ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS

INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE

(BIGCC) USING SPREADSHEET MODEL
(PKC6919 PROJECT 2020)
PROJECT REPORT

Compiled By
DHANANJAY RAJ
19PKPM805
MOHD. FAISAL
19PKPM812

M.Tech (II Semester)

(Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Engineering)

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES

ZAKIR HUSSAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH 202002 (INDIA)
2020-21

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 DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES

ZAKIR HUSSAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA)

Certificate
This is to certify that the report titled “ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS
INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE (BIGCC) USING
SPREADSHEET MODEL” is a bonafide work carried out in the third semester in partial
fulfilment for the award of Master of Technology in Petroleum processing and Petrochemical
Engineering from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh during the academic year 2020-21 by
following students under our supervision.

DHANANJAY RAJ (19PKPM805) Date: 13/06/2020

MOHD FAISAL (19PKPM812)

Mr. Mohd Yusuf Ansari Dr. Iftekhar Ahmad

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 Acknowledgement
It is my pleasure to take this opportunity to thank a number of people who contributed towards
the completion of this seminar report. First, I would like to express my appreciation and thanks
to my supervisor Mr. Mohd Yusuf Ansari for his guidance & support during the entire course
work of the project. I would also like to extend my gratitude towards my teacher Dr. Iftekhar
Ahmad for their valuable advice during the entire course work. Their observations and
suggestions helped me to add another dimension in the completion of the work. I would like to
thank my parents for their patience and moral support.

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 Abstract
The major purpose of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is to use hydrocarbon fuels
to generate electrical power in a cleaner and efficient way via gasification. The objective of this
work is to evaluate the energy and exergy analyses of biomass gasification combined cycle that
will assist in improving the overall efficiency of the system. Using the energy and exergy
analysis, significant energy conservation can be achieved by utilizing the energy of exhaust
streams from different components of combined cycle. In order to observe a complete
thermodynamic view of the proposed combined power cycle, a comprehensive exergy analysis
using the entropy generation model has been carried out on MS Excel spreadsheet, this will help
researchers to perform energy and exergy efficiencies calculations with ease. A dynamic
spreadsheet is designed which can be used to perform a parametric analysis to investigate the
effects of change in biomass material, gas turbine inlet temperature and steam turbine inlet
pressure on performance of the integrated gasification combined cycle effectively.

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List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Integrated gasification combined cycle power plant………………………………………….2

Figure 1.2 Renewable Energy Resources Availabilty across the world………………………3

Figure 1.3 Schematic of downdraft gasifier designs…………………………………………………………..6

Figure 1.4 Schematic of updraft gasifier designs……………………………………………………………….7

Figure 1.5 Schematic of a cross-draft gasifier……………………………………………………………………8

Figure 1.6 Schematic of a fluidized bed gasifier………………………………………………………………..9

Figure 1.7 Schematic of an entrained-flow gasifier………………………………………………………….9

Figure 3.1 Integrated gasification combined cycle power plant……………………………………..12

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Table of contents
Acknowledgement……………………………………………...iii
Abstract…………………………………………………………iv
List of Figures…………………………………………………..v
Chapter 1………………………………………………………..1
1.1 An Overview of IGCC Systems…………………………..1
1.1.1 Gasification process……………………………………….4
1.2 Types of Gasifier…………………………………………..6
1.2.1 Dense phase reactors………………………………………6
1.2.2 Lean phase reactors………………………………………..8
Chapter 2………………………………………………………..11
Literature review………………………………………………..11
Chapter 3 ………………………………………………………12
3.1 System Description……………………………………….12
3.2 Design and Calculation…………………………………..13
Chapter 4 Conclusion……………………………………………….20
Chapter 5 References………………………………………………..21

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vii
 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 An Overview of IGCC Systems

