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LESSON 3: ENGLISH CONSONANTS

LESSON 3: ENGLISH CONSONANTS

Choose the best answer. Tick A, B, C, or D.

1. People have been aware of the importance of sounds as vehicles of meaning for ...
A. a very long time
B. some years
C. a hundred years
D. a thousand years
2. Systematic studies on the speech sounds only appeared with
A. the modern life
B. the development of foreign language learning
C. the development of modern sciences
D. the development of tape recorders
3. The term phonetics comes from the ...
A. Greek language
B. Italian language
C. English language
D. Latin language
4. The term phonology first appeared in ...
A. the end of the 19th century
B. the end of the 18th century
C. the early of the 19th century
D. the early of the 18th century
5. The structuralism emphasizes the essential contrastive role of classes of sounds which are labeled ...
A. phonetics
B. phonology
C. phonemes
D. phones
6. The terms phonetics and phonology was used indiscriminately until...
A. the first half of the 19th century
B. the first half of the 20th century
C. the end of the 19th century
D. the end of the 20th century
7. Some fundamental distinctions between phonetics and phonology will be agreed about by ...
A. most teachers
B. most students
C. most language users
D. most linguists
8. Which of the following is NOT CORRECT?
The central concerns in phonetics are the discovery of ...
A. how speech sounds are produced
B. how they are used in written language
C. how we can record speech sounds with written symbols
D. how we hear and recognise different sounds
9. Articulatory phonetics generally refers to the study of how humans ...
A. produce speech sounds
B. perceive speech sound
C. transmit speech sounds
D. interact with speech sounds
10. The International Phonetic Association has played a very important role in ...
A. designing conventions for using sounds in speech
B. using phonetic symbols for speech sounds
C. making use of phonetic symbols that represent speech sounds
D. designing conventions for using phonetic symbols that represent speech sounds
11. Auditory phonetics is concerned with the ...
A. production of phonetic sounds of words of a language
B. hearing of phonetic sounds of words of a language
C. transmittion of phonetic sounds of words of a language
D. description of phonetic sounds of words of a language
12. Which of the following statement is NOT CORRECT?
A. The objective of phonemic analysis to establish what the phonetic sounds are and arrive at the phonemic
inventory of the language.
B. The objective of phonemic analysis to establish what the phonemes are and arrive at the phonemic inventory of
the language.
C. The most basic activity in phonology is phonemic analysis.
D. A large number of phonologists have believed that it is necessary to go beyond phonemic analysis.
13. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to suprasegmental phonology ?
A. stress
B. rhythm
C. intonation
D. transcription
14. "Distinctive features" are mainly concerned with
A. the detailed transcription of each unit
B. the detailed characteristics of each unit
C. the detailed articulation of each unit
D. the detailed rules of each unit
15. Phonotactics is mainly concerned with the way in which ...
A. sounds can combine in a language
B. consonants can combine in a language
C. vowels can combine in a language
D. words can combine in a language
16. The soft portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind the hard palate is called the ...
A. uvula
B. velum
C. palate
D. cavity
17. The lowest part of the tongue in the throat is called the ...
A. epiglottis
B. tongue root
C. dorsum
D. tongue blade
18. The small, dangly thing at the back of the soft palate is called the ...
A. uvula
B. larynx
C. glottis
D. dorsum
19. The hard portion of the roof of the mouth is called the ...
A. velum
B. uvula
C. hard palate
D. soft palate
20. The structure that holds and manipulates the vocal cords is called the ...
A. pharynx
B. larynx
C. velum
D. glottis
21. The fold of tissue below the root of the tongue is called the ...
A. epiglottis
B. pharynx
C. larynx
D. vocal cords
22. The main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and soft palate is called the ...
A. tongue blade
B. dorsum
C. tongue
D. tongue root
23. The opening between the vocal cords is called the
A. oral cavity
B. nasal cavity
C. glottis
D. epiglottis
24. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the major dimensions of consonant classification?
A. place of articulation
B. pronunciation
C. voicing
D. manner of articulation
25. In producing a consonant there is a ........... in the vocal tract.
A. construction
B. constriction
C. opening
D. height
26. In a .............. consonant, the lower and upper lips approach or touch each other.
A. dental
B. labiodental
C. bilabial
D. palatal
27. In a ............. consonant, the body of the tongue approaches or touches the soft palate.
A. bilabial
B. velar
C. postaveolar
D. glottal
28. In a ............. consonant, the body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard palate.
A. palatal
B. velar
C. dental
D. labiodental
29. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT?
A. The manner of articulation tells how narrow the constriction is.
B. The manner of articulation tells where in the vocal tract the constriction occurs.
C. The manner of articulation tells whether the tongue is dropped down on one side.
D. The manner of articulation tells whether air is flowing through the nose.
30. The English t, d, and k are....
A. fricatives
B. stops
C. nasals
D. approximants
31. In a ............... consonant, the articulators involved in the constriction approach get close enough to each other to
create a turbulent air-stream.
A. fricative
B. stop
C. nasal
D. lateral
32. The major difference between the two consonants /f/ and /v/ is the ......
A. manner of articulation
B. place of articulation
C. voicing
D. sound class
33. Sounds which are made with vocal fold vibration are said to be ..........
A. voiced
B. voiceless
C. lateral
D. affricate
34. The place of articulation of a consonant specifies ..........
A. whether air is flowing through the nose
B. whether the tongue is dropped down on one side
C. where in the vocal tract the narrowing occurs
D. how narrow the constriction is
35. /h/ is a ............. sound.
A. stop
B. fricative
C. voiceless
D. B and C are correct
36. /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ are ............
A. oral stops
B. nasal stops
C. lateral sounds
D. approximants
37. Letter h is silent in the word ..........
A. hear
B. history
C. honour
D. horn
38. The letter x in the word example is pronounced as .........
A. /ks/
B. /gz/
C. /s/
D. /z/
39. Which of the CAPITALISED letters in the following pairs have the same pronunciation?
A. poSSession - miSSion
B. enouGH - thorouGH
C. seiZure - garaGE
D. iSland - hiStory
40. In which of the following words the CAPITALISED letter is silent?
A. linGuist
B. corpS
C. Plane
D. thoughT

