Political

Nepal is a federal democratic region; a federal republic is a federation

of states with a republican form of government. A federation is the
central government. The states in a federation also maintain the
federation. Usage of the term republic is inconsistent but, as a
minimum, it means a state or federation of states that does not have a
monarchy. 

1726-1950 (Shah Dynasty, unification) -In the mid-18th

century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha king, set out to put together
what would become present-day Nepal. He embarked on his mission
by securing the neutrality of the bordering mountain kingdoms. After
several bloody battles and sieges, notably theBattle of Kirtipur, he
managed to conquer the Kathmandu Valley in 1769

Rivalry between Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company over

the annexation of minor states bordering Nepal eventually led to
the Anglo-Nepali War (1815–16)

The war ended in the Sugauli Treaty, under which Nepal ceded

recently captured portions of Sikkim and lands in Terai as well as the
right to recruit soldiers.

Rana rule-Jung Bahadur Kunwar emerged victorious and founded

the Rana dynasty, later known as Jung Bahadur Rana. The king was
made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made
powerful and hereditary. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and
assisted them during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (and later in both
World Wars). Some parts of the Terai region populated with non-
Nepali peoples were gifted to Nepal by the British as a friendly
gesture because of her military help to sustain British control in India
during the rebellion. In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal
formally signed an agreement of friendship that superseded the
Sugauli Treaty of 1816.

 End of democratic practice in 1960 by King Mahendra .After

years of power wrangling between the king and the government, King
Mahendra (ruled 1955–72) scrapped the democratic experiment in
1959, and a "partyless" Panchayat system was made to govern Nepal
until 1989, when the "Jan Andolan" (People's Movement) forced King
Birendra (ruled 1972–2001) to accept constitutional reforms and to
establish a multiparty parliament that took seat in May 1991.In 1991–
92, Bhutan expelled roughly 100,000 Bhutanese citizens of Nepali
descent, most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in
eastern Nepal ever since.

On June 1, 2001, there was a massacre in the royal palace. King

Birendra, Queen Aishwarya and seven other members of the royal
family were killed

Dismissal of democratic experiment in 2005 by King Gyanendra -

Following the carnage, King Birendra's brother Gyanendra inherited
the throne. Dismissal of democratic experiment in 2005 by King
GyanendraIn September 2005, the Maoists declared a three-month
unilateral ceasefire to negotiate.

In response to the 2006 democracy movement, King Gyanendra

agreed to relinquish sovereign power to the people. On 24 April 2006
the dissolved House of Representatives was reinstated. Using its
newly acquired sovereign authority, on 18 May 2006 the House of
Representatives unanimously voted to curtail the power of the king
and declared Nepal a secular state, ending its time-honoured official
status as a Hindu Kingdom. On 28 December 2007, a bill was passed
in parliament to amend Article 159 of the constitution – replacing
"Provisions regarding the King" by "Provisions of the Head of the
State"declaring Nepal a federal republic, and thereby abolishing the
monarchy. The bill came into force on 28 May 2008.
Republic (2008)
The Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) won the largest
number of seats in the Constituent Assembly election held on April
10, 2008, and formed a coalition government which included most of
the parties in the CA. Although acts of violence occurred during the
pre-electoral period, election observers noted that the elections
themselves were markedly peaceful and "well-carried out”

