Chemistry

Class 2

By Richa Sharma
ftp.t?YfI?cearaceeIKFTk# metal Iv
stability of
carbonates
of .

Liz coz > Nazcoz > KEI > Rbf 03%9

↳ covalent character
☒0,4 Rbzcoz cszcoz
< <
<
Lizcoz Nazcoz
[stability]

zcoz →D Ci 20 +
coz

polar solvent
solubility
in
>
M .
Po

②
m.p.qioniccompoundsi-oepends.
twoparameters com more LE stronger
CLE) :
energy
,

① Lattice
more
is m.p .

attraction ,
covalent
more
distortion :

② Extent of
character less mrp .
.

LE=K%¥&
 cationiss-ame.at
1)
having
Anion same charge
&
different size .

Li f) Lice > Li BHI )

CLE

Lift Liadi Bhi 2 ( character

covalent

Lif > Lice > Lim > Liz

@ -

pj

⑥ Anion having different charge

& same size
Naf & Nai
observed ← Naf > Nai Lmp1

Naf <
Nanao ( (E)

Naf < Nazo

( c. C.)
02 Cmoiepovarisabilily)
-

f- <
2) Anion is same .

a) cation having
same
charge
size
&
different
.
 Lift
-
Distortions
NarÉf%mp )

check values
torchlori
③
Befzhmgfzhcafztsrfz ( Barz
(E) Came for all
halides
for I cations follow
group
Distortions (for rest of
the groups
for 2 cations
group
LE
factor
except for
is more
dominating
.

Li .

③ cation having different charge

A Cmp)
(1) NaCl > Mg clz > 1cg
Anion is
enough thus get
to
large distortion
distorted
easily ,

factor
is the
dominating
.
 ii
Namg0 > Alzoz
LE ¥stotion

Naf#gfz#FÉsouos
LE

Anton small size so

are
of
,

distortion becomes effective only

the cation is
when charge on
lattice
Naf & Nazo
higher .
Tn

METS higher MgO Mgfz

in &

so their M.p. higher is

&
.

& A 128
Among MgO
Alsfs extent of
Mgfz &

distortion is compared .
 Covalent bond

participation
Bond
formed by equal eq#
by
in a bond .
denoted
'
-
'

compels are called covalent compels .

Valency
as
cooalency .

Types :
bond
① single ② Double ③ Triple
formed by equal participation .

② On the basis
of sharing :

a) Polar covalent bond : unequal

due to EN
difference
sharing
n±ao
-

when
covalent trend
:

b) Non polar
is zero
.

EN
difference
wist
three bonds could
⑧ Maximum
there are
two atoms as
between
three aris present for overlapping
 doesn'toust
CEC →

cÉ erist -9=-8

factors formation of
favouring
bond between
A & B.
covalent

④ A & B should have higher

values SE CF -

f)
of EN
should be either no

Ki these

slight E- to

difference
or

covalent bond
to
form
a .

difference
formation covalent bond results
of
into :
octet
④ Atoms
attains complete .

Pas , Befz
Many eruptions
.

close to
☒ when atoms come

erist attraction
each cotter there PET,
two & hence
the
beetween
there is ±
in PE till a
point
where its value becomes
minimum .
This internuclear
distance when PE isat its
minimum is termed as Bond length

It
changes with the
combining
atoms .

to come
so
atoms
try
this internuclear
closer beyond
distance then repulsive forces
between them &
starts
PE Tes
acting
.

i
PE I

+ I

" "

V
<B¥ min

⑧ Lowerisation of energy .
 The e-s contributed
Covatency of
no

covalent
by an
atom - in
forming
bonds with
the
neighbouring
atoms .
Given
by
8-Valenceshlllés&=Gvalency
carbon to
halogen
Applicable from
and period)
family ( not for
.

Better definition of
co
valency
the
unpaired és in
is number
of
before
just
configuration takes place
formation
.

bond stale
could be ground
or
it
ercited state configuration .

