THE CITY OF CITY OF STEEL IN INDIA.

JAMSHEDPUR
FATHIMA K.P • MONA AYISHA • MUHAMMED ZIYAD
INTRODUCTION

LOCATION & SIZE :

▸ LONGITUDE: 22.8000 DEGREE N LATITUDE: 86.3000 DEGREE E

▸ STATE :JHARKHAND

▸ NESTLED IN THE HEART OF THE HILLY AND RICHLY FORESTED EAST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT
OF THE CHHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU, THIS CITY COVERS A TOTAL AREA OF 64 SQUARE
KILOMETERS, AND HAS AN AVERAGE ELEVATION OF ABOUT 400 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL.

▸ THE SUBARNAREKHA RIVER LIES TO THE NORTH OF JAMSHEDPUR AND TO ITS EAST IS THE
KHARKAI. THE DENSELY FORESTED DALMA HILLS, 10 KMS FROM THE CITY, ARE THE MAIN
RANGE RUNNING WEST TO EAST.THE POPULATION OF THE CITY IS APPROXIMATELY 8.50
LAKHS.
ASTRACT
The steel city of Jamshedpur originated in a small company town in the
backwaters of eastern India as a new experiment in urbanism in 1907. A
reevaluation of the planning reports of 1911, 1920, 1936, and 1944–45
reveals the reworking and adaptation of twentieth century modern urban
planning and the limited success it achieved in India. The planning ideals
included open green spaces of the garden city as an antidote to
industrialisation, urban infrastructure adapted to local site conditions,
neighbourhood units self-sufficient in civic amenities, and street hierarchy
as a means of traffic segregation. Regionalisation of global planning ideals as
well as the tension between planned development and organic growth is
evident in the narrative of Jamshedpur evolving from a company town to
industrial city to the present day urban agglomeration.
FOUNDER OF THE TATA GROUP

JAMSETJI NUSSERWANJI TATA

‣ COMMITTED TO THE IDEA OF SETTING UP AN IRON AND STEEL
COMPANY TO PROPEL INDIA TO ECONOMIC PROSPERITY.
‣ THE SEARCH FOR IRON ORE TO FUEL THE STEEL PLANT WAS
INITIALLY CONCENTRATED IN THE CENTRAL PROVINCES.
‣ IT SHIFTED FOCUS TO THE EAST WHEN THE FIRST INDIAN
GRADED OFFICER AT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, P N
BOSE TOOK IT UPON HIMSELF TO GUIDE J N TATA TO THE
PRINCELY STATE OF MAYURBHANJ, IN MODERNDAY ODISHA.
‣ THE PIONEERS, SIR DORABJI TATA AND SHAPOORJI
SAKLATVALA, ACCOMPANIED BY SURVEYORS, CM WELD AND
HIS INDIAN ASSISTANT SRINIVAS RAO, UNDERTOOK A HARD
AND ADVENTUROUS JOURNEY, DEFYING ALL DANGERS AND
DISCOMFORTS, SPENDING NIGHTS IN TENTS, IN SEARCH OF
AN IDEAL LOCATION FOR A STEEL PLANT.
‣ THE PIONEERS FOUND THE IDEAL SITE FOR A STEEL PANT IN
DECEMBER 1907 AT SAKCHI, A QUIET PATCH IN THE JUNGLES
OF BIHAR AT THE CONFLUENCE OF TWO PEACEFUL RIVERS,
SUBARNAREKHA AND KHARKAI.
MAP OF JAMSHEDPUR
PLANNING

STAGES OF PLANNING
•UNLIKE THE PLANNING OF DELHI AND CHANDIGARH,
WHICH WERE PLANNED AND CONCEIVED ALL AT A SINGLE SAHLIN AND SMALL INDUSTRIAL TOWN .
1912
TIME, THIS TOWN WAS PLANNED IN VARIOUS STAGES. KENNEDY PLAN

•THE REASON BEHIND THESE SEVERAL STAGES WAS TOWN . FULL FLEDGED INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE STEEL PLANT DUE 1920
TEMPLE PLAN TOWNSHIP .
TO WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR IL AND HENCE
GROWTH IN POPULATION OF WORKERS.
EXPANSION OF TEMPLE PLAN
. STOK’S PLAN 1936 WITH EMPHASIS ON HOUSING .

