JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Fabrication and Characterization of False Banana (Enset) Fiber

Reinforced Gypsum Composite for False Ceiling

Group members
Name Id.No
1. Abdulbare Kelil……………………..Ru 0039/07
2. Aklilu W/mikael…………………….Ru 0143/07
3. Batiru Wubshet……………………...Ru 0287/07
4. Habtamu Wondimu………………….Ru 0838/07
5. Iyasu Wagari………………………...Ru 0950/07
6. Obsa Dajane………………………....Ru 1380/07

Advisor: Nahom Enkubahri

Declaration
This is to certify that the proposal thesis prepared by group One Members on fabrication and
characterization of enset fiber reinforced gypsum composite for false ceiling and submit in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for bachelor degrees of Material Science and Engineering.

Mr. Nahom Enkubahri …………. ………….

Advisor Signature Date

II
Acknowledgements
Above all, we would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to our Almighty God for his value
cares, support, charity and willingness who help us through our life, our gratitude thanks goes to
our advisor Mr. Nahom Enkubahri for his valuable effort for the process of our proposal and for
his constructive and harmonious comments which have given us bench mark for his instance
with us.

III
Abstract
Buildings are large consumers of energy due to global warming. In regions with harsh climatic
conditions, a substantial share of energy goes to heat and cool buildings. Thus heating and air-
conditioning load can be reduced through many means of insulation. The proper use of thermal
insulation in buildings does not only contribute in reducing the required air-conditioning system
size but also in reducing the annual energy cost. In recent years natural fibers have been the
important part of research community as the world is threatened by the synthetic fibers and its
harmfulness as being non-degradable in nature. Gypsum (CaSO 4.2H2O) as matrix and natural
fibers (like false banana fiber.) as reinforcement will not only be used as thermal insulator but
also as light-weight material. These composites should possess the properties such as lower
thermal conductivity, low density, and ease of workability. The false banana (enset) fiber
gypsum composites should possess the basic requirement of being an insulator for buildings. The
aim of this research consists on improvement of thermal properties and lightness of gypsum
plaster by combining it with false banana (enset) fiber by Experimental investigation has been
carried out to find out the effect of false banana fiber at different weight percentages of 0, 10, 20
and 30 to modify gypsum plaster made by using hand lay-up techniques were intended in false
ceiling for internal house construction. The finding was that 20 wt.% of false banana fiber mixed
gypsum gave optimum properties and was found out to be better than other weight percentages
combinations .This restriction averagely decided due to improved thermal properties of gypsum
plaster and increasing water absorption of the composite material by addition of false banana
fiber.
Key words: Gypsum, Enset fiber, thermal insulation, false ceiling, hand lay-up techniques,
lightness, improved thermal properties and water absorption.

IV
Table of Contents

Contents
Declaration..................................................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................................II
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................................III
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective...........................................................................................................................................2
1.3.1General Objectives.....................................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Specific Objectives....................................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope of the Study............................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................3
2.1 Composite Materials........................................................................................................................3
2.2 Classification of the Fiber...............................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Synthetic Fiber..........................................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Natural Fiber.............................................................................................................................5
2.3 Properties of Natural Fibers...........................................................................................................9
2.3.1 Physical and Tensile Properties of False Banana Fiber.........................................................9
2.4 Matrix Materials..............................................................................................................................9
2.4.1 Gypsum as Matrix..................................................................................................................10
2.5 Previous Research Works.............................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE - MATERIALS, METHODS AND FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE FOR
FALSE CEILING....................................................................................................................................12
3.1 Materials.........................................................................................................................................12
3.1.1 False Banana Fiber.................................................................................................................12
3.1.2 Gypsum....................................................................................................................................12
3.2 Sample Preparation Method.........................................................................................................12
3.2.1 Preparation of continuous False Banana Fiber and gypsum...............................................12
3.2.2 Preparing specimen mold for experimental test...................................................................13

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 3.2.3 Weight and Volume Fraction of the Fiber and the Matrix Content of the Composite......13
3.2.4 Calculation to Find the Mass Composition of the Composite Material..............................14
3.3 Composite Fabrication Process.....................................................................................................14
3.3.1 Method of Fabrication............................................................................................................14
3.3.2 Basic Processing Steps............................................................................................................15
3.3.3 Composite fabrication............................................................................................................16
3.4 Characterization of false banana (Enset) fiber reinforced gypsum composite.........................16
3.4.1 Thermal properties (thermal insulation)..............................................................................16
3.4.2 Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA).....................................................................................18
3.4.3 Physical Properties.................................................................................................................18
3.5 Expected result...............................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FOUR-COST BUDGET......................................................................................................20
References................................................................................................................................................20

List of figure and table

Figure 1 : Classification of composites........................................................................................................4
Figure 2 : Classification of Natural Fibers...................................................................................................6
Figure 3 : False banana (Enset) plant...........................................................................................................7
Figure 4 : Enset fiber (kancha)....................................................................................................................8
Figure 5 : Gypsum powder........................................................................................................................10
Figure 7 : Flowchart of fabrication process of composite using HLU.......................................................15

Table 1 : Comparison of Chemical Composition and Tensile Properties of Enset Fiber with Other Natural
Plant Fiber. [4].............................................................................................................................................9
Table 2 : The desire Composition of gypsum and enset fiber....................................................................12

Abbreviation and Acronyms

ASTM-American standard for testing materials
µm-micrometer
cm - centimeter
mm - millimeter
FBF-False banana fiber
EV-Enset ventricum
Gpa- Gigga Pascal

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MPa-Mega Pascal
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Energy consumption in building continues to increase, the improvement of energy efficiency is
necessary to reduce this consumption. Thermal properties enhancement of building materials is
one of the tracks that aim to contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. An
analysis of conductive heat transfer through the material is very important in an energy-efficient
building design. Thus, the knowledge of thermal properties, particularly thermal conductivity
and thermal diffusivity of material construction, are of great importance. Now days, a researcher
stimulate to find a new material that meet a socioeconomic expectation and environmental
preservation drives the use of natural fiber [3].

