals. While the average Indian ‘dairy’ herd consists of 2 animals, the average farm in the
USA keeps 88 dairy cows while herds in New Zealand hold an average of 236 dairy cows.
Milk Yields -

Average annual milk yields in the above mentioned countries suggest that one New Zealand
dairy cow produces as much milk as five Indian ‘dairy animals’ while one dairy cow in the
USA produces as much as ten Indian ‘dairy animals’. This dramatic difference can be
explained by various factors such as genetics, feeding, management, technology, etc.
about which a great amount of scientific knowledge exists.
Milk Prices -

India and New Zealand have very similar milk prices at about 18 US $/100 kg FCM. The
USA and countries of the European Union, Germany for instance, have various and
generous farm subsidies which more than double the milk prices received by their
farmers.
Milk Production per Capita -

Due to its high human population and the comparatively low milk yield of its dairy animals,
India has a very low per capita milk production. The opposite holds for New Zealand where milk
yield per animal is high . Skimmed milk powder, casein products, butter, ghee, cheese, cream
and curd are the several kinds of milk products that are exported by India. Among these,
skimmed milk powder saw the largest growth at 292 per cent. Turkey, UAE, Egypt, Bangladesh
and Bhutan are the major markets for India's dairy exports.
 RECENT DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Developments of Milk Production in India

2001 shows a production volume of 130 percent of that in 1995. Interestingly, milk production
from buffalo, local cattle, and crossbred cattle has experienced virtually identical growth rates.
Regional Shares of the Indian Milk Production

While the Northern region has experienced a decline in its relative contribution to national milk
production, the share contributed by the East has increased. The Southern and Western regions
have maintained their position.
Development of the Daily Milk Yields
Between 1995 and 2000, daily milk yields have
increased at a faster rate for local cattle (+34 percent) and buffaloes (+17 percent) than
for crossbred cows, whose daily yields declined by 5 percent in the same period.
Development of the Numbers of ‘Dairy Animals’ From 1995 to 2001, the number of local
cattle has remained constant while the number of buffaloes and crossbred cows have
increased by 10 percent and 50 percent respectively.
Development of Milk Prices

Over the past five years, milk prices in India have decreased from 22 to 18 US$/ 100 Kg FCM (-
18 percent). This decline in milk price is however mainly attributable to the devaluation of the
Indian Rupee. India has the highest level of milk production and consumption of all countries.
The annual production was 186 million tonnes as of 2018. As of 2020, approximately 4.2% of
India's gross domestic product was due to dairy production. In 2019, the Indian dairy sector was
reported to be growing at 4.9% yearly.
Indian Dairy farming took a positive turn of events when the central government formed the
National Dairy Development Board (NDBB) in the year 1965. An Exponential rise in the
farming activity was noticed during the 70s when NDBB introduced “Operation Flood. Dairy
production in the Indian subcontinent has historical roots that go back 8,000 years to the
domestication of zebu cattle. Dairy products, especially milk, were consumed on the
subcontinent at least from the Vedic period. In the mid- to late 20th century, Operation Flood
transformed the Indian dairy industry into the world's largest. Previously, milk production in
India occurred mainly on household farms.
The economic impact of the dairy industry in India is substantial. Most of the milk produced
comes from buffalo; cow milk is a close second, and goat milk a distant third. A large variety of
dairy products are produced in India. Dairy imports into India are negligible and subject to
tariffs. The domestic industry is regulated by government agencies such as Ministry of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries; National Dairy Development Board; and Food Safety and
Standards Authority of India.
 MARKETING CHANNELS FOR DAIRY PRODUCT

