Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The purpose of this study is to determine whether Lived experiences of

adolescent children with mothers undergoing rehabilitation in the government

treatment facility. In order to analyze this problem, it was important to review

another research related to the topic.

Drug abuse and Alcoholism Parents

A study by Lipari & Van Horn (2017) one in every ten children (7.5 million)

lived in a household with at least one parent who had an alcohol use and one in

every thirty-five children (2.1 million) lived in a household with at least one parent

who had an illegal substance use problem. Alcoholism is defined as heavy drinking

of alcohol vices that leads people to risk themselves or others, to get into legal

difficulty, or to engage in risky activity. to have issues in relationships or at work,

and to fail to perform critical responsibilities at work, school, or at home. Based on

the journal by Redwine (2022) it’s easy to see how drug addiction affects the

person who consumes the substance. Addiction's repercussions only intensify with

time. Long-term and short-term health consequences, job losses, escalating

financial challenges, and run-ins with the authorities are all possible repercussions.
It is difficult to live in active addiction. Those who suffer from addiction, however,

are not the only ones who are impacted. Active addiction has far-reaching

implications that extend well beyond the individual who abuses drugs. When a

loved one develops a drug or alcohol addiction, it affects the entire family.

Addiction impacts everyone who cares about the addict, whether they are a child,

parent, or spouse. According to prior research, children of alcoholic parents are

more prone to suffer depression, anxiety disorders, problems with cognitive and

linguistic abilities, and parental abuse or neglect. They are also three times more

likely than other children to show signs of alcoholism. Another research study

states that Children raised in an abusive drunk home are more likely to have

negative experiences. Regardless of parental alcohol misuse, the likelihood of

grownup alcoholism and depression raises as the number of reported bad events

rises. The increased risk of having experienced negative childhood experiences in a

home with alcoholic parents appears to be primarily, if not entirely, responsible for

depression among adult offspring of alcoholics. People who grew up with at least

one alcoholic parent were twice as likely to report childhood histories of emotional

abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and parental separation or divorce, according

to the study's findings. Respondents who reported a history of parental alcoholism

were two to five times more likely to have grown up with family members who

used drugs, had mental illnesses, tried suicide, or were criminals. Respondents who
reported their parents drank were three to eight times more likely than those who

stated their parents never drank to have an abusive mother. It's easy to see how

drug addiction affects the person who consumes the substance. Addiction's

repercussions only intensify with time. Long-term and short-term health

consequences, job losses, escalating financial challenges, and run-ins with the

authorities are all possible repercussions. It is difficult to live in active addiction.

Those who suffer from addiction, however, are not the only ones who are

impacted. Active addiction has far-reaching implications that extend well beyond

the individual who abuses drugs. When a loved one develops a drug or alcohol

addiction, it affects the entire family. Addiction impacts everyone who cares about

the addict, whether they are a child, parent, or spouse Suchman, Mayes et al (2004)

A research study stated that Lander (2005) Most kids who grow up in an addict's

household become "parentified children," which happens when the caregivers is

unable to satisfy the kid's developmental requirements and the youngster begins to

parent themselves and maybe younger siblings sooner than is appropriate for

children. The child begins to parent the parent in a condition known as "reversal of

dependent requirements." Anxiety, fear, melancholy, guilt, humiliation, isolation,

perplexity, and wrath are common feelings experienced by these adolescents They

may think that they are to blame for their parents’ addiction.
Some children affected by parental substance abuse have educational difficulties as

well. Unexplained absences in youth can lead to more significant truancy issues in

adolescence, culminating in school dropout. Parents read less and give less

learning-based stimulation to their infants and toddlers in early life. During the

school years, parents are less available to help with homework, monitor school

performance, and oversee assignments. These youngsters may struggle with focus

and concentration as a result of heightened anxiety caused by a chaotic home

environment. Anda & Whitfield et al (2002) Children raised in alcoholic homes are

more likely to have negative experiences. Regardless of parental alcohol misuse,

the likelihood of adult alcoholism and depression rises as the number of reported

negative events rises. Depression among adult offspring of alcoholics appears to be

mostly, if not entirely, attributable to a higher risk of having experienced negative

childhood experiences in a home with alcoholic parents. Based on a study by Black

& Mayer (1980) Adolescents in all households with an alcoholic or opiate-addicted

parent were neglected in some way. Children were assessed to have been

significantly neglected in 30.5 percent of the 200 homes studied. When data on

child abuse and neglect were merged, it was discovered that abuse and/or neglect

of a child happened in 41 percent of homes.

 Rehabilitation

A journal by NIDA. (2019) The first and most critical step is to ask for assistance.

Start with your parents if you have a good relationship with them. The next step is

to see your doctor. You should urge your parents to phone your doctor ahead of

time to ensure that they are comfortable addressing drug usage. It takes a lot of

guts to seek assistance for a drug addiction since there is a lot of hard work ahead

of you and it may interfere with school and social activities. However, therapy is

effective, and you can recover. It takes effort, time and patience. It is critical

because you will not be ready to face the world on your own unless you address

this issue. Another study by Redwine (2022) when a loved one suffers from

addiction, it may be tough to handle. You may feel as though you've tried

everything to get them the assistance they require. But when your attempts fail, it's

unpleasant and discouraging, to say the least. However, there is a remedy, such as

individual therapy, which is the first line of defense for someone seeking aid as a

family member of an addict. If no one else in the family wishes to seek treatment,

it is simple to seek therapy. Family counseling is an excellent option for numerous

family members seeking help at the same time. Bringing many family members

together helps physicians to observe family dynamics in a safe and supportive

setting. Lander (2005) states that Individuals with SUDs cannot be understood and

treated properly unless the influence on the entire family is considered. Addiction
studies have proved the reciprocal association between the disease of addiction and

the environment. Everyone influences their social surroundings and, in turn, is

impacted by it. The family system must be included in the knowledge of illness

onset and maintenance, as well as in the efforts required for successful ongoing

therapy. The earlier we can intervene in the evolution of an SUD, the better the

consequences for all family members.

