Use of topographic lineaments to extend

known structure and facies patterns in the

Mesozoic of Southern England

Michael C. W. Baker
42 Elmfields Gate, W i n s l o w , Buckinghamshire MK18 3JG, UK

Received 15 February 1989; revised 9 January 1990; accepted 17 January 1990

A detailed structural map of Southern England was compiled from published geological and
geophysical data, carefully integrated with, and extended by, an interpretation of topographic
lineament patterns. Pre-Permian basement structures controlled the location of Permian to
Lower Cretaceous basin margin faults that were subsequently blanketed by post-tectonic Upper
Cretaceous Chalk. Late Cretaceous to Tertiary compression reactivated and inverted earlier
Mesozoic structures, imprinting them into the Upper Cretaceous cover. Structural controls on
sedimentation are illustrated by maps and sections for key Triassic and Jurassic units.

Keywords: topographic lineament; buried structures; Southern England: Mesozoic

Introduction Compilation of structure map

The effectiveness of a lineament study in contributing
to the understanding of subsurface structure depends
on the care taken to interpret lineaments in relation to
specific geological features. In well exposed terrain, the
geological significance of lineaments can be observed
directly (Gold, 1980). In areas where the structures of
interest are buried, there will be only an indirect
relationship, or none at all, between a buried structure
and the surface topography. Where cover is present,
the interpretation of topographic data can still provide
valuable subsurface structural information provided
that: (1) compaction, inversion or some other
mechanism has imprinted underlying structures into the
cover; and (2) lineament interpretation is thoroughly
integrated with available geological and geophysical
data.
Summaries of Mesozoic basin development in
Southern England are given by Stoneley (1982),
Whittaker (1985) and by Lake and Karner (1987).
Polyphase fault-controlled subsidence took place
between the Permian and Lower Cretaceous. Inversion
commenced in the Upper Cretaceous and peak
deformation occurred in the Middle Tertiary. The main
structural features of the region are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 2 is a composite stratigraphic column for
Southern Enghmd.
The objectives of this paper are: (1) to illustrate the
role of lineament interpretation in extending known
surface and subsurface geological structures and in
compiling a detailed structure compilation of Southern
England; and (2) to interpret isopach and facies data in
relation to the structure compilation in order to identify
structures controlling sedimentation during key
intervals.
The overall procedure is summarised in Figure 3. In this
paper the term 'lineament' is used for both linear and
curvilinear surface traces.
Basic lineament data
Mapped faults were traced from British Geological
Survey maps at a scale of 1:50 000. Many such faults
have topographic expression. Careful interpretation of
topography, as inferred from Landsat Thematic
Mapper imagery or topographic contour maps, was
used to extend the mapped faults, define additional
topographic lineaments and build up a basic lineament
map at a 1:50 000 scale.
Figure 4 shows basic" lineament data for the area of
the Mere Basin (Figure' 1). An important feature of this
example is the absence of mapped faults in most of the
area covered by unconformable Upper Cretaceous
deposits, through which few of the faults in the
underlying sequence have fully penetrated.
Interpretation of structure
The basic lineament map was developed further by
considering each mapped fault or lineament in relation
to surface geology, published subsurface data and to
regional (1:250 000 scale) aeromagnetic and gravity
data. Mapped faults and lineaments were placed in one
of three categories. (A) Major faults and lineaments:
mapped faults extending individually over 50 km or
more, or forming part of a similarly extensive system;
lineaments co-extensive and continuous with major
mapped faults where both fault and lineament bear a
similar relationship to discontinuities or gradient zones

0264-8172/90/020181-07 $03.00
"~1990 Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd

Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1990, Vol 7, May 181

Topographic/ineaments and the Mesozoic of Southern England: M. C. W. Baker . = .