IGCC is an acronym for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. The major purpose of IGCC is
to use hydrocarbon fuels in solid or liquid phases to produce electrical power in a cleaner and
more efficient way via gasification, compared to directly combusting the fuels. The hydrocarbon
fuels typically include coal, biomass, refinery bottom residues (such as petroleum coke, asphalt,
visbreaker tar, etc.), and municipal wastes. The approach to achieve a “cleaner” production of
power is to convert solid/liquid fuels to gas first, so that they can be cleaned before they are
burned by removing mainly particulates, sulfur, mercury, and other trace elements. The cleaned
gas, called synthetic or synthesis gas (syngas), which primarily consists of carbon monoxide
(CO) and hydrogen (H2), can then be sent to a conventional combined cycle to produce
electricity. A simplified IGCC process diagram comprising three major “islands” gasification,
combustion, and power is shown in Fig. 1.1. The ultimate goal for IGCC is to achieve a lower
cost of electricity (COE) than conventional pulverized coal (PC) power plants and/or to be
competitive with natural gas-fired combined-cycle systems with comparable emissions. While
“clean” power generation is the primary driving motivation for entering the business of IGCC,
“increasing plant efficiency” to a level higher than that of PC plants is the second driving
motivation. To achieve higher efficiency, “integration” between sub-systems becomes necessary.
Integration consists of all aspects of the operation, including mechanical, thermal, and dynamic
process control. For example, mechanical integration can be achieved between the gas turbine
(GT) and the air compressor unit (ACU), aiming to save some compression power[1].

Thermal integration can be implemented by strategically interconnecting the various grades of

steam generated during the syngas cooling, gas cleanup, and/or water gas shift processes with the
heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and the steam turbine system. Full air integration does
enhance the overall plant efficiency positively by about three to four percentage points, but it

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also increases the complexity of construction, operation, and maintenance, which may result in
increased potential for construction phase delay and/or cost overrun, increased maintenance, lost
availability, and degraded reliability. Thus, the concept of nonintegrated IGCC has been
advocated by some developers to trade reduced efficiency for higher availability and reliability,
even though the term “nonintegrated IGCC” could be confusing. When the potential of global
warming became

Fig.1.1 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Plant.

a concern, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) a greenhouse gas (GHG) from power plants
was subjected to stringent scrutinization and regulations. Usually, there are three ways to reduce
CO2 emissions: by increasing the overall system efficiency, capturing a portion of the CO2 and
sequestering it, called CCS (Carbon Capture and Sequestration), or utilizing the captured CO2
multiple times. The syngas generated via the gasification process can be more readily separated
into highly concentrated H2 and CO2 through the water-gas shift (WGS) process (to be
explained later) before the combustion stage (i.e., precombustion) in an IGCC system, as
opposed to PC power plants, which have to use a post-combustion carbon capture method. It is
significantly cheaper to perform precombustion carbon capture in an IGCC system than post-
combustion carbon capture in a PC power plant due to the nature of the processes involved and
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the reduced size of equipment. CCS imposes a severe penalty on power output, plant efficiency,
and COE. The objective of this chapter is to provide an introduction of the complete IGCC
system.

Fig.1.2 Renewable Energy Resources Availabilty across the world

In this project, energy and exergy analyses of a biomass-driven syngas-fueled cogeneration cycle
for combined production of power is performed on Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. Energy
analyses alone does not distinguish between quantity and quality of energy and simply provides
the overall performance of the system therefore exergy analysis is performed. Energy and exergy
analysis gives a more clear assessment of various losses occurring in energy systems both
quantitatively and qualitatively, and the irreversibility in the system and thereby shows the
possibilities of improvement in efficiency that could be made. A parametric analysis is
performed to investigate the effects of change in biomass material, gas turbine inlet temperature
and steam turbine inlet pressure on performance of the integrated gasification combined cycle.
Moisture content in the biomass material shows its importance from an exergy point of view, as
efficiency drops considerably when moisture content increases from 20% to 50% when the
biomass fuel changed from rice husk to manure. Energy distribution is less sensitive to
considered biomass material as compared with the exergy distribution.\