GARDEN + NEIGHBOURHOOD
KOENIGSBERGER’S 1944-45 UNIT IN PLANNING CIRCLES.
PLAN
STAGES OF PLANNING

SAHLIN AND KENNEDY PLAN

•THE PITTSBURGH FIRM OF JULIAN KENNEDY AND AXEL SAHLIN WAS
AWARDED THE CONTRACT FOR THE DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING
WORKS OF TATA STEEL PLANT.
•THEY BUILT THE ORIGINAL COLONY BETWEEN 1909-12 FOR
HOUSING MANAGERS AND SKILLED WORKERS "THERE IS A LITTLE
INFLUENCE OF THE GARDEN CITY/SUBURB IDEAL OF THE 'NEW
AMERICAN COMPANY.
•SITE EXIGENCIES DICTATED THE STRATIFIED PATTERN OF HOUSING p
ON HIGH GROUND ON THE RIDGE SPURS ON THE NORTH-WEST AND
WESTERN FRINGES OF THE STEEL PLANT TO ENSURE PROTECTION
FROM THE FACTORY DUST CARRIED BY THE PREVAILING WESTERN
WINDS. THE COLONY WAS LAID OUT IN THE GRID-IRON (NORTH
AMERICAN SETTLEMENT PATTERN) WITH ALPHABETICALLY NAMED
ROADS" RUNNING EAST-WEST AND NUMBERED AVENUES) RUNNING
NORTH-SOUTH.
•THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF A PLANNED TOWN CENTRE OR PUBLIC
PARK SYSTEM.
•THE PLAN IGNORED THE ACUTE NEED FOR HOUSING LABOURERS
WITH THE RESULT THAT CLUSTERS OF MUD HUTS SPRANG UP AROUND
THE TOWNS AND CLOSE TO THE FACTORY GATES.
STAGES OF PLANNING

FREDRICK C. TEMPLE PLAN

•AS THE STEEL PRODUCTION OF THE PLANT GREW (DUE TO WORLD
WAR I), POPULATION OF THE TOWNSHIP INCREASED AND THE OLD
KENNEDY PLAN BECAME OBSOLETE

•FREDRICK C. TEMPLE, SANITARY OFFICER FOR ORISSA AND BIHAR

STATES WAS APPOINTED AS THE CHIEF ENGINEER FOR PLANNING OF
JAMSHEDPUR

•TEMPLE'S WORK WAS INFLUENCED BY

•STUDY OF LIFESTYLE OF LOCAL TRIBAL PEOPLE

•CONCEPT OF GARDEN CITY OF LETCHWORTH

•DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL VILLAGE OF NEW BARS WICK

•THE FACT THAT MA TOWNSHIP ALREADY EXISTED AROUND THE STEEL

PLANT" PLAYED A DETRIMENTAL FACTOR IN THE PLANNING THUS
MAKING IT SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT FROM OTHER INDUSTRIAL
TOWNSHIPS OF ITS TIME.
STAGES OF PLANNING

FREDRICK C. TEMPLE PLAN

THE PRINCIPLES OF TEMPLE'S PLANNING WERE:
•GRAVITATIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
•STREET SYSTEM ADAPTED TO CONTOURS.
•PARKWAY SYSTEM IN NATURAL DRAINS,
•TEMPLE PROPOSED HOUSING OF 12 UNITS PER ACRE, BALANCING IT WITH 1-1 ½
ACRE
PLOTS OF BUNGALOWS AND ¼ ACRE PLOTS QUARTERS,
•HE DESIGNED THE QUARTERS IN 3 BLOCKS WITH THE 4' ONE SERVING AS OPEN
SPACE.
•HE ADVOCATED THAT THE PROBLEM OF HOUSING COULD BE SOLVED BY IMPROVING
THE SANITATION AND PRESERVING THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE SQUATTER
SETTLEMENTS AND THE LIFESTYLE OF THE TRIBAL PEOPLE RESPECTIVELY.
STAGES OF PLANNING

MAJOR P.G.W STOKES PLAN

•DUE TO THE FURTHER EXPANSION OF TATA STEEL IN 1930,

THE TOWNSHIP WAS IN IMMEDIATE NEED OF HOUSING.