The newly elected Assembly met in Kathmandu on May 28, 2008,

and, after a polling of 564 constituent Assembly members, 560 voted
to form a new government,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal -
cite_note-Abolish-46  with the monarchist Rastriya Prajatantra Party,
which had four members in the assembly, registering a dissenting
note. At that point, it was declared that Nepal had become a secular
and inclusive democratic republic,with the government announcing a
three-day public holiday from May 28–30. The king was thereafter
given 15 days to vacate Narayanhity Palace so it could reopen as a
public museum.
Nonetheless, political tensions and consequent power-sharing battles
have continued in Nepal. In May 2009, the Maoist-led government
was toppled and another coalition government with all major political
parties barring the Maoists was formed. Madhav Kumar Nepal of
the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) was made
the Prime Minister of the coalition government In February 2011 the
Madhav Kumar Nepal Government was toppled and Jhala Nath
Khanal of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)
was made the Prime Minister.In August 2011 the Jhala Nath Khanal
Government was toppled and Baburam Bhattarai of the Communist
Party of Nepal (Maoist) was made the Prime Minister.
The political parties were unable to draft a constitution in the
stipulated time.This led to dissolution of the Constituent Assembly to
pave way for new elections to strive for a new political mandate. In
opposition to the theory of separation of powers, then Chief Justice
Khil Raj Regmi was made the chairman of the caretaker government.
Under Regmi, the nation saw peaceful elections for the constituent
assembly. The major forces in the earlier constituent assembly
(namely CPN Maoists and Madhesi parties) dropped to distant 3rd
and even below.
In February 2014, after consensus was reached between the two major
parties in the constituent assembly, Sushil Koirala was sworn in as the
new prime minister of Nepal.
In September 20, 2015, a new constitution, the "Constitution of
Nepal 2015"was announced by President Ram Baran Yadav in the
constituent assembly. The constituent assembly was transformed into
a legislative parliament by the then-chairman of that assembly. The
new constitution of Nepal has changed Nepal practically into a federal
democratic republic by making 7 unnamed states.
On April 25, 2015, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal.Two
weeks later, on May 12, another earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3
hit Nepal, killing more than 150 people in Nepal and more than 200
people in total.
In October 2015, Bidhya Devi Bhandari was nominated as the first
female president

Economic
Nepal's gross domestic product (GDP) for 2012 was estimated at over
$17.921 billion (adjusted to nominal GDP).In 2010, agriculture
accounted for 36.1%, services comprised 48.5%, and industry 15.4%
of Nepal's GDP.While agriculture and industry are contracting; the
contribution by the service sector is increasing.

Agriculture employs 76% of the workforce, services 18% and

manufacturing and craft-based industry 6%. Agricultural produce –
mostly grown in the Terai region bordering India – includes tea, rice,
corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, and water buffalo meat.
Industry mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce,
including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Its workforce of about
10 million suffers from a severe shortage of skilled labor.
Nepal's economic growth continues to be adversely affected by the
political uncertainty. Nevertheless, real GDP growth was estimated to
increase to almost 5 percent for 2011–2012. This is an improvement
from the 3.5 percent GDP growth in 2010–2011 and would be the
second-highest growth rate in the post-conflict era

The proportion of poor people has declined substantially since 2003.

The percentage of people living below the international poverty line
(people earning less than US$1.25 per day) has halved in seven
years at this measure of poverty the percentage of poor people
declined from 53.1% in 2003/2004 to 24.8% in 2010/2011. With a
higher poverty line of US$2 per-capita per day, poverty declined by
one-quarter to 57.3%. However, the income distribution remains
grossly uneven.
The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of
the working-age population. Thus many Nepali citizens move to other
countries in search of work. Destinations include India, Qatar, the
United States, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Japan,
Brunei Darussalam, Australia, and Canada.Nepal receives $50 million
a year through the Gurkha soldiers who serve in
the Indian and British armies and are highly esteemed for their skill
and bravery. As of 2010, the total remittance value is around $3.5
billion. IN 2009 alone, the remittance contributed to 22.9% of the
nation's GDP

Nepal's exports of mainly carpets, clothing, hemp, leather

goods, jute goods and grain total $822 million. Import commodities of
mainly gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products and
fertilizer total US$2 billion. European Union (EU) (46.13%), the US
(17.4%), and Germany (7.1%) are its main export partners. The
European Union has emerged the largest buyer of Nepali ready-made
garments (RMG). Exports to the EU accounted for "46.13 percent of
the country's total garment
exports".https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal - cite_note-105 Nepal's
import partners include India (47.5%), the United Arab Emirates
(11.2%), China (10.7%), Saudi Arabia (4.9%), and Singapore (4%)

Social
Education
The overall literacy rate (for population age 5 years and above)
increased from 54.1% in 2001 to 65.9% in 2011. The male literacy
rate was 75.1% compared to the female literacy rate of 57.4%. The
highest literacy rate was reported in Kathmandu district (86.3%) and
lowest in Rautahat (41.7%).