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1.1.1 Gasification process
Gasification is different from combustion. The purpose of combustion is to produce heat,
whereas the purpose of gasification is to produce fuels or chemicals. Therefore, during a
combustion process, the stoichiometric (or theoretical) amount of oxidant is used to completely
oxidize the feedstock and obtain the maximum thermal energy output (heat); whereas, during a
gasification process, as little thermal energy as possible is intended to be used (and, thus, limited
oxidant is needed) to convert the feedstock to useful fuels, preserving as much of the original
fuel’s chemical energy (or heating value) as desired. Typically, a stoichiometric ratio of 0.25–
0.35 (i.e., 25–35% of the oxygen theoretically needed for complete combustion) is implemented
in a gasification process. Since only limited oxidant is needed, the gasification process has been
commonly introduced as an incomplete combustion or partial combustion process. Although it is
not wrong to say so, it could be misleading because the purpose of incomplete or partial
oxidation is to produce heat, which is only the first step. The resulting heat is needed to complete
the rest of gasification process. The actual reactions involved with gasification are extremely
complicated and vary with the properties of the feedstock. For the convenience of further
explaining the gasification process, a set of simplified, major global reactions involved in a
gasification process are summarized as follows.

Heterogeneous reactions:

C(s) + ½ O2 → CO ∆H = -110.5 MJ/kmol

C(s) + CO2 → 2CO ∆H = +172.0 MJ/kmol (Gasification, Reverse Boudouard

Reaction)

C(s) + H2O (g) → CO + H2 ∆H = +131.4 MJ/kmol (Steam-Char Gasification)

C + 2H2 → CH4, ∆H = -87.4 MJ/kmol (Hydrogasification, Direct

Methanation)

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Homogeneous reactions:

CO + ½ O2 → CO2 ∆H = -283.1 MJ/kmol

CO + H2O (g) → CO2 + H2 ∆H = -41.0 MJ/kmol (Water-gas shift)

CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O ∆H = -205.7 MJ/kmol (Methanation)

CHmOnNoSpClq → aCO+ bH2+ cCH4+ dC2H2+ eN2+ fHCl+ gH2S+ hCO (Volatile cracking)

CH4+ ½ O2 → CO + 2H2 ∆H = -35.7MJ/kmol (Volatiles gasification via

CH4)

C2H2 + O2 → 2CO + H2 ∆H = -447.83 MJ/kmol (Volatiles gasification via

C2H2)

H2 + ½ O2 → H2O ∆H = -242MJ/kmol

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1.2 Types of Gasifier

Gasifiers can be classified based on the density factor, which is a ratio of the solid matter (the
dense phase) a gasifier can burn to the total volume available. Gasifiers can be (a) dense phase
reactors, or (b) lean phase reactors

Dense phase reactors

In dense phase reactors, the feedstock fills most of the space in the reactor. They are common,
available in different designs depending upon the operating conditions, and are of three types:
downdraft, updraft, and cross-draft.

1.2.1.1 Downdraft Gasifiers

The downdraft (also known as co-current) gasifier is the most common type of gasifier. In
downdraft gasifiers, the pyrolysis zone is above the combustion zone and the reduction zone is
below the combustion zone. Fuel is fed from the top. The flow of air and gas is downwards
(hence the name) through the combustion and reduction zones. The term co-current is used
because air moves in the same direction as that of fuel, downwards. A downdraft gasifier is so
designed that tar, which is produced in the pyrolysis zone, travels through the combustion zone,
where it is broken down or burnt. As a result, the mixture of gases in the exit stream is relatively
clean. The position of the combustion zone is thus a critical element in the downdraft gasifier, its
main advantage being that it produces gas with low tar content, which is suitable for gas engines.

Fig1.3 Schematic of downdraft gasifier designs

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1.2.1.2 Updraft Gasifier
In updraft gasifiers (also known as counter-current), air enters from below the grate and flows
upwards, whereas the fuel flows downwards. An updraft gasifier has distinctly defined zones for
partial combustion, reduction, pyrolysis, and drying. The gas produced in the reduction zone
leaves the gasifier reactor together with the products of pyrolysis from the pyrolysis zone and
steam from the drying zone. The resulting combustible producer gas is rich in hydrocarbons
(tars) and, therefore, has a higher calorific value, which makes updraft gasifiers more suitable
where heat is needed, for example in industrial furnaces. The producer gas needs to be
thoroughly cleaned if it is to be used for generating electricity.

Fig1.4 Schematic of updraft gasifier designs.