It is estimated that around 15 percent of the milk produced in India is marketed through formal
channels while the remaining 85 percent is informally handled. Fluid milks are by far the most
popular milk products. In the informal sector, the consumer has direct and daily contact with the
creamery, milkman or farmer, and
their own home containers are used for the transport of the milk purchased. In rural areas,
whole buffalo milk is the preferred milk. In the formal sector, fluid milk is commonly sold in
plastic bags of 0,5 and 1 kg. (Tetra pack 1-Ltr containers are rarely found in the state
of Haryana, and if so usually with the brand-name Nestle). Creamless milk, called Spreta, is
very well accepted and represents over 85 percent of the milk volume sold by either the
creamery or milkman. The cream taken out (by the informal sector) is sold directly to
households, restaurants, and sweet shops or converted into butter and ghee. Milk
processing is mainly carried out by the formal sector (production of butter, ghee,
cheeses, yoghurt, etc.) and by some players in the informal sector such as sweet and tea
shops, restaurants and households. Milk flows between the formal and informal sectors,
mainly as creamless milk sold by the creameries and or the milkmen to processing
plants. Dairy plants will then remove some more fat and sell the remaining fluid milk as Double
Toned milk (about 1,5 percent fat).
Rural consumers pay about the same price for whole milk (6 percent fat) as the urban consumer
pays for very low fat milk (1,5 percent fat). The diagram on the next page shows a simplified
version of the main milk marketing channels in the formal and informal sectors. There are two
types of marketing channel for dairy products. First one is Fluid milk channels and the second
one is Processed dairy product channels
Fluid milk channels:
Fluid milk marketing methods have changed considerably over the years. In the 1930s, over 75
percent of all milk was home delivered. Sometimes, we can see that milk delivered seven days
per week or it may be in quart-sized glass containers.
During the 2nd world war, as an economy measure, delivery was cut to every other day. In
the 1950s, only
50 percent of milk was delivered to the home. That’s why producers introduce
disposable containers. By the 1970s, 90 percent of all fluid milk was sold in grocery
stores. Moreover, most milk containers were disposable. But a variety of container was
available. Fluid milk processing is characterized as an oligopolistic industry.
Processed dairy product channels:
Processed dairy products, such as cheese, butter, yogurt, sweets, ice-cream, chocolate, are less
bulky and perishable than fluid milk. This means they can be produced near areas of
concentrated milk production and shipped to distant markets. However, Processed dairy
products can be stored for considerable periods of time. This also influences their marketing
and pricing patterns. Processed dairy product marketing channels have undergone
decentralization, like so many other food industries. The ice cream was made locally and
distributed through ice cream parlors in earlier years. The chain store and supermarket
revolutions, along with the growth of large, national dairy companies, altered these market
channels and encouraged more direct sales. Today, supermarkets are the chief outlet for
processed dairy products. And dairy processors ship directly to chain store warehouses or to
individual retail stores.
There are two grades of firm milk- fluid Grade A and manufacturing Grade B. grade A milk
meets strict sanitary standards and is eligible for sale to the consumer as beverage milk. Grade B
milk meets somewhat lower standards, which are acceptable because it undergoes processing at
higher temperatures than pasteurized fluid milk. This grading system makes a difference in
price setting.
 ANALYSIS OF THE DAIRY SECTOR IN UP

The Uttar Pradesh dairy market is significantly supporting the growth of the dairy industry in
India, which attained a value of almost USD 144.55 billion in the year 2020. The industry in
India is further expected to grow at a CAGR of 6% between 2021 and 2026 to reach a value of
almost USD 205.04 billion by 2026.
The Uttar Pradesh dairy market is driven by an increasing population and escalating
disposable incomes in India. On account of this, a majority of the population is willing to spend
more on milk and milk products. In addition to this, altering food habits and increasing health-
consciousness amongst the consumers are some of the factors that have led to an accelerated
shift towards organic dairy products. As a result, the growth of the industry in India is propelled
forward, along with the market in Uttar Pradesh. Due to the rising working population, the
market is witnessing a soaring demand for ready-to-eat products. Furthermore, the Government
of India has offered various subsidies to promote the production of dairy products. The market
growth might be hampered the perishable nature of these products, along with their low shelf-life
and their requirement of a reliable and cost-effective cold chain transportation infrastructure,
which is not adequately available in India.
 RECENT DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN UP
Dairy development programmes have its own a glorious history in the tield of cooperative. The
establishment of the ‘Katra Cooperative Milk society Allahabad’ in 1917 was the first emergence
of cooperatives in the milk trade not only in the state but also in the country itself. However
there was not much progress in this direction for the next two decades. In the year 1938, the
country’s first milk union ‘Lucknow Milk Producers Cooperative Union Ltd.’ was set up in
Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh.The Dairy Development Department was started in the
year 1962. The initial thrust of the department was on the establishment of processing facilities
in a few major centres of the state. Today department's activities are focused on the holistic
development of the dairy sector in the state. Department is concerned about the socio-economic
stability of dairy farmers in the state and envisages and implements various projects and schemes
targeting the dairy sector. The department is also the nodal agency for fodder development
activities. The policies and strategies adopted by the department aim at strengthening the dairy
cooperative sector as well. Department's quality control activities are focused on ensuring fresh,
safe and quality milk at the procurement level and thereby ensuring the same to the consumers of
the state. The average annual production of state is approximately 25.49 metric tonnes out of
which dairy cooperatives procure a considerable quantity.
 NATURAL CONDITIONS AND FARMS STRUCTURE IN UP