•STOKES STRIVED A LOT TO PROPOSE AN EFFECTIVE PLAN

FOR THIS GROWING TOWNSHIP.

•ACCORDING TO HIS REPORT HIS WORK WAS VERY MUCH

INFLUENCED BY EARNEST BURGES (1925) WHO PROPOSED
THAT CITIES DEVELOP OUTWARD FROM CENTRAL
BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS WITH
WORKING CLASS POPULATION NEAREST TO THE CORE.

•STOKES DID NOT HAVE MUCH TO DO BEYOND TEMPLE'S

PLAN. HIS MAIN WORK WAS TO QUENCH THE SHORTAGE OF
HOUSING.
STAGES OF PLANNING

MAJOR P.G.W STOKES PLAN

•CONSTRAINED BY THE EXISTING MIXED AND STRATIFIED HOUSING OF JAMSHEDPUR, STOKE

HAD TO CONFORM TO HOMER HOYT'S WEDGE SHAPED URBAN MODEL THAT STIPULATED
SEGMENTED GROWTH ALONG TRANSPORT
ARTERIES.
•OFFICERS' BUNGALOWS WERE MADE IN NORTH TOWN ALONG THE E-W STRAIGHT MILE ROAD.
•WORKERS' HOUSING WAS PROVIDED IN NORTH AND WEST IN SAKCHI AND KADMA
RESPECTIVELY.
•TO FURTHER SATISFY THE NEED, HE HAD TO PROVIDE WORKERS' HOUSING IN BURMA MINES
(S-E OF THE STEEL PLANT) BUT THIS EXPOSED THE RESIDENTS TO THE SMOKE AND DUST OF
THE PLANT.
STAGES OF PLANNING

OTTO KEONIGSBERGER'S PLAN

• THE PRIMARY MOTIVE OF KEONIGSBERGER WAS TO IMPLEMENT
GARDEN CITY CONCEPTS IN HIS MASTER PLAN FOR JAMSHEDPUR, BUT
HIS MOTIVE WAS PARTIALLY SATISFIED
• HE WAS RELUCTANT TO GIVE UP AND ENDEAVOURED TO PUT IN
GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLES WHEREVER SPACE PERMITTED.
• THE MAJOR PROBLEM WAS THAT JAMSHEDPUR DID NOT DEVELOP AS
A GARDEN CITY. BUSTEES HAD DEVELOPED ON THE PERIPHERY OF THE
INDUSTRIAL AREA.
•HIS CONTENTION WAS THAT LINEAR GROWTH ALONG TRANSPORTATION
ARTERIES WAS THE BEST SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS POSED BY THE
CONCENTRIC GROWTH AROUND THE PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT.
•MASSIVE URBAN SURGERY WAS UNTENABLE, SO KEONIGSBERGER
PROPOSED FOR A GARDEN SUBURB ON THE FORESTED SLOPES OF
DALMA HILLS FOR 200 MEDIUM INCOME FAMILIES WHO COULD DO THE
DAILY COMMUTE 7 MILES TO THE STEEL PLANT.
STAGES OF PLANNING

OTTO KEONIGSBERGER'S PLAN

• THIS WAS ALL THE BUNGALOWS AND COTTAGES DISAPPEARED BEHIND TREE FOLIAGE
AND GARDENS.
• THE ONLY PUBLIC BUILDING BESIDES THE CLUB/REST HOUSE WOULD BE THE
INSPECTION BUNGALOW OVERLOOKING THE DAM ON ONE SIDE AND TERRACED HILL-
GARDEN WITH A BANDSTAND ON THE OTHER.