A composite is a material prepared by combining two or more different material in such a way
that the resultant material advanced with properties to any of its parental ones [2]. For instance,
the Enset fibers gypsum composites are the important material that have many advantageous
properties of insulating against heat and light weight, low cost and low density makes it suitable
to be as raw materials of false ceiling in building. As the climatic conditions are extreme in
environment, these composites used as false ceiling panels or tiles create comfortable confines in
the houses.
Worldwide commercial buildings utilizes huge amount of electrical energy to keep working
atmosphere comfortable and pleasant, this electrical energy is lost due to heat dissipation through
walls and ceilings, hence load on air-conditioning will increase. This insulating composite can
reduce heat loss by saving valuable energy and cost

In the past few decades, gypsum has been used as a finishing material for walls and ceilings. Due
to its excellent performance [3], gypsum has made attractive appearance and its healthful
contribution to living conditions have made most popular finishing material for applications. In
addition, the availability in subsoil, relative low cost, easy handling characteristics are suitable
for different applications, making the gypsum a widely used construction material. However,
gypsum has some undesirable characteristics, such as heaviness, brittleness:-impeding exterior
application. Heaviness and brittleness may be appreciably reduced by combining gypsum with

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mineral particles or natural fiber and possible with synthetic fiber but it has great opposite impact
on environments.
A lot of researches have been conducted on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites but
researches on false banana fiber based polymer composites on an isotropic gypsum resin
composites is very rare[1]. Against this background, the present research work has been
undertaken-, with the objective of investigating the thermal and physical characterization of
different fiber ratio of Composites. The focus of this thesis, false banana fiber reinforced with
gypsum to create new composite materials for false ceiling, thereby improving fiber weight
composition in gypsum.
They also minimize the opposing impact on the environment [1]. False banana fiber (FBF), a
lingo-cellulosic fiber, obtained from the pseudo-stem of false banana plant (Musa sepientum), is
a bast fiber with relatively good physical and thermal properties. False banana fiber is widely
available among natural fibers in south western parts of Ethiopia.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Most researchers studied the mechanical properties of enset fiber reinforced different composite
materials with varying weight ratio of enset fiber but as far as we know thermal properties of
false banana (enset) fiber with gypsum plaster hasn’t been studied yet. Testing thermal
properties of these composites important issue to identifying thermal insulation of it used in
construction.

Ethiopia has a considerable amount of false banana plant (especially in south western part of
Ethiopia), which has a great potential for the use of structural material. However, the
contribution of false banana plant for agro economic sector of the country is negligible.
Moreover, as result of lack of awareness of this plant and unavailability of experimental tools,
research on contribution of false banana fiber has not been sufficiently conducted before. On the
other hand, large amount synthetic fibers are used for false ceiling. However, these synthetic
fibers can cause environment pollution both during fiber extraction and fiber disposal of
composite materials.

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 Global warming has forced researchers to enhance the quality products for energy saving.
Hence, researchers are on the upper hand to block the problem associated with the climate
change, maintaining temperature inside the commercial buildings as well as houses, where heat
reduction is important aspects. False banana (enset) fiber reinforced gypsum composites are
important material to reduce heat coming to underside of false ceiling transferred from building.

1.3 Objective
1.3.1General Objectives
The overall objective of this research is to fabricate and characterize false banana fiber
reinforced gypsum composite for false ceiling.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
 To study thermal properties (thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and specific heat
capacity) of false banana (enset) fiber reinforced gypsum composite;
 To study physical properties (water absorption and density) of continuous false banana
fiber Reinforced gypsum composite;
 To study the optimum percentage composition of fiber and gypsum composite.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The overall scope of the study is to fabricate and characterize false banana fiber reinforced
gypsum composite and testing of thermal (thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity) property
by Leeds apparatus and physical (water absorption and density ) properties using balance weight.
1.5 The significance of study
This thesis has many important to familiarize the society of the world as the best composite
materials made from gypsum as matrix and false banana(enset) fiber as reinforcement and they
have good thermal properties and physical properties in term of lightness applicable in false
ceiling of building.
Indirectly, endogenous of false banana (enset) fibers are used for these composite create business
for Ethiopian society by selling it to all. Not only this, the fabricated composite can labels as
other shopping material by creating business in market center. The increment of utillirian
stimulate the farmer as enough harvesting of it in Agricultural sector are used for environmental
preservation.

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1.6 Limitation of the Research
 The Experiment was not done by computerized testing machine on thermal properties.
 Mechanical testing samples were fabricated but not tested because of unavailability of
testing machine.

1.7 Thesis Organization

This thesis focuses on the Fabrication and Characterization of continuous False
Banana Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Composite, with results and discussion. This Research
document comprises five chapters:-
Chapter 1: This chapter introduces the background of natural fiber (specifically false banana
fiber) composite materials, objectives, Problem Statement, Scope and limitations.
Chapter 2: All relevant research papers regarding natural fiber composite materials are reviewed,
ranging from polymer types, fiber types, and composite’s mechanical Properties to physical
properties. Recent researches on false banana fiber Reinforcement on polymers are also widely
and deeply reviewed.
Chapter 3: In this chapter, the materials, method and fabrication for the preparation of tests
specimen are discussed; also experimental analysis of thermal and physical Properties of false
banana fiber reinforced gypsum composite have been examined.
Chapter 4: In here results and discussion of the characterization of False banana fiber reinforce
composite material of thermal and physical properties are performed well and discussed in detail.

Chapter 5: This chapter contains the conclusion, future work and appendix of this thesis.

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CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Composite Materials
A composite is a material prepared by combining two or more different materials. The resultant
material is capable with properties advanced to any of its parental ones .Composites have been a
field of great interest in the last two decades and a lot of researchers are working in this area.
This becomes very important to discuss the prominent works related to the polymer composites
and their properties. The purposes of literature review is to provide background information on
the issues to be considered in this research and to emphasize the relevance of the present study.
Various aspects of polymer composites have been considered with reference to development as
well as characterization of polymer composites. Existing literature related to the physical and
mechanical properties of the composites have been reviewed. Knowledge gap in the earlier
investigations has been presented to frame the need for and objectives of the present work. [2]

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have raised a great attention and interest among
scientists and engineers in recent years with regard to issues of developing environmental
friendly materials. They are high specific strength and modulus materials, low priced and are
easily available. It is known that natural fibers are non-uniform with irregular cross-sections
which make their structures quite unique and much different with man-made fibers such as glass
fibers, carbon fibers etc. Various researchers have worked on the natural fibers containing
polyolefin, polystyrene, and polyester resins. Properties like low cost, light weight, high specific
strength high thermal insulation, free from health hazard are the unique selling points of these
composites.