[ ~ " Major Permian to Lower Cretaceous Structures

AB A b b o t s b u r y CR C r a n b o u r n e ME M e r e

BA Bath Axis DH D e a n s Hill MV M a l v e r n

BD B i d d e n d e n DT D e t e n t i o n PO P o r t s d o w n

BL B l e t c h i n g l e y HB H o g ' s B a c k PU P u r b e c k

CO C o t h e l s t o n e l O W Isle of Wight PW Pewsey

i----ram
I Location of Figures 4,5,7 X - X' line of Figure 9
I

LONDON x = ~ ~ ~_~_~

MENDIP

HIGH

~= = = ~ f ' M E R E BASIN
I
' -I
I
~ ~
DORSET
KM
~1 , , ~ , , Pu
CHANNEL BASIN

Figure 1 Main Permian and Mesozoic structural features of Southern England

in aeromagnetic or gravity patterns; and lineaments lineaments co-extensive and continuous with such
co-extensive and continuous with major faults derived faults; lineaments continuous with major mapped faults
from published seismic interpretation. (B) Less or major lineaments but not coincident with
significant faults and lineaments: mapped faults with discontinuities or changes in the aeromagnetic or
significant displacement but not regionally extensive; gravity patterns; and lineaments not related to mapped
faults but nevertheless coincident with aeromagnetic or
gravity features. (C) Minor faults and lineaments:
mapped faults with displacement significant only at a
UPPER CRETACEOUS Chalk very local level; lineaments continuous with minor
i I i I ~ I i I
Upper G r e e n s a n d
faults; and lineaments apparently unrelated to mapped
Gault faults, or to aeromagnetic or gravity features.
LOWER CRETACEOUS Lower G r e e n s a n d Major lineaments (Category A) are considered to be
-_'--::/--.:-%1_'.- major faults in the subsurface, their surface expression
................. Wealden
being largely, but not wholly, obscured by the Upper
-'~-Z~';~;----~ Purbeck
Cretaceous cover. Lineaments in Category B are
-------~ Portland
- -_- -_-_-_-_-_- - interpreted as: faults, less significant than those in
UPPER JURASSIC -z_-=-_-_-_-_=_-_- Kimmeridge Clay
Category A; extensions of major faults, but with lesser
--- - -_-_- -_-_- - displacement; faults or major fracture zones, in the
~r" ', " , ' ; '," pre-Mesozoic basement, which have been reactivated
17 -~- T :~- 7 -~-=-~1 Corallian
periodically but never with sufficient magnitude to
-_---_--_-_- Oxford Clay show major fault displacements in the Mesozoic or
MIDDLE JURASSIC %"7-;-'.'7".'-;-';_
- - - -="~--~--~ K e l l a w a y s , Cornbrash Tertiary section.
, ,_---~--_---~=-----_--"~' Great Oolite, Fullers Earth Category C lineaments include minor fractures,
i , r , ~ ~L_r_Lw_L_~I Inferior Oolite

ii!:
2---2~2-22--_~--2-_5 Middle Lias
known faults ]_~
topographic lineaments BASIC LINEAMENT DATA

ungraded faults & l i n e a m e n t s

J- L , , Lower Lias

Rhaetic published
published
geology
geophysics
] [ STRUCTURE
INTERPRETATION

TRIASSIC
~_- -__-__~%^~_~_-_~__Mercia Mudstone STRUCTURE COMPILATION I
outcrop data [
~ : ' : ~ Sherwood Sandstone published well d a t a STRUCTURE/FACIES
_~, , . ~.~,.~"
PERMIAN INTERPRETATION
DEV/CARB. STRUCTURE/FACIES MAPS I
Figure 2 Composite stratigraphic column, Southern England Figure 3 Flow-chart of techniques used in this work

