Applied Hydraulics and

pump design
characteristics of water as it passes through the pipelines of

distribution systems, and the basic calculations of pressure and

friction losses in pipes and appurtenances will be dealt

 FACTORS DETERMINING PIPE FLOW RATES
Hydraulics is concerned with the properties and
behavior of fluids when at rest and in motion.
The factors that affect the flow of water in pipes are
as follow:
– Cross sectional area;
– Roughness of the pipe’s inner surface;
– Condition and type of flow;
– Obstructions; and
– Energy head
 Characteristics to understand flows in pipes

1. Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) - The Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) is

an imaginary line that connects the points on which the water
would rise in a piezometer tube if inserted in any place along the
pipe
– It is the measure of the pressure head available plus
elevation of the pipe at various points.
2. Energy Grade Line – is the summation of elevation head (H) of
the pipe, pressure head (Hp) and velocity head (Hv) with reference
to a fixed datum.
– Also to be considered is the head loss (HL) or friction/energy
lost in conveying the water from one point to another.
3. Equivalent Length – is the length of fittings, appurtenances, etc.
reduced to a specific length of straight pipe with same diameter.
This is used in the computation of head loss that occurs at valves,
fittings, etc.
 WATER PRESSURE

1. Basic Principles

2. Static Water Pressure

Static water pressure is the pressure in the system when water is not flowing. It
is an indication of the potential pressure available to the system. This pressure is
produced by: Placing the water at an elevation above the location of water use
(for example, in an elevated reservoir; Imparting energy to the water through a
pump
3. Dynamic Water Pressure
• The dynamic water pressure is the pressure at any particular
point with a given quantity of water flowing past that point.

• Dynamic pressure differs from static pressure in that it varies

throughout the system due to the friction losses during the
transport of water.

– Sometimes, the dynamic and static pressure terms are

expressed simply as pressure or head.
 FRICTION LOSS
Friction loss is the loss of pressure caused by water flowing through the pipe in a
system. Flow in pipes is usually turbulent. Turbulence increases and consequently
friction loss increases with the degree of roughness.
• Friction loss is thus determined by the type, size and length of the pipe and the
amount of water flowing through it.
• Friction loss in plastic pipes and galvanized (G.I.) pipes can be estimated using
Tables
– The information necessary to determine the pressure loss are the pipe size
and the discharge rate, Q.
• The Tables can be used to determine pipe sizes if the discharge rate and friction
loss are given.
• Furthermore, when water flows past valves, fittings and public faucets, there is a
loss in energy due to friction.

This loss of energy can be calculated by the use of Table 3. The pipe fittings, valves
and public faucets are first reduced to an equivalent length of straight pipe using
Table 11.3 and then the corresponding friction loss is determined using Table 1 or
Table.2.
Correction Q= 0.12 lps
Number of elbows in the solution
should be read 2 not 3
Pumps design
 PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES
The characteristic curves of a pump describe the factors that
affect its performance.
• Usually expressed graphically discharge (Q) as abscissa and
the other factors plotted as ordinates (head and the net
positive suction head). See Fig next slide.

• The diagram shows that as the pump discharge increases,

the power required to drive the pump increases. However, the
pump efficiency behaves both proportionately and inversely
with the capacity of the pump much like a parabolic curve.

• The pump efficiency increases as the capacity is increased up

to a certain point. The efficiency then decreases from that
point even as the capacity continues to increase.
 Fig: Typical Pump curve performance

Brake horse power, BHP= the

power delivered to the pump
shaft expressed in horse power
Pump efficiency= ratio of
energy delivered by the pump
to the energy supplied to the
pump shaft

• The performance curves reflect standard testing. Pump manufacturers typically

calculate performance curves using a pressure gauge and a flow meter connected to the
discharge port.
For any anticipated total head, the discharge capacity can be determined.
• Pump performance curves are available for each pump model.
• The Best Efficiency Point is the point at which effects of head (pressure) and flow
converge to produce the greatest amount of output for the least amount of energy.
 PUMP INSTALLATION
Pumps Connected in Series
• When one pump is connected behind the other, the installation is called a
series connection. A series connection will yield discharge equivalent to one
pump, but the head is approximately equal to the sum of the individual
heads of the pumps in the system.
Pumps connected in Parallel
• When pumps are connected beside one another, the pump connection is
called a parallel system. But the total Q will be the sum of their separate
discharges.
Pump Foundation
The foundation itself and the contact area of the foundation and ground have to
be strong and large enough. Guidelines:
1. Make the weight of the foundation 3 to 5 times the total weight of the machinery in case
of motor driven types.

2. When the pump is directly coupled to the prime mover or connected to it by a gear train,
construct a single common foundation for the pump and prime mover. This will prevent
misalignment due to differential settlement.
G. PRIME MOVERS
• Electric, gasoline or diesel engines are commonly used as power sources for
pumps. The electric motor is however the most favored prime mover because
of its reliability, relatively lower power cost, and environmental considerations
like cleanliness, relatively lower noise, and lower pollutant emissions.
• Electric motors, however, should be protected by heat sensors installed in the
windings during manufacture. These sensors will shut the motor off in case of
low voltage or change in phase before damage can be done.
H. PUMP CONTROL
• Pump controls can be manual or automatic. For small systems, manual controls
can work very well. The operators can start the pump in the morning. With
some operational experience, they will be able to estimate the time required to
satisfy the morning peak demand and to fill the tank. When the tank is full, the
pump is shut off.
• The pump is again started when the water level in the tank decreases to the
minimum water level. On the other hand, with automatic control, the pump’s
start and shutoff is
Pumping Facilities
• actuated either by float or by pressure without requiring an operator to assume
or estimate pumping cycle schedules.
 DESIGN OF PUMPS
In order to obtain a pumping system that will meet your requirements in
an efficient manner, you must match the pump to the piping system and
required flow rate.
Manufacturers should supply a pump curve specifying the pump’s
performance and recommended operating range. Do not operate
outside of the recommended range as this may damage the pump.
• A cost analysis of pumping should consider both the initial cost
(capital investment), and operating cost.
• The type and size of pumping equipment, pipeline size, and system
design affect not only the initial cost but also the operating cost.

• For example, using large pipes may cost more but could allow the
use of the less expensive, smaller horsepower pumps which entail
lower energy costs; whereas a piping system with a smaller
diameter pipe would require pumps with higher horsepower and
energy requirements.
To get the most efficient pump, an analysis should be made of all
pumping requirements.
Key points to consider are:
– Net positive suction head (NPSH)
– Priming
– Useful life
– Maintenance requirements
– Quantity pumped
– Pumping head
– Power source
– Economics
The following data are needed in order to design the pump
required:
– Pump Discharge capacity
– Total Dynamic Head
– Pump Efficiency.
Pump Discharge Capacity
– If the pump is used directly to supply water without a
reservoir, the capacity must be equal to the peak hour
demand.
– If the water distribution system has a reservoir, the
pump capacity must be equal to the maximum day
demand.
Pump Selection
– If the pumping water level (PWL) is less than 6 meters,
use a centrifugal pump (maximum suction lift = 6 m).
– If the pumping water level is from 6-20 m, use jet
pumps or a submersible.
– If the PWL is greater than 20 m, use a submersible or
a vertical line shaft turbine pump.
(TDH) Total dynamic
head=static height+
static lift + friction loss
(PART II: ANALYSIS – 38 mm PIPE)
(PART III: ANALYSIS – 50 mm PIPE)