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Choose the best answer. Tick A, B, C, or D.
LESSON 6: SYLLABUS STRUCTURE
Choose the best answer. Click the letter that corresponds to the answer you have chosen.

1. The following statement describes which aspect of vowel classification?

"Vowels are classified in terms of how much space there is between the tongue and the roof of the mouth".
A. tongue backness
B. tongue height
C. lip rounding
D. vowel length
2. In making these vowels: /i/, /i:/, /u/, /u:/ space between the tongue and the roof of the mouth is.......
A. relatively wide
B. very wide
C. relatively narrow
D. very narrow
3. The sounds /i/ and /æ/ are examples of ...
A. long vowels
B. rounded vowels
C. unrounded vowels
D. back vowels
4. The sounds /i:/ and /u:/ are examples of ... .
A. tense vowels
B. lax vowels
C. back vowels
D. short vowels
5. Which of the following pairs of words have the same diphthong?
A. mayor - taylor
B. pure - future
C. bourse - mature
D. height - take
6. Which of the following pairs of words have different diphthongs?
A. aisle - dyke
B. ace - gaol
C. dough - plough
D. mare - prayer
7. Which of the following word lists has the same vowel?
A. could, routine, source, journal
B. should, through, rule, route
C. many, fat, act, sad
D. quay, each, people, key
8. Which of the following word lists has different vowels?
A. sought, tough, cough, could
B. push, wolf, should, pull
C. suit, shoe, rule, route
D. carpet, bath, hearth, aunt
9. In the following words which underlined letter is pronounced /i:/?
A. machine
B. minute
C. tick
D. win
10. Which of the following is the description of the sound /o/?
A. A central, mid, long, tense central vowel
B. A long, tense, rounded vowel
C. A front, short, lax, unrounded vowel
D. A short, lax, open and slightly rounded
11. Which of the following is the description of the sound /i:/?
A. A front, close (high), long, tense, unrounded vowel
B. A more retracted front, short, lax, unrounded vowel
C. A front, short, lax, unrounded vowel
D. A lowest, front, short, lax, unrounded vowel
12. A physical language sound, measurable by acoustic instruments is called ...
A. a phoneme
B. a phone
C. an allophone
D. a minimal pair
13. Allophones are ...
A. language sounds as they are perceived by a speaker
B. physical language sounds
C. in complementary distribution
D. similar to phonemes
14. A phoneme is put between ....
A. square brackets
B. slash brackets
C. square boxes
D. round boxes
15. A phonetic transcription is also called a....
A. broad transcription
B. narrow transcription
C. phonemic transcription
D. detail transcription
16. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A. Phonemes are abstract sounds stored in our memory.
B. Phonemes vary from language to language.
C. You never hear same phone twice.
D. Allophones are unpredictable.
17. Phonemes are ...
A. organizable
B. predictable
C. non-contrastive
D. concrete phonetic segments
18. Complementary distribution is an indication that the sounds in question are ...
A. phonemes
B. allophones of the same phoneme
C. phones
D. minimal pairs
19. Contrastive distribution is an indication that the two sounds in question are ...
A. different phonemes
B. allophones of the same phoneme
C. different phones
D. similar phonemes
20. The substitutability of one sound for another in a given environment, with no change in the word’s meaning is
called ...
A. free variation
B. a minimal pair
C. distribution
D. a near minimal pair
21. Pairs of words which differ in one sound only and have different meanings are called ...
A. near minimal pairs
B. minimal pairs
C. different pairs
D. close pairs
22. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?
A. cat - sat
B. sad - sat
C. rat - sad
D. rat - mat
23. ........... represent the placement of the body of the tongue.
A. Place features
B. Manner features
C. Laryngeal features
D. Dorsal features
24. Which of the following are described as [+ vocalic]?
A. Obstruents
B. Vowels
C. Glides
D. Liquids
25. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A. Syllables don't serve any meaning-signalling function in language.
B. Syllables exist only to make speech easier for the brain to process.
C. Most speakers of English have no trouble dividing a word up into its component syllables.
D. A word contains at least two syllables.
26. The word 'tomato' consists of ......
A. one syllable
B. two syllables
C. three syllables
D. four syllables
27. The beginning sounds of the syllable are called the .............
A. onset
B. rhyme
C. nucleus
D. coda
28. The core or essential part of a syllable is called the ..............
A. onset
B. rhyme
C. nucleus
D. coda
29. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. In English and most other languages, most syllable nuclei are vowels.
B. Most speakers of English find it difficult to divide a word up into its component syllables.
C. A syllable is a unit of sound composed of only a central peak of sonority.
D. The smallest possible syllable contains a nucleus and a coda.
30. The syllable structure of the word "strength" is .......... (note: V: vowel nguyên âm, O: consonant: phụ âm)
A. CCCVC
B. CCCVCC
C. CCVCC
D. CVCC
31. Which of the following consonant clusters is impossible in English?
A. [spw]
B. [spl]
C. [skw]
D. [skj]
32. Which of the following consonant clusters is is example of "Coronal + sonorant"?
A. [str]
B. [spl]
C. [skl]
D. [spw]
33. Which of the following words is English or possible in English?
A. pimb
B. pimk
C. pimt
D. pimd
34. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A. The rhyme never precedes the onset.
B. The rhyme may consist of only the nucleus.
C. The rhyme may consist of a nucleus and a coda.
D. The rhyme may consist of an onset and a nucleus.
35. The most important feature of a diphthong is that it ...
A. is a combination of more than two vowels.
B. contains a glide from one vowel quality to another one.
C. ends in /i/ and /u/.
D. begins with /e/, /a/ or /o/.