1.2.1.3 Cross-draft Gasifier

In a cross-draft gasifier, air enters from one side of the gasifier reactor and leaves from the other.
Cross-draft gasifiers have a few distinct advantages such as compact construction and low
cleaning requirements. Also, cross-draft gasifiers do not need a grate; the ash falls to the bottom
and does not come in the way of normal operation.

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 Fig 1.5 Schematic of a cross-draft gasifier.

1.2.2 Lean phase reactors

Lean phase gasifiers lack separate zones for different reactions. All reactions – drying,
combustion, pyrolysis, and reduction – occur in one large reactor chamber. Lean phase reactors
are mostly of two types, fluidized bed gasifiers and entrained-flow gasifiers.

1.2.2.1 Fluidized Bed Gasifiers

In fluidized bed gasifiers, the biomass is brought into an inert bed of fluidized material (e.g.
sand, char, etc.). The fuel is fed into the fluidized system either above-bed or directly into the
bed, depending upon the size and density of the fuel and how it is affected by the bed velocities.
During normal operation, the bed media is maintained at a temperature between 550 °C and 1000
°C. When the fuel is introduced under such temperature conditions, its drying and pyrolyzing
reactions proceed rapidly, driving off all gaseous portions of the fuel at relatively low
temperatures. The remaining char is oxidized within the bed to provide the heat source for the
drying and devolatilizing reactions to continue. Fluidized bed gasifiers are better than dense
phase reactors in that they produce more heat in short time due to the abrasion phenomenon
between inert bed material and biomass, giving a uniformly high (800–1000 ºC) bed temperature.

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A fluidized bed gasifier works as a hot bed of sand particles agitated constantly by air. Air is distributed
through nozzles located at the bottom of the bed.

Fig 1.6 Schematic of a fluidized bed gasifier

1.2.2.2 Entrained-flow gasifiers

In entrained-flow gasifiers, fuel and air are introduced from the top of the reactor, and fuel is
carried by the air in the reactor.

Fig 1.7 Schematic of an entrained-flow gasifier.

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The operating temperatures are 1200–1600 °C and the pressure is 20–80 bar. Entrained-flow
gasifiers can be used for any type of fuel so long as it is dry (low moisture) and has low ash
content. Due to the short residence time (0.5–4.0 seconds), high temperatures are required for
such gasifiers. The advantage of entrained-flow gasifiers is that the gas contains very little tar.

Table 1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different gasifier types

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 Chapter 2

Literature review
Various investigations based on conventional first law of thermodynamic method have been
carried out in the past on biomass integrated gasification combined cycle. These investigations
laid a foundation for the proper utilization of biomass using gasification technology effectively.

Parvez M [3] conducted a fundamental study based on biomass integrated gasification combined
cycle model to experiment the emission rates issued by the plant during its operation. It is
noticed that an increase in hydrogen and carbon monoxide were obtained by increasing pressure
and temperature. The optimum temperature and pressure of gasification are 1000 °C and 3.5
MPa, respectively; the corresponding energy and exergy efficiency were observed to rise up to
35.41% and 31.21%, respectively. The exergy destruction was noticed for different components,
76.2% and 55.4% for gasifier and 21.8% and 31.3% for HRSG. De Souza–Santos[11] proposed
a thermodynamic methodology for power generation, using fluidized-bed gasifier system for
gasification of sugarcane bagasse. Various configurations of the power unit were studied to find
the most efficient one among them.

Most of the studies as discussed above are based on the first law of thermodynamics which
essentially deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another. However, such an
analysis fails to identify and quantify the sources of thermodynamic losses which have
deteriorating effect on the performance of thermal energy systems. As such, the analysis based
on the first law provides the overall performance of the system and cannot answer why the actual
operational performance of energy system differ from the designed one. This limitation of the
first law has been overcome by many investigators by invoking the second law for analysis.
T.Srinivasan, A.V.S.S.K.S.Gupta, B.V.Reddy [4] A thermochemical model has been developed
to predict the gas composition and performance of a biomass gasifier based on thermodynamic
equilibrium concept for different biomass materials. A simplified numerical method is applied to
solve the thermochemical equilibrium reactions.