Though the presence of hydroxyl and other polar groups in the natural fibers leads to the weak
interfacial bonding between the fibers and the hydrophobic polymers, these properties can be
significantly improved by interfacial treatment. [1]

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 Composites

Particle- Fiber-
Structural
reinforced reinforced

Dispertion Continuous Discontinuous Sandwich

Large particles Laminates
strength (Aligned) (Short) panels

Randomily
Aligned
oriented

Figure 1 : Classification of composites

2.2 Classification of the Fiber

2.2.1 Synthetic Fiber
Synthetic fibers are fibers which are artificial. The most common synthetic reinforcements are
glass, carbon, aramid and boron fibers. Typical fiber diameters range from 5 μ m (0.0002 in.) to
20 μ m (0.0008 in.). The diameter of a glass fiber is in the range of 5μm to 25 μ m, a carbon fiber
is 5 to 8 μ m, an aramid fiber is 12.5μm, and a boron fiber is 100 μ m. Because of this thin
diameter, the fiber is flexible and easily conforms to various shapes. The most widely used fiber
materials in fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) are glass, carbon, aramid, and boron as stated above.
Glass is found in abundance; so glass fibers are the cheapest among all other types of fibers.
There are three major types of glass fibers: E-glass, S-glass, and S2-glass.
Some of the common types of reinforcements include:
 Continuous carbon tow, glass roving, aramid yarn
 Discontinuous chopped fibers
 Woven fabric
 Multidirectional fabric (stitch bonded for three-dimensional properties)

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  Stapled
 Woven or knitted three-dimensional performs Continuous fibers are used for filament
winding, braiding and weaving applications. Continuous fibers are used with most
thermoset and thermoplastic resin systems.
Chopped fibers are used for making injection molding and compression molding compounds.
Chopped fibers are made by cutting the continuous fibers. In spray-up and other processes,
continuous fibers are used but are chopped by machine into small pieces before the application.
Woven fabrics are used for making prepares as well as for making laminates for a variety of
applications (e.g. boating, marine, and sporting). Preforms are made by braiding and other
processes and used as reinforcements for RTM (resin transfer molding) and other molding
operations. [2]
2.2.2 Natural Fiber
The interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials is rapidly growing both in
terms of their industrial applications and fundamental research. They are renewable, cheap and
completely or partially recyclable. Plants such as flax, cotton hemp, jute, sisal, kenaf, pineapple,
ramie, bamboo, false banana (enset) etc., as well as wood, used from time immemorial as a
source of lignocelluloses fibers, are more and more often applied as the reinforcement of
composites. Their availability, renewability, low density, and price as well as satisfactory
mechanical properties make them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon and other
man-made fibers used for the manufacturing of composites. The natural fiber-containing
composites are more environmentally friendly, and are used in transportation (automobiles,
railway coaches, aerospace), military applications, building and construction industries (ceiling
paneling, partition boards), packaging, consumer products etc.
As a drawback, natural fibers exhibit low transverse and compressive strength. Natural fibers are
also sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature and moisture. Generally, rising
moisture content lowers the mechanical properties of a composite.
As a result, different research has been conducted to increase fiber matrix adhesion through
different technique like treating the fiber surface with chemicals. [3]

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 Natural
fibers

Vegetable Animal Minerals

Seed Bust Leaf Stalk Cane, Wool/ Silk Asbestos,

Grass and Hair
Flax Fibrous,
Cotton Sisal Wheat Reed
Hemp Lamp wool, Brucite
Kapok Abaca Maize Mulberry
Jute Goat hair,
Henequen Rise Bamboo
Horse hair
Bagasse

Figure 2 : Classification of Natural Fibers

Fiber-reinforced composite materials can be divided into two main categories.
 Short fiber-reinforced composites
 Continuous fiber-reinforced composites
1. Short Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Short fibers are used as random and aligned way as composite is an isotropic component where
its strength, varies with direction of the force applied. The fibers are chopped to a required length
and are used as reinforcement. The fibers’ properties are to be analyzed before using composites,
as reinforcement alters all the properties of composites. Particles of minerals or stones are also
used as reinforcement. The adhesion/compatibility between matrix and reinforcement will play
an important role in determining performance of the composite. [4]
2. Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Continuous reinforced materials will often constitute a layered or laminated structure. The
drawback with the following technique is difficulty in workability, as fibers are continuous and
they render the application of matrices and fibers slurry in molding process. The structure forms
a layer or laminate structure which have tendency to detach from the mother composite when an
impact force is applied, application of continuous fibers is therefore limited to certain products.
[4]

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2.2.2.1 False Banana (Enset) Plant
Ethiopia has a considerable amount of false banana plant. In Southern and south western parts of
Ethiopia, most areas of land are covered with false banana plant which has a great potential in
structural material use. Besides, the contribution of false banana plant for agro-economic sector
of the country is negligible.
The fibers are extracted from false banana plant by hand and dried in sunlight for 12 hours until
all the moisture is removed from the fiber. The dried fibers are made in the configuration of
woven fabric. Enset is farmed in a mixed system along with grain crops, coffee and others. It is
an attractive plant, related to and resembling the banana tree, but taller, thicker and with no
bananas (which gives rise to its English language name “the false banana”). This plant is the
main source of food in the southern region of Ethiopia especially for the “Guarage and kambata”
peoples. One of the well-known foods is “kocho”, a solid staple a bit like heavy bread, which is
eaten with milk, cheese, cabbage, meat and/or coffee. This plant is also a major source of fiber,
which the people call it kancha. They use it for making rope and a mat.