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LESSON 10: INTONATION
Choose the best answer. Click the letter that corresponds to the answer you have chosen.

1. Which of the following is the possible pronunciation of the words: 'mend it' in rapid speech?
A. mend it
B. me - ndit
C. men - dit
D. m-endit
2. Which of the following is the possible pronunciation of the words: 'look out' in rapid speech?
A. loo - kout
B. loo-k-out
C. look-out
D. A and B are correct
3. Which of the following is the possible pronunciation of the words: 'my orange' in rapid speech?
A. my + j + orange
B. my + w + orange
C. my orange
D. none is correct
4. Which of the following is the possible pronunciation of the words: 'Employ a new team' in rapid speech?
A. Employ a new team
B. Employ-j-a new team
C. Employ-w-a new team
D. Employ-r-a new team
5. Which of the following is the possible pronunciation of the words: 'A toy and a game' in rapid speech?
A. A toy-and-a game
B. A toy-j-and a game
C. A toy-j-an-da game
D. A toy an-da game
6. Which of the following is the possible pronunciation of the words: 'How interesting!' in rapid speech?
A. How-j-interesting
B. How interesting
C. How-u-interesting
D. How-w-interesting
7. Which of the following is the possible pronunciation of the words: 'A cow and a buffalo' in rapid speech?
A. A cow-and-buffallo
B. A cow-w-an-da buffallo
C. A cow-w-and a buffallo
D. A cow an-da buffallo
8. When a stop is followed by another stop or affricate, the first stop is
A. not released or aspirated
B. released
C. aspirated
D. not release
9. If the consonants (whether stop or not) are identical, the consonant is somewhat__________, the two consonants
are not articulated separately
A. lengthened
B. shortened
C. varied
D. deleted
10. In which of the following examples, the sound [t] at the end of the first word is NOT RELEASED or
ASPIRATED?
A. Back yard
B. Back chair
C. Back door
D. Both B and C are correct
11. The suffix 's' in the word 'dogs' is pronounced as [z] ([dogz]). This is an example of...
A. progressive assimilation
B. regressive assimilation
C. coalescent assimilation
D. deletion
12. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
A. In progressive assimilation the conditioning sound precedes and affects the following sound.
B. In progressive assimilation the conditioning sound follows and affects the preceding sound.
C. In regressive assimilation the conditioning sound precedes and affects the following sound.
D. In coalescent assimilation the conditioning sound precedes and affects the following sound.
13. In rapid speech, the word “grandpa” is pronounced as ....
A. [`grænpa]
B. [`grændpa]
C. [`gramdpa]
D. [`græmpa]
14. Coalescent assimilation is also referred to as a type of ....
A. reciprocal assimilation
B. supporting assimilation
C. contrasting assimilation
D. complementary assimilation
15. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Metathesis is a process that reorders a sequence of segments.
B. Metathesis is a process that deletes a sequence of segments.
C. Metathesis is a process that reverses a sequence of segments.
D. Metathesis is a process that redoes a sequence of segments.
16. In a stress-timed language, stressed syllables are .....................................
A. equal in timing
B. varied in timing
C. sometimes more prominent than unstressed syllables
D. sometimes less prominent than unstressed syllables
17. In order to keep the rhythm of English, some sounds in a sentence have to be ...........
A. lengthened
B. compressed
C. changed
D. replaced
18. A weak form is the pronunciation of a word or syllable in ...................
A. a stressed manner
B. an unstressed manner
C. a distorted manner
D. an open manner
19. In writing the difference between the strong form and the weak form of a word is ...........
A. well defined
B. not unclear
C. apparent
D. not apparent
20. In the question ‘What’s he looking at?’, the word 'at' has ...........................
A. the weak form
B. the strong from
C. both strong and weak forms
D. None is correct