Natural Conditions
Temperature- experiences moderate and high temperatures throughout the year with only slight
variation between seasons.
Rainfall- Summer is the rainy season in Haryana.
However, the state has a good irrigation
system, which makes farmers relatively independent of rainfall.
State Farmland Structure
Up counts on a total 4,421,200 hectares. From this, 80 percent (3,552,000 ha) are cultivated and
about 65 percent (2,888,000 ha) are irrigated. Paddy (rice), (winter) wheat and sugarcane are the
main crops in the irrigated zone (Mustard, cotton, and pulses in non-irrigated land). The irrigated
land is found mostly on the eastern, northern and some parts of western Haryana. Lastly, canals
and wells are utilised to irrigate
99.4 percent of the irrigated land in the state.
Farm Structure in rural areas (Survey of 6 villages)
As official statistics on the specific farm structure in UP do not exist but given that overall
98 percent of the Indian milk production takes place in rural areas, a survey of six villages
in UP was undertaken to obtain some baseline information.
Rural UP was divided into two major areas, irrigated and rainfed. Farms in the Irrigated Area
About 90 percent of the dairy farms in the irrigated zones have one or two, usually two, ‘dairy’
animals and own up to one hectare of land. The remaining 10 percent of
farms have an average herd size of 4 dairy animals. Only the two smaller farms
included in this study are located in the irrigated area. Farms in the Rainfed Area Although
farmers in this area have larger landholdings, the herds are smaller. Over 95 percent of the
farms own between one and two dairy animals and the remaining 5 percent usually do not
own more than three dairy animals. No farms from this area are included in this study.
Farm selected for the analysis The rural farms IN2 (landless) and IN4 (with land) represent
the two milk production systems dominating rural Haryana and over
98 percent of the rural dairy farms. The farms IN22 (peri-urban; with land) and IN37 (urban;
without land) represent fast growing farm types in Haryana. Although urban and peri-urban areas
were not surveyed, the inclusion of these farm types provides a valuable picture of the effects of
economies of scale and location on UP dairy farm types.
 CONCLUSION

Milk and its derivatives are proposed as being useful foods throughout all life periods, in
particular during childhood and adolescence, when their contents of calcium, protein,
phosphorus, and other micronutrients might promote skeletal, muscular, and neurologic
development.
What we are witnessing today are concerted efforts towards increased milk production through
promotion of dairying in high potential areas. Unfortunately there is no parallel effort directed
towards post production handling of surplus milk. With the collapse of the TDL, this
development endeavour has been threatened with stagnation. Milk consumption level has
dropped. High prices and falling standard of living seem to be the most important contributing
factors. We need to address this situation at earliest possible time. Milk processing and
marketing strategies has to be developed. Small scale producers need to be mobilized to form
producer - processor cooperatives at grass root level. MOA has a vital roll to play; using its
Cooperative department in
Milk being bulky and highly perishable collection and processing need to be well located. Cost
effective methods must be employed to keep prices of dairy products at levels where most
consumers can afford. Advertising and promotion will form an essential part.
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