Life-style-Main Occupations
In general mostly Nepalese people are involved in their traditional
occupation agriculture. Most of the people those who are living out of
town they belongs their own family farm land where they grow both
main crops and different cash crops seasonally. About 76% of total
population in Nepal still belongs to traditional agriculture system as
their main source of economy and rest of do other jobs as cottage
industries, general manufactures, goods trading, government officials,
hospitality tourism and others. All together still about 33% of total
populations are dependent in agriculture. 

Food Habit
In normal way Nepalese people’s food habit can be marked as a rice
culture social adoption. Nepalese main course of meal known as Dal-
Bhat-Tarkari traditionally which is perfect combination of
carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral, and fat. The real wholesome
Dal-Bhat-Tarkari is being eaten all over Nepal generally and it is
habitual way of twice a day. Besides morning and late afternoon time
tea, coffee other drinks and light food snacks are also can be eaten
normally. Dall is well cooked lentil soup from different beans, Bhat is
boiled rice, Tarkari is curried vegetables, pickle of seasonal vegetable
or fruits, salad and curried or fried meat as a non-vegetarian food can
be eaten commonly. Well refined mustard oil, ghee are used for the
typical Nepalese cooking propose of curry items for taste and flavor
spices are used such as cumin seed, coriander, black pepper, sesame
seed, turmeric, garlic, ginger, methi (fenugreek), bay leaf, clove,
cinnamon, pepper, chilies, mustard seed and salt added by taste. 

In the mountain area, where rice is growing very less, millet, barley,
bark wheat and maize are growing commonly in suitable climate so
people of there mostly eat Dhindo with Gundruk or different
vegetable curry, meat curry, home-made pickle, yoghurt and milk as a
their main course but they also like to have Dall Bhat time to time.
This authentic tradition of food habit is very common all over Nepal’s
mountain areas. There is also several common continental food items
are available in cities abundantly as well many countries food items
are prepared by several restaurants and fast food stalls of around main
hub of tourists. 

Science and technology

Nepal has been a late starter in modem science and technology. In
pursuance of self- reliance, it developed technological capabilities in
some specific areas such as agriculture, civil engineering,
architecture, metallurgy, water management, medicine, textile and
paper manufacture, dyeing and food technology. Its isolation for over
a century, coinciding with the Industrial Revolution in the West and
colonial incursion in India, deprived the country from the advances in
S&T elsewhere. After the advent of democracy in 1950, the country
embarked on the path of modernisation. An initiation in S& T
activities took place, along with the inception of a development plan,
in 1956. The S&T sector received its due importance in development
plan in the Sixth Plan (1980-85). Nepal's new constitution, promul
gated in 1990, has emphasised the importance of S&T explicitly by
including a Directive Principle to promote its advancement. Major
S&T organisations, including a science academy, the Ministry for
Science and Technology, and several research centres and institutions
for higher education in science have evolved during last five decades.
However, with the low ratio of S&T manpower (0.4 per 1, 000
population) and low R&D expenditure (0.35 per cent of GNP), Nepal
faces formidable challenges seeking political commitments with long-
term vision and recognition of S&T as the strategic variable for
overall national development.

Legal

Patent laws of Nepal

ACQUISITION OF PATENT RIGHTS:

(1) A person desirous of Obtaining right over any patent shall register
such patent in his/her name under This Act.
(2) No one shall copy or use or cause to use in the name of the others.
Without transforming the ownership or written permission pursuant to
Section.21d, the patent registered in the name of any person pursuant
to this Act.

