Hwk19b Solns F03-Triangular Region.

Mathematics 205
HWK 19b Solutions

Section 16.2 p750
Problem 3, 16.2, p750. Evaluate
1
0
2
0
(x
2
y) dy dx.
Solution.
1
0
2
0
(x
2
y) dy dx =
1
0
x
2
2
0
y dy
dx =
1
0
x
2
y
2
2
2
0
dx
=
1
0
2x
2
dx =
2x
3
3
1
0
=
2
3
Problem 9, 16.2, p750. For the region R as shown, write

R
f dA as an iterated integral.
Solution. Note that the equation for the line that determines the bottom edge of R is y =
1
3
(x1).
It will be easier to integrate with respect to y rst (and thus shoot vertical arrows to determine
the inside limits of integration). Shooting a vertical arrow, as shown, through the region R, we see
that the arrow enters the region when y =
1
3
(x1) and leaves the region when y = 2. So the inner
integral will be over the vertical interval [
1
3
(x 1), 2]. For these intervals to sweep out R, we need
to have x vary from x = 1 to x = 4. Or, putting it dierently, the leftmost arrow that actually hits
the region would be the arrow for x = 1. Similarly, the rightmost arrow that hits R would be for
x = 4. Thus the interval of integration for the outer integral will be [1, 4]. In summary, we have
R
f dA =
4
1
2
1
3
(x1)
f(x, y) dy dx.
Note that, as always, the limits of integration only depend on the region R that we are integrating
over. They do not depend on the function f that is being integrated.
Page 1 of 10 A. Sontag November 14, 2003
Math 205 HWK 19b Solns continued
16.2 p751

R
xy dA, where R is the triangular region for which
x + y 1, x 0, y 0.
Solution. Here is a sketch of the region R.
Theres a lot of symmetry here, and it really wont matter which order we integrate in. Note that
the equation for the top, slanted edge of the region R is x + y = 1. If we shoot vertical arrows (so
rst x x and integrate with respect to y), a vertical arrow for xed x will enter R when y = 0
and leave R when y = 1 x. Then x will have to vary over the interval from x = 0 to x = 1. This
gives us
R
xy dA =
1
0
x
1x
0
y dy
dx =
1
0
x
y
2
2
1x
0
dx =
1
0
1
2
x(1 x)
2
dx.
To complete the integration, one method is to expand the polynomial. Writing x(1 x)
2
=
x 2x
2
+ x
3
we have
1
0
1
2
x(1 x)
2
dx =
1
0
x
2
x
2
+
x
3
2
dx =
x
2
4

x
3
3
+
x
4
8
1
0
=
1
4

1
3
+
1
8
=
1
24
0.0416667
Combining these results, we have
R
xy dA =
1
24
0.0416667.
Alternatively, one can do the nal integration using integration by parts. With u = x and dv =
(1 x)
2
, so that du = dx and v =
(1x)
3
3
, we have
x(1 x)
2
dx = x(1 x)
2
+
(1 x)
3
3
dx = x(1 x)
2
(1 x)
4
12
.
16.2 p751
This gives us
R
xy dA =
1
0
1
2
x(1 x)
2
dx =
1
2
x(1 x)
2
1
24
(1 x)
4
1
0
=
1
24
the same result as obtained above.
If you choose to shoot horizontal arrows, integrating rst with respect to x and then with respect
to y, the calculations turn out to be identically the same, but with x and y reversed. (This is
because the integrand doesnt change when x and y are switched, and nor does the description of
the region of integration.) To be specic, youll have
R
xy dA =
1
0
y
1y
0
x dx
dy = =
1
24
.