A substantial number of studies suggest that parents and other relatives of

adolescent/young adult substance users experience a high level of distress and

family conflict, which may result in a deterioration of mental health. Furthermore,

the negative impact on the family of adolescents/youth with substance use

problems is significant compared to the effects on individuals living with an adult

with the same problem. There are a variety of scientifically tested therapeutic

programs that seek to alleviate the mental anguish experienced by close relatives of

substance-abusing adolescent. A qualitative study by Yusay & Canoy (2019)

investigates the experiences of adolescents Filipino family members who live with

recovering parental drug addicts and turns themselves in to local authorities,

completing the (KKDK) a community rehabilitation program from the Philippine

government’s anti-illegal drugs campaign Participants' narrative work focused on

their parents' drug usage and rehabilitation after surrendering. They tales depict
scenarios that highlight the importance of dominant discourse (i.e., cultural

structuring of the Filipino family) and shaming behaviors in the community, as

well as how these are represented in the lives of our young participants. Young

participants (re)positioned themselves in three ways while re-telling their

memories of parental drug usage. Their findings contribute to a more nuanced

understanding of the impact of parental drug use on children and families living in

poverty. Canoy & Co (2020) states that the general lack of family support shows

layers of effect on a person's healing experience, involving the family, and the

environment. While there is a perceived lack of familial support elicits intense

feelings such as loneliness as a result of their life circumstances The results make a

unique contribution to the cultural setting of family support in the context of drug

rehabilitation Most of the time The function of family support is frequently

assumed in drug rehabilitation programs. The largest and most important support

system for drug addicts in recovery. Orbon et al (2015) study was to examine the

impact of forgiveness therapy on the residents' rehabilitation. The residents' level

of danger of relapse, as well as their amount of thankfulness, is all part of their

recovery. The inhabitants hospitalized for drug treatment and rehabilitation in a

government-run drug rehabilitation center in the Philippines were the study's

participants. According to the findings, forgiveness treatment reduced the

experimental group's likelihood of relapse while increasing their sense of

thankfulness. However, the control group's relapse risk and degree of thankfulness

were unchanged. According to the study, individuals who received forgiveness

therapy sessions fared better in their recovery than those who were solely exposed

to the center's regular treatment methods. According to the UNODC (2014), illegal

drug use is a complex health disease with social, psychological, and biological

elements. Rather than approaching illegal drug use through the criminal justice

system, UNODC urges that it be handled as a health problem, with community-

based treatment given as an alternative to jail wherever practicable. Community-

based treatment programs adhere to the following essential principles: minimum

disruption to stakeholder support networks, a thorough continuum of care,

evidence-based methods, program implementer acceptability, and culturally

appropriate therapy The UNODC promotes a comprehensive strategy that includes

evaluation of needs, treatment planning, program execution, and case management.

Another important component in community-based therapy is the provision of a

continuum of care that addresses the stakeholders' general health, family,

education, and job requirements in a holistic manner.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature

Chapter 2 presents literature to further understand and support the

significance of the study. This chapter discussed the Lived experiences of

adolescent children with mothers undergoing rehabilitation in the government

treatment facility. The cited works of literature established the conceptions and

knowledge of the researcher on the study. The researchers conduct an interview

and also a survey questionnaire. The qualitative research has a twelve cited

literatures which is Lipari & Van Horn (2017), Anda,Whitfield, et al (2002),

Redwine (2022), Suchman, et al (2004), Lander (2005) by Black & Mayer (1980)

studied the consequences of drug abuse on children of all ages have been studied.

The primary issue for these children is their parents' incapacity to carry out their

parenting chores and duties. The impacts of active addiction extend well beyond

the individual using narcotics. When a loved one has a drug or alcohol problem,

their immediate family members are also affected. Addiction affects everyone who

loves the individual, whether they are a kid, parent, or spouse. Addiction has a

wide-ranging impact on the entire family. Relationships, income, safety, and other

aspects are all jeopardized. The particular impacts vary depending on which

member of the family unit is afflicted. NIDA. (2019), Redwine (2022), Lander

(2005), Yusay & Canoy (2019), Canoy & Co (2020), Orbon et al (2015), UNODC

(2014) As the kid of an addict, you may need to adjust and moderate your
expectations. Because addiction is an illness, you must look past your parents'

flaws as parents, as their talents may be restricted. Rather than holding animosity,

you should regard the addiction as a devastating sickness and seek treatment to

help them heal. there is a perceived lack of familial support elicits intense feelings

such as loneliness as a result of their life circumstances The results make a unique

contribution to the cultural setting of family support in the context of drug

rehabilitation Most of the time The function of family support is frequently

assumed in drug rehabilitation programs. The largest and most important support

system for drug addicts in recovery.