182 M a r i n e a n d P e t r o l e u m G e o l o g y , 1990, Vol 7, M a y

 Topographic lineaments and the Mesozoic of Southern England: M. C. W. Baker
mapped fault topographic
Figure 4 Example of the basic lineament data for the Mere Basin (Figure 1)
major joints and some topographic cultural artifacts.
These minor lineaments were subsequently deleted
from the structure compilation, together with minor
mapped faults.
The resulting structure compilation was reduced to
1:250 000 and part of it is shown in Figure 5 for the
same area as Figure 4. Pre-inversion (Permian to Lower
Cretaceous) and post-inversion (Late Cretaceous and
Tertiary) displacement directions were inferred from
published subsurface data (e.g. Whittaker, 1985).
Isopach and facies data
In order to identify the effect of individual structures on
basin sedimentation, isopach and facies data from
published outcrop and well sources were plotted on to
the 1:250 000 structure compilation for each of four key
sequences (Sherwood Sandstone, Great Oolite,
Corallian and Portland; Figure 2). These units were
chosen because of their lateral variability.
The published isopach and facies data were
interpreted in relation to the structure compilation and
patterns of synsedimentary structural control were
deduced. These patterns enabled facies distributions to
be extrapolated into areas of sparse data, using the
structure compilation as a control. Structure/facies
maps were drawn for each of the four sequences at a
scale of 1:250 000. These maps show those structures
which are inferred to have controlled or influenced
sedimentary thicknesses or facies, together with
interpreted facies patterns. See Figure 7 for an
example.
Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1990, Vol 7, M a y
," limit of U p p e r
lineament ~k
". Cretaceous cover 0 5i IO
J
KM
Discussion
Interpretation of structural pattern
Deep seismic reflection surveys (Chadwick et al., 1983)
show the direct and indirect relationships which exist
between the major Mesozoic growth faults and
underlying Variscan thrusts. For example, the Mere
Fault (Figure 1) is inferred to have developed in the
hanging wall of a south-dipping thrust sheet, close to
the thrust termination. These relationships suggest that
the pattern of Mesozoic growth faults reflects the
pattern of underlying Variscan nappes, as suggested
amongst others by Stoneley (1982). Taylor (1986) used
these Mesozoic patterns to invoke a series of laterally
continuous thrust sheets.
Figure 6 shows the Variscan thrust pattern as inferred
here from the major Permian to Lower Cretaceous
faults of Figure 1. The pattern suggests a series of
laterally segmented, northward directed thrust sheets.
The north-west to north trending lateral discontinuities
may correspond to original Variscan transfer faults or
transfer zones. The principal Permian to Lower
Cretaceous depocentres are located in the hanging
walls of different nappe 'segments' (compare Figures 1
and 6). Deep borehole data are too sparse to test this
hypothesis adequately.
Structures relating to Permian to Lower Cretaceous
basin extension are shown in more detail in Figure 5.
The Mere Fault was a basin margin fault at various
times during this period. The hanging wall of this
growth structure is represented by the area between the
Mere Fault and the Cranbourne Fault. This particular
183
Topographic lineaments and the Mesozoic of Southern England: M. C. W. Baker
PEWSEY
~, BAS,N

v'v O
Jlastonbur
BRUTON

F / - BASIN 0

/
/ /

~ w o o d
OORs6t
SOUTH
HANT~

TROUGH

m a j o r f a u l t or l i n e a m e n t surface displacement 0 5 IOKM

other significant f a u l t or l i n e a m e n t i n f e r r e d pre i n v e r s i o n
displacement
See F i g u r e 4 f o r d i s t i n c t i o n between m a p p e d and i n f e r r e d f a u l t s .

F i g u r e 5 Structure c o m p i l a t i o n for the same area as Figure4

v Variscan t h r u s t or r e v e r s e fault

F Variscan foreland

M Mendip thin-skinned thrust belt

I!! :: !ii 1 inferred Variscan nappe

::: n u m b e r s do not s i g n i f y o r d e r of e m p l a c e m e n t

i i;:. :!:i - i n f e r r e d l a t e r a l nappe d i s e o n f i n u i t y

L iii w~E"cH I . . . . . . .

z t ' zo.E I Permian or Mesozoic basin depocentre

N I

~ Y:::7~, I I ', " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . I~.~. ,, ~. ~.,,,,,.e'zt'y~.,.--~ ~ )

"~--z-----~i~i~:....'b-,-,~.,y
-,:::::::: ~ , 4 -
.. \ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
~ ::::::::::::::::::::::: . . . . . . . .
: '. , -. - - - . . . ~~ ~
3 1 ' ' ::::::::::::::::'"
:::[1[] . . . . . . . ' ~\ II . ~