Figure 3 : False banana (Enset) plant

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2.2.2.2 False Banana Fiber
Reinforcements are part of composite which provide the strength and stiffness to the composite
materials. The reinforcements can be fibers, particulates, or whiskers. The former is very
common one. Reinforcing fibers are found in different forms, long continuous fibers, woven
fibers and short chopped fibers. Each configuration results in different properties. The properties
strongly depend on the way the fibers are laid in the composites materials. In composite material,
one of the main components is the reinforcement material that is fiber. So enset fiber is a natural
fiber which is extracted from local enset plants. The fiber obtained from this plant has whitish in
color, in average 1 m to 1.50 m long and it is a strong fiber. In this paper, enset fiber was used as
reinforcement. Using enset fiber and the other part of enset plant, the Guarage and kambata
peoples prepare mats for different purpose depending on the size of the mat. Most of the time,
the mat is used to decorate their house specially the floor. This woven material is Strong and
costs less in price. [5]

Figure 4 : Enset fiber (kancha)

2.2.2.3 Extraction Process of Enset Fiber
The extraction of the fiber was not taken place as the main objective. Rather it is a byproduct.
The main reason for extraction process is during the search for food. The processes are discussed
as follows according to the observation this researcher made.
 Cut the enset plant which is ready for (4-5 years) for the process, from the ground level.

XVI
  Cut the outer two layers of the plant into smaller pieces.
 Attach the smaller piece on an inclined plane wood and hold it with right leg.
 Between the right leg and the inclined plane wood, scrap it with a tool made from wood
to squeeze the size.
 The one which is left on the inclined plane will be the fiber and the one which is left on
the ground will be the food.[4]
2.3 Properties of Natural Fibers
Density determines the weight of the composite. The higher the density is the higher the weight
and vice versa. Its performance of the fiber depends on its strength to weight ratio. The
composite should possess lower density with higher strength. Natural fibers have density in the
range of 1.4 to 1.6. [3, 4]
2.3.1 Physical and Tensile Properties of False Banana Fiber
Density (g/cm3) 1.4 – 1.6, elongation at break (%) 3.2, cellulose content (%) 64.46, modulus of
elasticity (GPa) 5433, Young’s modulus (GPa) 67.3, tensile strength 351.7 MPa, diameter (25.87
μm) and Poisson ratio 0.25. [Internet]
Table 1 : Comparison of Chemical Composition and Tensile Properties of Enset Fiber with Other
Natural Plant Fiber. [3]

Fiber Cellulose (%) Hemicellulose Lignin (%) Tensile Elongation at

(%) Strength(MPa) Break (%)
Coir 35-46 0.15-0.3 40-45 106-175 30
Banana 57.65-62.5 19-29.1 5-13.3 180-914 5.9
Enset 64.46 22.47 6.88 351.7 3.2
2.4 Matrix Materials
Matrix is part of the composite material in which it surrounds the fibers and thus protects those
fibers against chemical and environmental attacks. For fibers to carry maximum load, the matrix
must have a lower modulus and greater elongation than the reinforcement. Matrix is a material
which condenses two or more than two components in itself. In case of natural fiber, reinforced
composite material and matrix bind the fibers together. It transfers applied load to these fibers.
Various types of materials are generally used as matrix material such as metal matrix, ceramic
matrix, carbon graphite matrix, glass matrix and polymer matrix.
Among these, polymer matrices are currently being used to a larger extent because of their
enormous advantages Polymer matrix materials include thermosets such as epoxy, phenol and

XVII
vinyl ester; or thermoplastics such as polyether ketone and polyethersulphone. Metal matrix
materials are made by dispersing a reinforcing material into a metal matrix. [2]
Polymer matrix composites are used in modern day structural applications due to their significant
advantages such as resistance to corrosion, resistance to chemicals, and high strength to weight
ratio, low thermal and electrical conductivity, and low moisture absorption. [4]
The requirements for the matrix in natural fiber reinforced polymer composite are:
 To bind the fibers together, and protect their surfaces from damage during fabrication in
the service of life of the composite;
 Melting point should be lower than the degradation temperature of the fibers;
 To keep the fibers dispersed and separated so as to avoid any catastrophic propagation of
cracks and subsequent failure—to transfer stresses to the fibers efficiently by adhesion
and/or friction, when the composite is under load;
 To be thermally compatible with the reinforcement; and
 To be chemically compatible with the fibers over a long period.
2.4.1 Gypsum as Matrix
Gypsum is a very soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate bi-hydrate, with the chemical
formula CaSo4.2H2O. It can be used as fertilizer. It is the main constituent in many forms of
plaster and is widely mined. As a mineral, it is alabaster, which has been used for sculpture by
many cultures including ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Nottingham alabasters of medieval
England. It forms as an evaporate mineral and as a hydration product of anhydrite. The resin-
hardener mixture is used for binding various layers of fiber. Gypsum (CaSo 4.2H2O gives the best
binding property under standard room temperature. [4]

Figure 5 : Gypsum powder

XVIII
CHAPTER THREE - MATERIALS, METHODS AND FABRICATION OF
COMPOSITE FOR FALSE CEILING
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 False Banana Fiber
The fiber of enset is cheapest in the country. For this work false banana (enset) fiber as
reinforcement, the study areas are in south western part of Ethiopia, Jimma, Sigmo. The
extraction of the fiber not take place as the main objective. Rather the fiber is a byproduct. The
fiber will extract from the pseudo stem (stalk) part of EV plant by using hand decortication
(scrapping) method. Naturally, the stalk build with several layers of sheathes which are tightly
overlap. After dismantling, every sheath will slat in to 2-4 stripes of width 10-15cm each. The
pulpy tissues will scrap out, traditionally, by using a sharp-edged blade (of bamboo) against bed
plate (of flat wood) along the fiber length with 1m. The fibers will then sun dry in the open air
for 48 hour.

Figure The process of extraction Enset fiber from Enset plant

3.1.2 Gypsum
Gypsum plaster is a building material used for fire resistant walls and ceilings. Plaster starts as a
dry powder materials is mixed with water to form a good paste. Its major constituent is
CaSo4.2H2O.The water- gypsum ratio in mixing process can vary from 0.6-0.8 or higher but in
this work its ratio is one.