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 Chapter 3
Design and calculation

1.3 System Description

The proposed biomass fueled cogeneration cycle for simultaneous production of power is shown
in Figure 1. The biomass is injected to the gasifier at ambient conditions. The compressed air
enters at 2 and superheated steam extracted from the steam turbine enters the gasifier at 4.
Biomass gasification occurs in the presence of compressed air and superheated steam and
produces the syngas. The gas produced in the gasifier after passing through a gas clean up goes
to combustion chamber at 5. The synthetic gas burned in the combustion chamber in the presence
of compressed air, and the combustion products at 6 goes to the gas turbine where they expand
and produce power. The gas turbine exhaust at 7 enters the HRSG where steam is generated. The
superheat steam at ‘a’, goes to the steam turbine for additional power production. Saturated
steam at the exit of the steam turbine at ‘b’ goes to the condenser where its phase changes from
vapor to liquid at ‘c’. The water is then pumped to HRSG. The stack gases at 12 are discharged
to the ambien

Fig 3.1 Integrated gasification combined cycle power plant.

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1.4 Design and Calculation

The general chemical formula for biomass feedstocks given by Ca0Ha1Oa2Na3The global
gasification reaction in the biomass gasifier can be written as:

Ca0Ha1Oa2Na3 + wH2O + a4(O2 + 3.76N2) + a5H2O→b1CH4 + b2CO+b3CO2 + b4H2 +

b5H2O+b6N2 (1)

Where C, H, O and N are the fuel mass fractions from the ultimate analysis on dry basis. For
single-carbon-atom fuel (a0=1), the coefficients a1, a2 and a3 are determined from H/C, O/C and
N/C mole ratios, respectively. The composition of biomass materials is reported in Table 3.1.For
every single atom of carbon in fuel, the coefficient a0 becomes one. The coefficients a1, a2, and
a3 are the H/C, O/C, and N/C mole ratios, respectively. The reactions are solved at
thermodynamic equilibrium. The gasification products contain CH4, CO, CO2, H2, H2O, and
N2. The Eq. (1) represents an overall chemical reaction in a gasifier but a number of competing
intermediate reactions take place during the process. Taking atom balances on carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen

C balance: a◦ = b1 + b2 + b3 (2)

H balance: a₁ + 2a₅ = 4b1 + 2b4 + 2b5 (3)

O balance: a₂ + 2a₄ + a₅ = b2 + 2b3 + b5 (4)

N balance: a₃ + 2(3.76) a₄ = 2b₆ (5)

There are six unknowns and four equations, so there is a need for two equations developed from
equilibrium reactions.

Methane reforming CH₄+ H₂O = CO+ 3H₂ (6)

Water shift reaction CO + H₂O = CO2+ H₂ (7)

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Now our general equation of biomass become

C1H1.56O0.52N0.088 + 0.24H2O + 0.084(O2 + 3.76N2) +

1.284H2O→b1CH4 + b2CO+b3CO2 + b4H2 + b5H2O+b6N2
(8)

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Taking atom balances on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

C balance: 1 = b1 + b2 + b3 (9)

H balance: 1.56 + 2*1.284 = 4b1 + 2b4 + 2b5 (10)

O balance: 0.52 + 2*0.084 + 1.284 = b2 + 2b3 + b5 (11)

N balance: 0.088 + 2(3.76) 0.084 = 2b₆ (12)

Till now we have calculated the value of all the coefficient on reactant side. Now next target is to
calculate the value of product side coefficient.

The equilibrium constant for methane reforming reaction is k₁ and for water gas shift, reaction is
represented by k₂ as the reaction is in the gaseous state the equilibrium constant is given in terms
of the partial pressure of the species as:

k₁=PCH4/P2H2 (13)

And in terms of coefficient of the product gas

k₁ = b1/b42 (14)

k2 = PCO2*PH₂/PCO*PH₂O (15)

And in terms of the coefficient of the product gas

k2 = b₃b₄/b₂b₅ (16)

As we know that equilibrium constant depends on temperature

So, formula of calculaiting k₁ and k2

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And for k2

After putting the value of temperature & pressure of gasifier i.e 784.0485K & 6bar

We get excel solution

The simplification of equation k₁ forms a quadratic equation in terms of b1 and b₂ represented

by the function f (b1, b₂), similarly the simplification of the equation of k₂ forms another
function represented by g(b1, b₂).