Figure 6 Inferred Variscan nappe distribution, Southern England

184 Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1 9 9 0 , Vol 7, M a y

 Topographic lineaments and the Mesozoic of Southern England: M. C W. Baker
area is crossed by a set of east-north-east trending
lineaments whose pattern suggests that they may be
antithetic and secondary synthetic normal faults.
The structural pattern is different on the south side of
the Cranbourne Fault. This fault forms part of a major
tectonic line extending from the Bristol Channel
(Cothelstone Fault) to the Isle of Wight (Figure 1) and
from there to northern France (Smith and Curry, 1975:
Stoneley, 1982). During the Mesozoic, the Cranbourne
Fault fl~rnaed the northern boundary of the Dorset
Trough and the southern boundary of the South Hants
High. Unlike the asymmetric Mere Basin. the Dorset
Trough is a parallel sided symmetric graben, active
from the Lower Triassic to the Middle Jurassic
(Whittaker. 1985).
Southern England is traversed by zones of
n o r t h - s o u t h topographic lineaments, two of which
cross the area of Figure 5. In the Worcester Basin
(Fi#ure lj they can be related to major fault trends
which were active from the early Palaeozoic to the
Lower Jurassic (Chadwick. 1985: Chadwick and Smith,
1988). In East Devon and Dorset, n o r t h - s o u t h faults
affected sedimentation during the Permo-Triassic and
to a lesser extent during the Lower Jurassic (Whittaker,
1985). Their present surface expression as topographic
lineaments is likely to have resulted from minor
reactivation during Tertiary compression. In areas of
Pre-Upper Cretaceous outcrop, some of these
n o r t h - s o u t h lineaments coincide with minor mapped
I_. ,astoo0ur . . . .
• ~'~ ~ " l ~ ' ~ ~ ' ~ .
~ \ ~-\~--~ . . . . . . ] ''~ " I
J structure controlling sedimentation [~
J other significant structure
~' inferred block tilt
Figure 7 Sherwood Sandstone structure/facies map for the same area as Figure 5
faults (for example, the Bridport and Haslemere
1:50 000 British Geological Survey sheets).
The effect of Tertiary compression on former growth
faults was to reactivate them as steep reverse faults
which propagated upwards into the post-rift Upper
Cretaceous cover. Depending on the amount of reverse
movement, these fault.,; either cut through the Upper
Cretaceous (Pewsey, Mere and Abbotsbury Faults),
terminate in steep monoclinal disturbances (Purbeck -
Isle of Wight and Hog's Back Monoclines). Figure 1, or
form lesser surface flexures. Consequently, the major
structural elements of Permian to Lower Cretaceous
extension have been inlprinted into the blanket of
Upper Cretaceous Chalk. Post-inversion erosion has
removed this cover from the west of Southern England
and from the Weald. This has made it possible to trace
former growth faults from areas of pre-Chalk outcrop
into areas where the Chalk cover remains and to
correlate them with flexures ~md topographic
lineaments in the cover.
lsopach attd facies data related to structure
Figure 7 shows an interpretation of the structure/facies
relationships in the Sherwood Sandstone sequence of
the Mere Basin and Dorset Trough. lsopachs are
omitted for clarity. Outcrop and well data for the
Sherwood Sandstone sequence of this area are
reviewed by Hollowav ,;'t al. (19St~).
. . . . . . . .
FAULT
. . . .
~
under erosion ~1 siltysands
alluvial alluvial fans
playa deposits, ~ alluvial sands, ~ inferred drainage
in part minor silts direction
Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1990, Vol 7, May 185
Topographic lineaments and the Mesozoic of Southern England: M. C. W. Baker
S,SW ~ PROGRADING CARBONATE PLATFORM LONDON P L A T F O R M
(marginal facies)

outer shelf edge

high e n e r g y s h o a l f a c i e s low e n e r g y l a g o o n a l f a c i e s

Great Oolite limestones

[i° Fuller'S(basinclays,Earth ~_--_i-_-:+_i-: i i i ~ ? . (Bathonian)

0 KM 5
approximate
horizontal scale
Figure 8 Great Oolite facies m o d e l f o r the Weald Basin

The Cranbourne Fault appears to mark an important faults with additional influence by north-south
structural divide during this period. North of the fault, structures. In the southern part of Figure 7, channels
Sherwood Sandstone deposition was controlled by a are inferred to run towards the east and south-east,
pattern of north-tilted blocks. The evidence for this parallel to the major controlling faults. In the
comes from the regional isopach study of Whittaker depocentre in the south-west corner of Figure 7, playa
(1985) and the regional variation in Sherwood. facies dominate the lower part of the sequence.
Sandstone porosity (Penn et al., 1987). Otherwise, the Sherwood Sandstone south of the
The Mere Fault marks the edge of a north-tilted Cranbourne Fault contains sands with good porosity
block, the uplifted footwall of which was undergoing and permeability, as seen in the Wytch Farm oilfield
erosion for at least part of this interval. North of the (Dranfield et al., 1987).
Mere Fault, the Sherwood Sandstone thickens down a The main hydrocarbon reservoir in the eastern half
gentle palaeoslope into the Somerset and Worcester of Southern England is the Great Oolite limestone.
Basins. Sands in this area of Figure 7 tend to be silty, This sequence shows a contrasting example of the
reflecting the low alluvial gradient. structural control of sedimentation which is illustrated
No wells have been drilled into the central part of the in section form. Figure 8 is an idealised section from the
Mere Fault hanging wall and facies there are not London Platform across the Weald Basin (Figure 1)
known. However, the structural interpretation suggests showing the influence of inferred pre-Bathonian block
that coarse, proximal alluvial fans are likely to be structure on the distribution of Great Oolite limestone
stacked against the southern side of the Mere Fault. facies prograding across the basin clays of the Fuller's
The asymmetric nature of the depositional basin Earth. More detailed sections and descriptions of facies
(Whittaker, 1985) implies a possible depocentre with variation in the Bathonian sequence are given by
playa facies characteristic of internal drainage, as Martin (1967). In the tilted block model of Figure 8, it
shown speculatively in Figure 7. is considered that the higher energy shoal facies would
South of the Cranbourne Fault, outcrop observations have developed to a greater extent over the upper
of channel orientations in the Sherwood Sandstone edges of the blocks. These blocks are inferred from the
Group (Edmonds et al., 1975) and the isopach data of structure compilation to be defined by north-west and
Whittaker (1985) suggest a strong control by east-west trending structures parallel to the London
synsedimentary west to west-north-west trending Platform margin.