XIX
 We used DUKEM Gypsum as matrix purchasing with effective cost from the local shops in
Jimma, Ethiopia. It is one of the most exciting polymer type and is used in advance to produce
composite material with reinforcements of false banana fibers. When the dry powder gypsum is
mix with water, it was re-forms into gypsum quickly and so time is necessary during working
sample

3.2 Sample Preparation Method

3.2.1 Preparing specimen mold for experimental test
The mold made from glass and dimension with 200mm (length)*100mm (width)*10mm (thickness).

The sample are prepared by rebounding the mold cavity with metal frame. The specimen
dimension (50*50*10) mm for thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermo gravimetric
analysis, water absorption and density. When ρ f =1.4 g / cm3 and ρm =2.32 g / cm3 as ASTM.

Figure Glass mold

3.2.2 Preparation of continuous False Banana Fiber and gypsums

The unknown mass of continuous fiber collected from Jimma, Sigmo and gypsum are put in
different sacks. They transport into Advanced physics laboratory in Jimma University for
measuring mass as desired for work and again put in different package periodically.

XX
 Figure The weighing mass of gypsum and false banana (enset) fiber

Table 2 : The naming and desired Composition of gypsum and enset fiber weight ratio

Designation of Composition (wt %)

composition
Gypsum Enset Fiber
FBF0 100 0
FBF10 90 10
FBF20 80 20
FBF30 70 30

3.2.3 Weight and Volume Fraction of the Fiber and the Matrix Content of the Composite sample

Fiber mass fraction

Fiber mass fraction is defined as
Mass of fibers
Mf= ……………………………………………………………...Equation1
Total mass

The mass of matrix is

¿
M m=mass of ¿
total mass ..............................................................................…...Equation 2

Fiber Volume Fraction

Fiber volume fraction is defined as

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 Volume of fiber
Vf = …………………………………………………………Equation 3
Total volume

The volume of matrix is given as

¿
V m =Volume of ¿
Total volume ………………………………………………………Equation 4

Mass Density of a Ply

Total mass
ρ= ……………………………………………………………...Equation 5
Total volume

Mass of fibers mass of ¿ ¿

ρ= +
total mass
Total mass

Volume of fiber ¿
= ρf + Volume of ρ ¿
Total volume Total volume m

ρc = ρ f V f + ρm V m = density of composite ……………...…………..……. Equation 6

ρ f = V f * ρc = density of fiber ……………………………………………. .Equation 7
ρm = V m* ρc = density of matrix ……………………….…………………Equation 8
M c = ρc *V c = mass of composite …………………………………………Equation 9
M f = V f * M c = mass of fiver ……………………..……………………….Equation 10
M m = V m* M c = mass of matrix .........................................................….....Equation 11
3.2.4 Calculation to Find the Mass Composition of the Composite Material
For estimating the experimental sample as discussed earlier the volume fraction of false banana
fiber were varied from 0%,10%,20% and 30% on weight of gypsum for overall work. The mass
of composition measured dividedly for each sample of experiment.

We are putted a simple method for making gypsum composite with enset fiber by calculation
form.t clarify for reader as follow:

Example calculation for our works of dimension of sample (5o*50*10)mm and dimension of
mold(200*100*10)mm.

The volume of composite=200mm*100mm*10mm=200000mm3=200cm3

For FBF0

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The number of volume of fiber=0/100 *200cm3=0cm3

The number of gypsum volume=100/100 *200cm3 =200cm3

The density of composite=0/200 *1.4g/cm3+200/200 *2.32g/cm3=2.32g/cm3

The mass of fiber=2.32g/cm3*0cm3=0g

The mass of gypsum=2.32g/cm3*200cm3=464g

The mass of composite (but not composite) =the mass of fiber +the mass of
gypsum=0g+464g=464g

For FBF10

The volume of composite=200mm*100mm*10mm=200000mm3=200cm3

The number of volume of fiber=10/100 *200cm3=20cm3

The number of gypsum volume=90/100 *200cm3 =180cm3

The density of composite=20/200 *1.4g/cm3+180/200 *2.32g/cm3=2.228g/cm3

The mass of fiber=2.228g/cm3*20cm3=44.56g

The mass of gypsum=2.228g/cm3*180cm3=401.04g

The mass of composite =the mass of fiber +the mass of gypsum=44.56g+401.04g g=445.6g

For FBF20

The volume of composite=200mm*100mm*10mm=200000mm3=200cm3

The number of volume of fiber20/100 *200cm3=40cm3

The number of gypsum volume=80/100 *200cm3 =160cm3

The density of composite=40/200 *1.4g/cm3+160/200 *2.32g/cm3=2.136g/cm3

The mass of fiber=2.136g/cm3*40cm3=85.44g

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The mass of gypsum=2.136g/cm3*160cm3=341.76g

The mass of composite =the mass of fiber +the mass of gypsum=85.44g+341.76g g=427.2g

For FBF30

The volume of composite=200mm*100mm*10mm=200000mm3=200cm3

The number of volume of fiber30/100 *200cm3=60cm3

The number of gypsum volume=70/100 *200cm3 =140cm3

The density of composite=60/200 *1.4g/cm3+140/200 *2.32g/cm3=2.044g/cm3

The mass of fiber=2.044g/cm3*60cm3=122.64g

The mass of gypsum=2.044g/cm3*140cm3=286.16g

The mass of composite =the mass of fiber +the mass of gypsum=122.64g+286.16g g=408.8g

Table 3 : The mass Composition of gypsum and enset fiber in composite sample

Type of sample composition (g) Numbers

Gypsum False banana Total of sample
Fiber
FBF0 464 0 464 4
FBF10 401.04 44.56 445.6 4
FBF20 341.76 85.44g 427.2 4
FBF30 286.16 122.64g 408.8 4

3.3 Composite Fabrication Process

3.3.1 Method of Fabrication
Hand lay –up technique (HLUT)
In this project, a hand lay-up technique were used as fabrication method. It is the simplest
method of composite processing. The infrastructural requirement for this method is also minimal.