A numerical method is used to solve the b1 and b2 from the above two equilibrium constant
equations. Therefore, approximate initial values of b1 and b2 are taken to start the iteration of the
numerical method. By Taylor’s series expansion method

(12)

The values of h and k are the desired degree of accuracy in the coefficients of b1 and b2,
respectively. In the above equations fo= f (b1 ,b2) and go=g (b1 ,b2), respectively are solved to

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get the values of h and k. If the desired degree of accuracy is not obtained, this iteration is
repeated with the new values for the coefficients. They are as follows:

(13)

This is repeated up to the desired accuracy. All the six coefficients _b1-b6__ in the partial
oxidation reaction are calculated by the iteration.

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18
Abbreviations
BIGCC, biomass integrated gasification combined cycle; C, carbon; GT, gas turbine; GTIT, gas
turbine inlet temperature (K);H, hydrogen; HRSG, heat recovery steam generator; LHV, lower
heating value (kJ/kg); P, pump; ST, steam turbine; STIP, steam turbine inlet pressure(K); T,
absolute temperature (K).

Nomenclature
m Mass flow rate (kg/s);

m˙air Mass flow rate of air (kg/s);

m˙pf Mass flow rate of primary fuel (kg/s);

m˙sf Mass flow rate of secondary fuel (kg/s);

m˙fuel Mass flow rate of fuel (kg/s);

p Pressure (bar);

Q Heat transfer rate (kW);

Qj Heat transfer rate to the system (kW);

R Universal gas constant (kJ/kg mol);

T0 Atmospheric temperature (K);

Tj Temperature of the system (K);

w number of moles of moisture in the biomass;

W mechanical power (kW);

yi mole fraction of species i in the mixture;

γ ratio of specific heats

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 Chapter-4

Conclusion

By carrying out thermodynamic analysis for the biomass-fuelled gas turbine combined cycle, a
model based on thermochemical equilibrium has been developed to predict the composition of
syngas produced from partial combustion (gasification) of apple juice waste and sugarcane
bagasse in the gasifier.
Dynamic spreadsheet model for energy and exergy analysis of BIGCC is designed, on which the
analysis can be performed for different type of biomass feed, turbine inlet temperature and
pressure ratio.

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 Chapter-5
References
[1] Y.A.Situmorang, Z.Zhao, A.Yoshida and A.Abudula, “Small-scale biomass gasification
systems for power generation (<200kW class): A review, “Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews,no.117,2020.

[2] P.Basu, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Torrefaction, Practical Design and Theory, 2 nd
ed., London: Academic Press, Elsevier,2013.

[3] M.Parvez, “Investigation on thermodynamics behaviour of apple juice waste and sugarcane
bagasse gasified fuelled combined cycle power generation system, “Biofuels, 2017.

[4] T.Srinivasan, A.V.S.S.K.S.Gupta, B.V.Reddy, “Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model and

Exergy Analysis of Biomass Gasifier. “Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 131, p. 031801-1,
2009.

[5] H. Athari, S. Soltani, M. Rosen and T. Morosuk, "Gas turbine steam injection and combined
power cycle using fog inlet cooling and biomass fuel: a thermodynamic assessment," Renew
Energy, no. 92, p. 95–102, 2016.

[6] P. Kilmantos, N. Koukouzas and A. Katsiadakis, "Air blown biomass gasification combined
cycles (BGCC): system analysis and economic assessment," Energy, vol. V, no. 34, p. 708–714,
2009.

[7] M.Parvez, "Energy and exergy analyses of a biomass integrated gasification cogeneration
system for combined production of power and refrigeration," Biofuels, vol. I, 2015.

[8] T. Wang and G. Stiegel, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies,
Woodhead Publishing, 2017.

[9] V. Henry and Q.Krigmont, "Integrated biomass gasification combined cycle (IBGCC) power
generation concept: the gateway to a cleaner future," Allied Environmental Technologies, vol. I,
p. 1–22, 1999.

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[10] D. Souza and M. Santos, "A feasibility study of an alternative power generation system
based on biomass gasification/gas turbine concept," Fuels, no. 78, p. 529–538, 1999.

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