He Bo As Weald Basin Co BI Wa London

t PORTLAND t t t ~ Platform

A'
-+-'-+1-'- ....
X
The Portland and Corallian sequences are separated by up to 600m of Kimmeridge Clay.

CORALLIAN

i----- -~ -~- --- ------~------7" ~ - - ~ ' : ~ - ' ~ y ~L- - ~: _~: - - : .": :, ~ ~".-

•] limestone [_.~_-J mudstone, siltstone ~ inferred synsedimentary fault

0 200M 5000M
sandstone ~ mudstone, limestone -- older, inactive fault and/or
later inversion fault
location of released well ( p r o j e c t e d along strike)
note strong vertical exaggeration
As Ashdown BI Bletchingley Bo Bolney A A' t e x t reference
Co Collingdean He Henfield Wa Warlingham X - X' location shown on Figure I
Figure 9 S c h e m a t i c p r e - i n v e r s i o n sections of Corallian and Portland sequences, Central Weald Basin

186 Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1 9 9 0 , V o l 7, M a y

 T o p o g r a p h i c l i n e a m e n t s a n d t h e M e s o z o i c o f S o u t h e r n E n g l a n d : M. C. W. B a k e r
Porosities of Great Oolite limestones are strongly
dependent on their early diagenetic history (McLiman
and Videtich, 1989). Most borehole findings of good
porosity in shoal facies carbonates occur around the
margins of the Weald Basin, particularly on
palaeohorsts and other structural highs. This suggests a
structural control on the early diagenetic burial history
and consequent porosity preservation.
lsopach and facies data for Upper Jurassic sediments
in the Weald Basin show progressive changes in
patterns of subsidence. Figure 9 illustrates thickness
and facies variations in the Corallian and Portland
sequences along a single north-south cross-section
through the central Weald (Figure 1). Isopach and
facies data are taken principally from Whittaker (1985)
and Sellwood et al. (1986). These sections are drawn
with strong vertical exaggeration (x25) and are
therefore schematic, although the data are controlled
by released wells, as indicated.
Both sequences are dominantly argillaceous in the
basin depocentres and became thinner and less
argillaceous towards the south and west. The
depocentres are asymmetric, the basin margins being
steeper on the northern side. The faulted southern
margin of the London Platform was the site of
carbonate build-ups during the Corallian and of an
offshore sand wedge in the Portland sequence. The
Corallian and Portland units are separated by up to
600 m of Kimmeridge Clay.
The sections of Figure 9 demonstrate a northward
shift of the main basin centre. The southern margin of
this depocentre has migrated from point A in the lower
section to A' above. Similarly the depocentre has
moved from B below to B' in the upper section. There
has been no change in the position of the London
Platform margin. Whatever the underlying tectonic
cause, the migration of subsidence patterns has been
affected bv changes in the relative movement of
particular long-lived structures.
Conclusions
These examples of structural control of Mesozoic
sedimentation in Southern England illustrate what can
be deduced from a careful integration of topographic
lineaments with published structure, facies and isopach
data. The structure compilation is more complete and
more detailed than that which is publicly available in
the absence of much released seismic data. It fits
released subsurface data and provides a framework for
its interpretation. The structure compilation also
reveals patterns of faulting which can be used to infer
M a r i n e a n d P e t r o l e u m G e o l o g y , 1990, V o l 7, M a y
basement structure beyond the reach of normal seismic
penetration. Successful use of topographic lineaments
in this way depends on mechanisms (typically
compaction or structural inversion) whereby subsurface
structures can be expressed at the surface, directly or
indirectly.
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