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Composite materials can be prepared by different methods. However, due to many reasons such
as part size and shape, cost, familiarity with the technique and availability of tools, composite
was fabricated using hand lay-up techniques. The hand lay-up is one of the oldest composite
fabrication techniques and it belongs to the open mold category. The operator places the
reinforcement and the resin mix manually on a mold and thereafter the resin-reinforcement
mixture were compressed with a hand roller.

Figure Hand lay-up technique

In this process, a broadly align false banana fiber and gypsum-water mixture were applied to the
mold. A roller is used to impregnate the fiber with the gypsum mixed. Another resin and
reinforcement layer will apply until a suitable thickness builds up. This process requires less
capital investment and expertise and is therefore easy to use. The flow chart for hand lay-up
process is shown in figure below, where the thickness of the composite part is built up by
applying a series of reinforcing layers and liquid resin layers. A roller is used to squeeze out
excess resin and create a uniform distribution of the resin throughout the surface. By the
squeezing action of the roller, homogeneous fiber wetting is obtained. The part is then were
cured mostly at room temperature and, once solidify; it were removed from the mold.

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 Water-Gypsum
Gyps Broadly align false Fiber-gypsum Orientation, Hand
mixture banana fiber mixture Roller
Laminate

Impregnation and
Preparation Consolidation
Lay-up

Sample fabricate De-molding Solidification

Figure 6 : Flowchart of fabrication process of composite using hand lay-up technique

Advantages of the Hand Lay-Up Process
 Very low capital investment is required for this process because there is a negligible
equipment cost as compared to other processes.
 The process is very simple to operate
.
 The cost of making a prototype part is low because a simple mold can be used to make
the part. e.g. glass mold

Disadvantages of the Hand Lay-Up Process

 The process is labor intensive means require human force.
 The process is not suitable for making large structures because of manual done.
 The quality of the part produced is not consistent from part to part

3.3.2 Basic Processing Steps for fabrication of this samples

The major processing steps in the hand lay-up process to prepare the broadly aligned false
banana fiber reinforced gypsum composite are:

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1. The mold was cleaned and sprayed grease oil on it to prepare smoothed surface as possible to
demold.
2. The fiber volume fraction and matrix volume fraction of this composite material were
determined and provided by weighing them are near work area.
3. Next, provide the water-gypsum mixture and aligned reinforcement were applied sequentially
on the mold.
4. Then, the reinforcement and the resin mix manually on a mold and thereafter the resin
reinforcement mixture were compressed with a hand roller Using hand, resin is uniformly
distributed over the laminate and consolidation were made .
6. Another resin were applied until a suitable thickness builds up and create finish surface.
7 The upper side is also pressed using a hand roller under room temperature until the matrix is
set properly.
8. After that, the part was allowed to cure at room temperature for 30 minute.
9. Finally, false banana fiber reinforced gypsum composite were fabricated.

3.3.3 Composite fabrication

Before the reinforcement of align false banana fiber to gypsum mixture on the mold, the fiber
volume fraction and matrix volume fraction of this composite material will be determined. Next,
the false banana fiber and matrix weight should be determine, then mixing them together by hand
and by brush equally on the mold. The composite will cure at room temperature until it is dry at
least 20 minute. Finally, false banana fiber reinforced gypsum composite is fabricate. Initially
sample were made with 0% fiber; gradually each fiber with different percentage is incorporated
to it and made gypsum composite sample.

Figure Example of sample fabricated

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3.4 Characterization of false banana (Enset) fiber reinforced gypsum composite
Furthermore, a sample of gypsum plaster without granular cork was prepared; having dimensions
50*50*50mm3, in order to compare the variation of thermal properties of false banana fiber
reinforced gypsum composite material with those of gypsum without false banana fiber.

All prepared samples are then drawn in a furnace for 24 hours to remove moisture present into
the pores of each one. Next, their dry masses were measured and then they were packed in
plastic bags so they maintain uniform moisture content near zero. The experimental
characterization were performed on these dry samples.

3.4.1 Thermophysical properties (thermal insulation)

Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfers between objects in thermal contact. Thermal
insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced rather than
absorbed by a lower temperature body. The use of composite materials in the different fields is
increasing with different period of time due to their improved properties.

In the present studies on natural fiber, like false banana (enset) fiber reinforced to the gypsum to
create new composite materials and their effect on thermal properties of them, so we will try to
characterize thermal properties of composite with the percentages enset fiber of 0%, 10%, 20%,
and 30% periodically.
Steady-state electrical heating method is used to measure thermal properties such as thermal
conductivity and specific heat capacity by direct absolute technique of measurement apparatus
(leeds).
 In this experiment, four samples was provided independently with percentages of enset
fiber of 0, 10, 20 and 30 with a dimension of (50*50*10) mm for each experiment.

XXVIII
 Figure
Example of
prepared
specimen for
teste

3.4.1.1
Determination of
thermal conductivity
of the enset fiber
reinforced gypsum
composite
Thermal
conductivity (denoted as 𝑘) measures the heat conducting capability of composite material.
Absolute technique is usually used for samples that has a rectangular shape. When conducting
this measurement, the testing block is placed between a heat chamber (heat source) and a heat
sink (at calorimeter) as shown in Figure

Figure schematic experimental method of testing thermal conductivity

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The various dimensions and parameters of the fabricated composites were determined using
micrometer screw gauge and weighing balance respectively.
The various components of the measurement apparatus were coupled together and enset fiber
reinforced gypsum composites were placed between steam chamber and the aluminum
calorimeter. Thermal conductivity values are used to measure heat flow through a sample
material according to the steady state method of absolute technique used in determination of
thermal conductivity of specified specimens were found to take the form of rectangular with one
side of it is heated by being placed in contact with a metallic steam chamber and the other side is
in contact with Aluminum calorimeter which is used for measuring the quantity of heat
conducted to it. Thus the steady temperature was reached in 30-40 minute by monitoring the two

thermometers 𝑇1 (temperature of steam chamber at contact with sample surface) 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑇2 (temperature of

calorimeter) respectively.
The sample were removed after the steady temperature and the metallic disc chamber was made
to have direct contact with the aluminum calorimeter for direct heating. The aluminum were
heated to at least 5oC above the steady state temperature 𝑇2 following which heating were ceased
by removing the steam camber. The sample was returned and placed in contact with the

Aluminum followed temperature drop were monitored in the time interval of 60 sec to a point of
5℃ below the steady temperature 𝑇2. The above procedure were repeated for four samples.