1) valency explained by
eccited state configuration
1)Carbon : G. so ☒ FI
15 25
zp2
 4
FI valency
↳
E. 5- ☒ →

principal
ouanta
eacitatios
-

For this
m no . must be same .

Ki Boros :
G. S .
÷ ☒ ☒
25 zpl
E. s .
÷
☒ if Covalency
I

Beryllium
G. S .
☒ ☒
25L
☒
152

ES . ☒ 17-11 covalzemy

④
H N 0
Co valency of , ,

Explained by
their
ground
state configuration
'
.

H → is
 N → ☒ tf →
covalency -3
252 2ps

0 → 25 zp4 →
covalency -2

☒ MI

ID Variable covalency
shown by
vacant d- orbital
elements
3rd
having below that
period
.

ie &

P : 3 & 5 is
covalently .
Pclz ,
Pds

G. S .
☒ ☒H→ covakncy -3
-35 3ps

Es .
☒ FI 1€11 "

3ps 3d
'
3s

ovalency
-5

Sutphin 35 3p4 .

if Covalency
-
z
G. S .
L

E. Sz ☒ i☒☒ → 4

tf 6
Esz ☒ tf →
 thus ,
502 , 503
Chlorine → 353ps
☒ 1T¥
1 3
, , 5,7 MITE
3s
3P 3d

covalent compounds :

Propertied
It is
directional
is
in

involved
nature :

As
overlapping
2) low m.p . & b-
P -

→ Bez,☒Iz↳,
Diamond , silica
Tn
few
cases
eg ,

structure
csiozl graphite
,
the

lattices instead
are covalent
giant
discrete molecules
of
.

Sic carborundum .

t i
f-
c-si
C- Si
-

C
c l
c
Gi
3)
Conductivity They : are

unable conduct to
state
electricity in
any
.

Thus are insulators .

it
Exception is
graphite
can conduct
,

has
free
e- so

electricity .

also
Some
polar compounds
electricity eg ¥ ,
MF
conduct

4) solubility of compounds
:

like like
dissolves .

solvents
Soluble in non-polar
covalent compas
Gilson, glucose
because of
soluble in tho .

n -

bonding .
 Hydrating 4191€
workbook
0¥ Nat ci +
⑧ → Natcagckag
§ DH we

¥:¥÷÷
" 1h84

i
i.

nÉg
-
.

Exothermic
iii. not

e- -
i Exothagi ,

charge onion more HE more

small HE more
size
moreish ME more is ltehydratdsge

Lily @Ñ☒€gKRb+☒¢q
, ,

LiIaqDNaEagDKtagDRbEagD↳Eag HE
Hydrated size .
correction
in

Allred & Roehow approach .

-10B¥
( Xp)µR=
0-744
on

smart
pair effect More
stable Higher
→
In +3,1 She 4,2 Sb +5,3

Te-lPb-zBe→ → more
stable lower .

131712€
⑤ moleculaereact.ws# It involves
breaking
bonda
then
substituting
&

another group Energy required is

of
.

& these
reactions
to break the bond

are slow
any + ceiscrhgctck >
.

Chaz
 nature these show
⑥
:
Directional in
isomerism
& structural
space .

as
have fired geometry .

ionisation:
⑦ Autoprotedupis self or

some special substances show

due to
electrical conductance
Hi Nhs
phenomenon g
e.
this ,

①
Hzo -140 → Hzot + on -

Nhi ②
NHI
-

+
NB -1MHz -
amide

to
it reaction very
a
occurs

small octant ,
the
degree of
above reaction
dissociation of
at 298K is
approximatelyequal
it
let [1.8×10-9] though .
:

but
can conduct electricity
 small eetent
only to a
very
Theoriesqcovaentbonding
1) Lewis All the atoms undergo
its
formationshell -8satisfy
to
covalent bond
és in
in the valence
octet
.

shell is said to be inert

the valence

gas configuration . Cin hydrogen couplet]

Octet rule
Exception of
octet / e- deficient /hypovabnt
① Incomplete
B¥fz BEG ¥-3 N¥ Ñ=J :
.