R
(2x + 3y)
2
dA, where R is the triangular region with
vertices (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 0).
Solution. Heres a sketch of the region showing the equations for the top two sides.
As the sketch suggests, it will work best to shoot horizontal arrows, integrating rst with respect
to x. The alternative would require us to set up two separate double iterated integrals, compute
them, and add to get the integral we want. Shooting a horizontal arrow for xed y, the arrow will
enter R when x = y 1 (from the equation on the top left) and leave when x = 1 y (from the
equation on the top right). Then we need to have y vary from 0 to 1. This gives us
R
(2x + 3y)
2
dA =
1
0
1y
y1
(2x + 3y)
2
dxdy.
16.2 p751
Again, we have a couple of options for performing the remaining calculation. One is to expand
the integrand and integrate term by term. Better yet, expand and notice that the integral of the
middle term will vanish (i.e. will have the value 0) because of the symmetry in the integrand and
the region of integration). Using this method we have
R
(2x + 3y)
2
dA =
R
(4x
2
+ 12xy + 9y
2
) dA
=
R
4x
2
dA +
R
12xy dA +
R
9y
2
dA
=
R
4x
2
dA + 0 +
R
9y
2
dA
=
1
0
1y
y1
(4x
2
+ 9y
2
) dx dy
=
1
0
4x
3
3
+ 9xy
2
x=1y
x=y1
dy
=
1
0
4(1 y)
3
3

4(y 1)
3
3
+ 18y
2
18y
3
dy
=
(1 y)
4
3

(y 1)
4
3
+ 6y
3
9y
4
2
1
0
= 0 0 + 6
9
2
[
1
3

1
3
+ 0 0]
= 6
9
2
+
2
3
=
13
6
.
Another option would be to leave the integrand as is and use tiny substitutions to nd the an-
tiderivatives we need. In other words, we could compute as follows:
R
(2x + 3y)
2
dA =
1
0
1y
y1
(2x + 3y)
2
dx dy =
1
0
(2x + 3y)
3
2 3
x=1y
x=y1
dy
=
1
6
1
0
(2 + y)
3
(5y 2)
3
dy
=
1
6
1
4
(2 + y)
4
1
5 4
(5y 2)
4
1
0
=
1
24
81
81
5
16
16
5
=
1
24
4
5
(81 16)
=
65
30
=
13
6
as above.
16.2 p751
Problem 25, 16.2, p750. Consider the integral

4
0
(y4)/2
0
g(x, y) dx dy.
(a) Sketch the region over which the integration is being performed.
(b) Write the integral with the order of the integration reversed.
Solution. (a) The inner integral is with respect to x and x varies from 0 to
1
2
(y 4). This tells
us that a horizontal arrow through the region hits the region at x = 0 and leaves at x =
1
2
(y 4).
So the line x = 0, i.e. the y-axis, will form the left edge of the region, while the line x =
1
2
(y 4),
or 2x = y + 4, will form the right edge of the region. Sketch this much, notice that the line
2x = y + 4 hits the y-axis exactly at y = 4. So the region will have a topmost point at y = 4 on
the y axis. Finally, the outer integral tells us that the bottom edge of the region is formed by
the x-axis, where y = 0. Putting the pieces together gives us the sketch (shown with a horizontal
arrow):
(b) To reverse the order of integration, we use the sketch of the region but begin by shooting a
vertical arrow. We will also need to rewrite the equation of the top side in order to have y as a
function of x. Solving x =
1
2
(y 4) for y in terms of x we nd y = 4 2x. Use a new sketch:
16.2 p751
With x xed, a vertical arrow enters the region where y = 0 and leaves it where y = 4 2x.
We need to use vertical arrows for x between 0 and 2. Thus the reversed iterated integral is
2
0
42x
0
g(x, y) dy dx.
Problem 29, 16.2, p750. Evaluate the integral

1
0
2 + x
3
dxdy by reversing the order
of integration.
Solution. Begin by sketching the region of integration. For the iterated integral we are given,
the inner integral tells us that for xed y, a horizontal arrow (shot in the direction of increasing
x) will enter the region when x =

y and leave the region when x = 1. Thus the left side of the
region has the equation x =
y as its boundary curve, and the right side is the line x = 1. Sketch
this much. Notice that x =