 Rate of heat loss by the calorimeter and specimen is calculated according to the following
formula:
Q= m*s*(dT/dt)
 Rate of conducting of heat = K*A*(T1- T2)/X
 Thus at steady state: K*A*(T1- T2) /X = m*s* (dT/dt)

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 Therefore, K = ms ¿ ¿ ¿
Where:
m- Mass of aluminum calorimeter (kg)
A- Cross sectional area of the sample (m2)
x- Thickness of sample (m)
𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑡- the time rate of cooling of sample
Q-rate of heat loss by the calorimeter and sample (J/sec)
𝑇2−𝑇1- Temperature difference across the specimen (k).
K- Thermal conductivity (W/m*k) and

s- Specific heat capacity of calorimeter (J/kg*k).

Thermal resistivity, R
Thermal resistance is heat property and a measurement of temperature difference by which an
object or sample composite resists a heat flows. Thermal resistance is the reciprocal of thermal
conductance, so it’s calculated as
R = 1/𝑘 where k is thermal conductivity.

3.4.1.2 Determination of specific heat capacity

We know that when heat energy is absorbed by a substance, its temperature increases. If the
same quantity of heat is given to equal masses of different substances, it is observed that the rise
in temperature for each substance is different. This is due to the fact that different substances
have different heat capacities. So heat capacity of a substance is the quantity of the heat required
to raise the temperature of the whole substance by one degree1 ℃.
If the mass of the substance is unity then the heat capacity is called Specific heat capacity. Or the
specific heat.
Q = C m Δθ
Where Q - quantity of heat absorbed by a body
m -mass of the body
Δθ -change in temperature
C - Specific heat capacity of a substance it depends on the nature of the material of the
substance.

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S.I unit of specific heat J kg-1 K-1
Heat capacity = specific heat x mass
Its S.I unit is J K-1.

Calorimety:-is the science associated with determining the changes in energy of a system by
measuring the heat exchanged with the surroundings.

Principle of calorimetry

When two bodies (one being solid and other liquid or both being liquid) at different temperatures
are mixed, heat will be transferred from body at higher temperature to body at lower temperature
till both acquire same temperature. The body at higher temperature releases heat while body at
lower temperature absorbs it, so that:

Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body,

Figure Schematic experimental method of specific heat capacity: a) measuring the

temperature of heated sample b) measuring the temperature of heated sample stirred in
calorimeter contain water

The studying of specific heat capacity important to identify how much energy required for
changing the temperature of our sample by one degree Celsius using apparatus emphasized in
thermal conductivity. First, the mass of empty calorimeter will measure with the aid of electronic
weighing balance and recorded as 𝑚𝑐 while the mass of enset fiber gypsum composite and
XXXII
gypsum plate only were measured and recorded as ms. The empty calorimeter was half filled
with water and weighed as 𝑚𝑐𝑤 meanwhile temperature of content were recorded as 𝜃1. The
composite were taken to chamber heating and heat to a temperature of 𝜃2.

It is then withdraw from the heating source and quickly transfer to the cold thermometer of
copper contained water to avoid heat lost in the air. The mixture were stirred for even
distribution of heat and the final temperature were noted as 𝜃3. All requisite precautions were
taken to obtain accurate results. Following, the principle calorimetry which states that heat lost
by hot object equals heat gain be cold calorimeter and content were adapted to calculate the
specific heat capacity. The mathematical relation were used as follows,
𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑠 (𝜃2−𝜃3) = 𝑚𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝜃1−𝜃3) + 𝑚𝑤𝑐𝑤 (𝜃1−𝜃3).

Where:
𝑚𝑠 – mass of enset fiber gypsum of composite as well as gypsum plate only
𝑚𝑐 - mass of empty calorimeter of copper
𝑚𝑤 - mass of water = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 - 𝑚𝑐
𝑐𝑠 - specific heat capacity of enset fiber gypsum composite
𝑐𝑐 - specific heat capacity of calorimeter of copper = 390 J𝑘𝑔−1𝑘−1 and
𝑐𝑤 - specific heat capacity of water = 4200J𝑘𝑔−1𝑘−1
3.4.1.3 Thermal diffusivity

Thermal diffusivity is the thermo physical property that defines the speed of heat propagation by
conduction during changes of temperature. The higher the thermal diffusivity, the faster the heat
propagation. The thermal diffusivity of the composite is an important parameter in order to
estimate their potential use in building.

The theoretical thermal diffusivity is related to the thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity
and density. The calculation of theoretical thermal diffusivity of composite is related to its
thermal conductivity by the following equation:

k
α=
ρc
Where:
α –Theoretical thermal diffusivity of the material

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k - Thermal conductivity
𝜌 - density of the material and
c - Specific heat capacity.
total mass
Density of the material 𝜌 was obtained from 𝜌 = where volume of the material =
total volume
cross sectional area x thickness, Cross sectional area, A = L (length)*W (width) *t (thickness)
3.4.2 Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)
Thermal analysis provide a detailed thermal characterization of that can be used to evaluate
thermal stability of gypsum plate only and enset fiber reinforced gypsum composite with
different percentage of enset fiber 10%,20% and 30% conducted by TGA machine. Prior to test
the sample were dried at 100℃ for 14 hr in furnace. Each sample were milled into fine powder
parts and then tested by put it in the sample chamber in range of room temperature (27℃)to
350℃ under the inert atmosphere of nitrogen with flow rate of 100ml/min and heating rate of
20℃/min.
3.4.3 Physical Properties
3.4.3.1 Water Absorption and density of Composite
Same size of sample will be used for water absorption and density with dimension (50*50*10)
mm. Prior test for water absorption, the specimen was dried in the oven at temperature of 10 0 ℃ ,
cooled and weighed and recorded the mass asW a .
The water absorption tests of enset fiber reinforced gypsum composites was carried out through
immersion in distilled water at room temperature.