2
g z , :

② Expansion of
octet/ ecpanded octet
from 3rd periods afterthat
hypeevalent_[
12
§ Fg
→

10
P•F5 →

d & f block Never follows

octet rule .
 sudg-e-ns.IO
2) Singlet linkage By :

otra
-

2 e-a
Ects
ce
pas ↳ Pclztclz

ce-aaekiiu.BR ( weak than normal

singlet linkage bond )
molecules with erpanded
Applicable for atom is linkedwith
octet The central
by single
.

atoms
some
of combining
e- bond called
singlet linkage linked .

atoms
While the
remaining
are

bonds These
normal two e-
by
.

(→
bond is represented by a
half arrow

head donor
with
towards
the
the
pointing
acceptor .
from
Sfo
rejected for
as

But it was

all the bonds are

of equal strength
Cecperimentat)
 f
f
Sfg → Sfz -12 Fz
¥§µ-☒¥ F
is not
but this
seen .

VBT
③
:

neither & London then developed

Given by
by Linus
Pauling
& slater
]
the fact
This based
theorycovalent
is on

bond formation
that
during
overlapping
& a
orbitals undergo
The
covalent bond is
formed .

strength
bond
of extent
will depend
upon
the of overlapping
overlapping
is
More effective the
bond
stronger
is the
formed .

orbitals involved
overlapping
in
The
unpaired
e-s
must have
the
half filled orbitals
in
ie
bond
configuration just before
formation and spin .
 of
the e- should be in
opposite
orbitals
direction in the
overlapping
comparison octant

overlapping :
of of

1) Type overlapping
:
of
*
or

1) formed by
head on 1) formed by sidewise
lateral
or sideways or

or arial overlap .

overlap .

2) Overlapping zone
&
2) Tmternucleararis
does not intersect
aris
internuclear
intersect each
other . with
overlapping zone ,

rather it is parallel
in bond
results r
overlappingzone
.

to the .

°
results in a- bond .

toverlapping region
8- ¥
&#
•
* e-
bond
density
• ñ
.

6
 giftedI
plane NP

bond is
stronger ③ weaker than
③ o
bond
bond than t s
.

④ Plane 1- to ⑨ Plane parallel

internuclear aris
cloud
to a- e-

passing through
inter
&

nuclei
containing
nuclear aris acts
the
other of
its Nodal as
nodal plane
acts
,

as

plane
erplainedin point 2
-

bond be
compounds A can
⑤
easily broken
with
only
•

bond are less ☒ hence the

containing
reactive specie make
* bond .is
a-
b- Cb reactive .
CHECK
about
⑥ There can be
free ⑥ Rotation
bond
rotation atoms * means
of
around r bond Galled
-

breakage of bond
&hence free
conformationalisomerism rotation about
bond is not
oft
possible .

⑦ • bond have independent a- - bonds are

with
ecistence
along
formedbond
a o -
.

⑧ r bond determine the while a- -

bonds do
the
shape of
the molecule not
affect
shape .

be delocalized
delocalized
can't a) Can be
⑨ It
thus shows
resonance .

⑧ Bond length is shortened

by multiple
bonding .
 rajans rule
"

Covalent .

↳a> Nacl > KU > Rb U > csq

character;
PP
, nonpolar solvent ,
covalent

< Rb a
< ↳a
Nack Kd
sonic character Liu c
/

solubility in

water ,

conductivity mp .

covaleutoonding-c-qc-CE.sc#c-----EE
✓
•
stronger "
H Ee
→
ie H
-

-
; Polar covalent
nonpolar Conrath
#Kneepad
bond

equal participation
sharing