y meets x = 1 where (x, y) = (1, 1), and the top limit on the outer
integral is given as y = 1, so the intersection point of the parabola and the line x = 1 is the top
point of the region. Since the outer integral has y = 0 as the lower limit of integration, the line
y = 0, i.e. the x-axis, forms the lower edge of the region. Thus the sketch (showing a typical
horizontal arrow) for the iterated integral we are given would look like this. (Note: the region does
extend to (0, 0) on the left. The sketch doesnt quite show that, because the scale makes it hard
to distinguish the parabola from the axis.)
To reverse the order of integration, imagine shooting a vertical arrow. For xed x, the corresponding
vertical arrow enters the region when y = 0 and leaves it when it hits the parabola, so when y = x
2
.
Thus the new sketch
16.2 p751
gives us the reversed iterated integral
1
0
x
2
0
2 + x
3
dy dx.
Now evaluate:
1
0
x
2
0
2 + x
3
dy dx =
1
0
x
2
2 + x
3
dx
=
2
3
(2 + x
3
)
3
2
3 3
=
2 3
3
9

2 2
2
9
=
2
9
(3
3 2
2).
Problem 39, 16.2, p750. Find the volume under the graph of 2x + y + z = 4 in the rst
octant.
Solution. The graph of 2x + y + z = 4 is a plane that intercepts the z-axis where z = 4 and
slants downward as it moves into the rst octant, eventually intercepting the y-axis (and leaving
the rst octant) at y = 4, similarly intercepting the x-axis (and leaving the rst octant) where
x = 2. It meets the xy-plane (i.e. the plane z = 0) in the line 2x+y = 4. Thus the volume we want
can be viewed as the volume of the solid region that lies underneath the graph of z = 4 2x y,
and above the rst-quadrant portion of the xy-plane, having as its bottom face a triangle in the
xy-plane, namely the triangle bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, and 2x + y = 4. Heres a sketch
of the slanted top, along with a sketch of the full tetrahedron.
16.2 p751
And heres a sketch of the triangular base in the xy-plane, which Ill call T.
The volume we want is given by the integral
T
(4 2x y) dA. We can use the sketch of T
to rewrite this as an iterated integral. If you decide to integrate with respect to y rst, shoot
horizontal arrows and write the desired volume as
2
0
42x
1
(4 2x y) dy dx.
If you integrate with respect to x rst, shoot vertical arrows and write the volume as
4
0
4y
2
0
(4 2x y) dxdy.
16.2 p751
Heres a calculation that evaluates, using the rst of these two options.
Volume =
2
0
42x
0
(4 2x y) dy dx
=
2
0
(4 2x)y
y
2
2
y=42x
y=0
dx
=
2
0
1
2
(4 2x)
2
dx
=
1
2
(4 2x)
3
3(2)
2
0
= 0 +
4
3
4 3
=
16
3
.
Problem 45, 16.2, p750. The function f(x, y) = ax + by has an average value of 20 on the
rectangle 0 x 2, 0 y 3.
(a) What can you say about the constants a and b?
(b) Find two dierent choices for f that have average value 20 on the rectangle, and give their
contour diagrams on the rectangle
Solution. (a) We know that the average value for f(x, y) over some region R in the xy-plane is
the ratio
R
f(x, y) dA
R
1 dA
.
The numerator represents the area of R, which in this case is 6. Evaluate the numerator, with
f(x, y) = ax + by and R the specied rectangle:
R
f(x, y) dA =
3
0
2
0
(ax + by) dxdy
=
3
0
1
2
ax
2
+ bxy
x=2
x=0
dy
=
3
0
(2a + 2by) dy
=

2ay + by
2
y=3
y=0
= 6a + 9b.
Thus the average value in question is
1
6
(6a + 9b), which we are told must be 20. So we must have
6a + 9b = 120 or 2a + 3b = 40. This is as much as we can say about a and b.
16.2 p751
(b) All we have to do to nd two dierent choices for f that will have the right average value is to
pick two pairs of values for a and b that make 2a + 3b = 40. For instance, we could use a = 8 and
b = 8; or we could use a = 2 and b = 18. There are lots of other possiblities. Ill leave it to you
to do contour diagrams. The contours will be straight lines, of course, equally spaced for equal
increments in the f-value.

Hwk19b Solns F03-Triangular Region.

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Mathematics 205

HWK 19b Solutions

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