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 Figure samples immersed in water

The provided sample were taken out periodically and after wiping out the water from the surface
of the sample, they are weighed as W b immediately using a precise electronic balance machine to
find out the content of water absorbed.
The specimens had weighed regularly at 2, 4,6 and 24 hours. The water absorption is calculated
by the following formula.
wb −w
w ab = a
x 100
wa
Wab - water absorption
Where: 𝑊𝑏 - weight of sample after soaked in water and
𝑊𝑎 - is dried weight of sample before immersed in water.
3 4.3.2 Density of composite sample
Density is calculated from dimension and weight of sample with the help of meter and weighing
electronic balance respectively.
wa
The bulk density was determined from the formula, D = where D is bulk density, wa is weight of
v

dried sample and v is volume of sample.

CHAPER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSION

The experimental result obtained by using lee’s apparatus for thermal properties and plastic
basket, electronic weighing balance and ruler for physical properties and discussions are
presented here. The fabricated false banana fiber reinforced gypsum composites have their
measurable quantities determined and tabulated in the various tables. Further presentation of the
results is shown on various graphs for ease of understanding of the behavior and variation of the
physical quantities

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Thermal properties
Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity quantifies the heat that can flow in a unit time through a unit area of a
layer of sample material. The samples allowed to characterize their thermal conductivity in
function of the percentages of false banana fiber. The result gained from experiment are
tabulated as the following.

Table: Steady state temperature of false banana fiber gypsum composite

Temperature(0C)
Samples of composite T1(0C) T2(0C)
FBF0 86 80
FBF10 91 74
FBF20 97 72
FBF30 99 70

Table: Cooling rate of false banana (Enset) fiber gypsum composite

Temperature(0C)
Time(minute) FBF0 FBF10 FBF20 FBF30
0 90 82 75 70
1 86 80 74 69
2 84 78 73 68
3 82 77 72 67
4 80 75 71 66
5 79 73 70 65
6 77 71 70 65
7 76 70 69 64
8 75 69 67 63

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9 73 67 65 61

Type Dimension Mass of Dry Density Thermal

Lengt Width Thickness sample (Kg) (Kg/m3) conductivity
h (mm) (mm) (W/mK)
(mm)
FBF0 50 50 10 0.02491 996.4 0.476
FBF10 50 50 10 0.02396 958.4 0.143
FBF20 50 50 10 0.02327 930.8 0.063
FBF30 50 50 10 0.02225 890.0 0.046

The above graph and table shows the experimental value of thermal conductivity of composite
made from gypsum plaster play the role of matrix and enset fiber play the role of an insulator.
The effect of incorporating enset fiber is to decrease its thermal conductivity.
The thermal conductivity of this sample goes down from 0.476W/mK for the sample without
enset to 0.046W/mK for the most insulating composite material. The percentage decrease of the

XXXVII
thermal conductivity is quite significant: nearly 30% in comparison with pure gypsum plates.
The most insulating material is observed with 30% by mass of false banana (enset) fiber. The
composites have important than pure gypsum plate in construction of false ceiling due to low
thermal conductivity to create comfort environment in the house. So, testing thermal
conductivity of construction material is necessary to fit for application.

Specific heat capacity

The specific heat capacity is the energy that can be added to a unit mass of a material to produce
a unit increase in temperature. The heat required to raise the temperature of a unit of the
composite was found to be directly proportional to the wt. % of the false banana fiber.

Sample Mass of sample (Kg) θ1 θ2 θ3

FBF0 0.02493 24 76 28
FBF10 0.02377 24 60 27
FBF20 0.02326 24 51 26
FBF30 0.02386 24 36 25

Type Mass of sample (Kg) Specific heat

capacity
(J/KgK)
FBF0 0.02493 1375.34
FBF10 0.02377 1402.82
FBF20 0.02326 1538.18
FBF30 0.02386 1636.23

The above graph and table summarizes the experimental value of specific heat capacity of pure
gypsum plate and false banana (false) fiber of gypsum composite. The results demonstrate that
specific heat capacity increase with the incorporation of false banana fiber and from
1375.34J/KgK for pure gypsum plate to 1638.23J/KgK for gypsum composite with 30% of false

XXXVIII
banana fiber by mass. This implies that the composite have more content of false banana fiber
require more heat to change the temperature of itself. To have high specific material is important
property in false ceiling of to resist firing and degradation by heat

3.5 Expected result

It is expected from this research, the prepared enset fiber reinforced gypsum composite for false
ceiling application with a good thermal and physical properties due to the incorporation of enset
fiber into gypsum. In order to make peoples life as comfortable as possible, thermal insulation is
very important in the houses to have a stable environment. Therefore, we expect our composite

can be applicable as a false ceiling with a better thermal insulation.

CHAPTER FOUR-COST BUDGET

The budget spend for work will summarize as follows

No Material Amount Unit cost(birr) Total cost

requirement
1 Mirror mold 1 type 400 400
2 Gypsum 10 kg 5 50
3 Enset fiber 2 kg 20 40
4 Water 10 liter 0.3 3
5 Saw 1 type 200 200

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 6 Hand roller 1 type 30 30
7 Total 723

References
[1]Thomas Gebre1,, jegan raj2, fabrication and study of mechanical properties for false banana and
bamboo fibers reinforced bio-composites, Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wolkite
University, (Ethiopia), 2016.
[2]Sanjay K. Mazumdar, Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Product, and Process Engineering, CRC
press, 2002.
[3] Č. Mizera1,*, D. Herak2, M. Muller and P. Hrabě4, Mechanical behavior of polymeric composite
with fibers of false banana (Enset ventricosum), Agronomy Research, 680–689, 2015.
[4]The Gypsum Construction Handbook, CGC Publication Centennial Edition, Published for the
Construction Industry by CGC Inc. ISBN: 1-896010-10-5, 2012.
[5] Al-Hayat Getu, Temesgen1 and Omprakash Sahu2, Process Ability Enhancement of False Banana
Fiber for Rural Development, Wollo University, 2014.

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