21. In which of the following sentences does the word 'there' has the weak form?
A. There it is.
B. Put it there.
C. There should be a suggestion.
D. You shouldn't go there.
22. The word 'as' in the phrase ‘As much as possible’
A. has the weak form
B. has the strong form
C. has both strong and weak forms
D. None is correct.
23. In English, stress helps create ................
A. the speed of the language
B. the pronunciation of the language
C. the pitch of the language
D. the rhythm of the language
24. Knowing how to recognize the stressed syllable ........................
A. will help you with reading
B. will help you with comprehension
C. will make you better understood
D. will improve your vocabulary
25. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT
A. In every word in English, there is one main emphasized syllable.
B. The vowel sound in a syllable sounds higher in pitch, longer, and louder.
C. The vowel sound in a stressed syllable sounds higher in pitch, longer, and louder.
D. You can be better understood if you place the stress where it should be when you're speaking.
26. In the word 'pronunciation', the primary stress is on the ......................
A. first syllable
B. second syllable
C. third syllable
D. fourth syllable
27. Which of the following words has the second syllable stressed?
A. technician
B. graduation
C. geometric
D. understand
28. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT?
A. Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat".
B. Word stress is accent on one syllable within a word.
C. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.
D. Like word stress, sentence stress can help us to understand written English.
29. Which of the following is not a rule of sentence stress?
A. Content words are stressed.
B. The last word of a question is always stressed.
C. Structure words are unstressed.
D. The time between stressed words is always the same.
30. Which of the following categories does not belong to content words?
A. Conjunctions
B. Nouns
C. Adjectives
D. Adverbs
31. Which of the following statements is not correct?
A. Intonation is the melodic pattern of an utterance.
B. Intonation is primarily a matter of variation in the pitch level of the voice.
C. Intonation is primarily a matter of variation in the pitch level of the sound.
D. Intonation conveys differences of expressive meaning.
32. The relative highness or lowness of the voice is known as ........
A. stress
B. rhythm
C. melody
D. pitch
33. Intonation involves ...............
A. the rising and falling of the voice to various pitch levels during the articulation of an utterance.
B. the rising and falling of the melody to various pitch levels during the articulation of an utterance.
C. the variation of stress and rhythm.
D. the variation of accent and pronunciation.
34. The movement of pitch within an intonation unit is referred to as ...............
A. the intonation contour of that sentence.
B. the intonation contour of that unit.
C. the intonation of that sentence.
D. the intonation of that unit.
35. If the intonation falls to the low level (1) [a terminal fall], it signals ...............
A. uncertainty
B. certainty
C. an incomplete thought
D. a question
 36. If the intonation falls to the middle level (2) [a non-terminal fall], it signals ........
A. a weaker degree of certainty
B. certainty
C. a complete thought
D. a finished statement
37. Rising-falling intonation patterns of the 2-3-1 "certainly” type do not signal which of the following?
A. Declarative statements
B. Wh- questions
C. Commands or directives
D. Incomplete thoughts
38. The intonation contour: The middle - to - high rise (2-3 or 2-4) pattern signals ................
A. directives
B. complete thoughts
C. certainty
D. uncertainty
39. According to the following intonation pattern, what is an appropriate response to the question "We really ought
to visit him, shouldn’t we?"
A. No, we shouldn't.
B. Yes, we should.
C. I don't care.
D. Yes, we ought.
40. Normally, the 2-4 rise intonation pattern is used to express...............
A. surprise
B. disbelief
C. sadness
D. A and B are correct.