• INTENTION WAS TO BUILD A LEAFY SUBURB AT A SUITABLE DISTANCE FROM

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND HAPHAZARD URBAN GROWTH

• THIS UNBUILT PROPOSAL REPRESENTED WHAT TATA STEEL DESIRED ALL OF

JAMSHEDPUR TO BE,
TEXT

JAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)

• TATA STEEL REMAINED THE LARGEST EMPLOYER AND THE PHYSICAL CORE OF
JAMSHEDPUR. NEW INDUSTRIES AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS WERE BUILT FIRST TOWARDS THE
EAST AND LATER AFTER INDEPENDENCE IN 1947 ACROSS THE RIVER KHARKAI ON THE WEST.
• A MULTINUCLEATED PATTERN EMERGED WITH INDUSTRIES AS THE NUCLEI OF SETTLEMENT
GROWTH THAT MINIMIZED THE DISTANCE BETWEEN RESIDENCE AND WORKPLACE.
• SOME OF THESE INDUSTRIES WERE ESTABLISHED BY THE TATAS, OTHERS WERE ACQUIRED
AND BECAME SUBSIDIARIES,
• TINPLATE, CABLE, STEEL AND WIRE INDUSTRIES BUILT THEIR HOUSING IN A GRID IRON
PATTERN ON A RIDGE PARALLEL TO THE MAIN NW-SE RIDGE.
"THE TRIBAL VILLAGES THAT HAD DETERIORATED INTO BUSTEES WERE NOW TRANSFORMED
INTO PLANNED HOUSING COLONIES,
• THE TATA ENGINEERING AND LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY (TELCO) BUILT HOUSING FOR ITS
EMPLOYEES IN THE VILLAGE JOJOBERA,
• GOLMURI WAS DEVELOPED BY TINPLATE COMPANY
• SIDHGORA BY INDIAN OXYGEN AND TATA STEEL
• BARIDIH WAS DEVELOPED BY TUBE COMPANY.
JAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)

"THE SATELLITE TOWNSHIP OF ADITYAPUR CAME UP IN THE 1960'S ACROSS THE RIVER KHARKHAI
AS A RESULT OF STATE GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE IN PLANNING AN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX WHICH
INCORPORATED 83 VILLAGES AND IS SPREAD OVER 53 SQUARE MILES WITH MUCH OF THE
DEVELOPMENT CONCENTRATED ALONG THE MAIN ARTERY-TATA-KANDRA ROAD.
• ABOUT 700 INDUSTRIES PROVIDE GOODS AND SERVICES TO TATA STEEL ALTHOUGH SERVICED BY
POORLY PLANNED RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• JUA 2027 MASTER PLAN WAS DRAWN UP BY SUPERIOR GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF NEW DELHI
IN COLLABORATION WITH THE PHILADELPHIA BASED LANDSCAPE PLANNING FIRM OF WALLACE
ROBERTS &TODD AT THE BEHEST OF STATE GOVT.
• THE SCOPE OF PLANNING COVERED THE COPE OF JAMSHEDPUR, ADITYAPUR, MANGO, JUGSALAI
AND SEVEN VILLAGES, ALTOGETHER COVERING AN AREA OF 149.23 SQ. KMS.
• JAMSHETJI NUSSERWANJI TATA
(3RD MAR'1839- 19TH MAY' 1904)
•SAKCHI VILLAGE
•STAGES OF PLANNING
- SAHLIN AND KENNEDY PLAN-1912
- TEMPLE PLAN-1920
- STOKE’S PLAN-1930
- KOENIGSBERGER’S PLAN-1944-45)
• USE PREVAILING WINDS TO CARRY DUST
•GRID IRON LAYOUT
•PRINCIPLES OF TEMPLE PLANNING
•GRAVITATIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
•STREET SYSTEM ADAPTED TO CONTOURS.
•PARKWAY SYSTEM IN NATURAL DRAINS.
• GARDEN CITY
• JUA

CONCLUSION