APPLICATION FOR ACQUIRING RIGHT OVER PATENT:

(1) A Person desirous of having any patent registered in his/her name
shall submit to The Department an application as specified in
Schedules 1 (a), containing the Particulars mentioned hereunder,
along with all available evidence in his/her Possession:
(a) Name address and occupation of the parson inventing the Inserted
by the first amendment
Amended by the Act Made to Amend Some Nepal Acts Relating to
Export and Import and Intellectual
(b) If the applicant him/herself is not the inventors, how and in what
Manner he/she acquired title thereto from the inventor.
(c) Process of manufacturing, operating or using the patent.
(d) The theory or formula if any, on which the patent is based.
(2) Along with the application pursuant Sub- Section (1), applicant
Shall also submit map and §drawings along with particulars, of the
patent, As well as the fee specified in Schedule 3(1) (a).

INVESTIGATION BY DEPARTMENT:
(1) On receipt of application Submitted under Section 4, the
Department shall, on the advice of experts if so Considered necessary,
conduct all investigation or study to ascertain whether The patent
investigations in the application is a new Invention or not, and
whether it is useful to the general public or not, and thereafter decide
whether Or not to register such patent.
(2) In case the Department concludes that any patent should not be
registered in the circumstances
mentioned in Section 6, it shall give a notice to The applicant to the
effect that the patent cannot be registered according to His/her
application.

CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH PATENTS CANNOT BE

REGISTERED:
(1) The Department shall not register any patent under this Act in the
following Circumstances:-
(a) In case the patent is already registered in the name of any other
person, or
(b) In case the applicant him/herself is not the inventor of the Patent
sought to be so registered nor has acquired rights Over it from the
original inventor, or
(c) In case the patent sought to be registered is likely to adversely
affect the public health, conduct or morality or The national interest,
or
(d) In case it is contradictory to the prevailing laws (the Registration
of the patent) will constitute a contravention of existing Nepal law.
Provided that noting contained in Clause (a) shall be deemed to have
prejudiced to update transfer of the Registration of any patent under
Section 9.
(2) In the circumstances mentioned in Sub-Section (1), the
Department may cancel the registration of any patent which had been
registered. Provided that the Department shall, before cancelling the
registration of any Patent, provide reasonable opportunity to the
patentee to show the cause, if
Any, why the registration of this patent should not be cancelled.

REGISTRATION OF PATENT:
(1) On receipt of applications filed Under Section 4 for registration of
a patents, the Department shall, after Completing necessary
investigations under Section 5 issue a registration Certificate in a
format as specified in Schedule 2 (a) to the applicant, except in The
circumstance mentioned in Section 6.
(2) For obtaining the certificate mentioned in Sub-Section (1), the
Applicant shall pay the registration fees as to the department specified
in Schedule 3 (1) (b).

TERM OF PATENT:(1) the title of the patentee to the patent shall

beValid only for a period of seven years from the date of registration
Thereof under Section 7, except when it is renewed under Section 23
B.
(2) notwithstanding, anything contained in Sub-Section (1), in the
case Of patent registered before the commencement of this Section,
the term Fixed according to the provision in force at the time of
registration thereof shall Be valid after the expiry of that term, the
patent must be renewed under Section 23B.

Penalty for violation of Section 3:

A person, who commits any of the acts, Shall be fined as per gravity
of offense by the order of the Department and the Goods or
commodities related to the offense shall be confiscated:
(a) A fine of up to Five Hundred Thousand Rupees for committing an
Offense mentioned in Sub-section 2 of Section 3.
(b) A fine of up to Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand (Two lac fifty
Thousand) Rupees for committing an attempt or abetment of an
offense Mentioned in Sub-section (2) of Section 3.

Environment
Nepal's environment has suffered the effects of agricultural
encroachment, deforestation and consequent soil erosion, and
contamination of the water supply. Between the mid-1960s and the
late 1970s, forestland declined from 30% to 22% of the total area,
mainly because of the felling of timber for firewood, which supplies
over 90% of Nepal's fuel requirements. Moreover, it is estimated that
erosion causes the loss of about 240 million cu m of topsoil each year.
All of Nepal's forests were nationalized in 1957, but reforestation
efforts have been minimal. A forest conservation program, begun in
1980, includes the establishment of village tree nurseries, free
distribution of seedlings, and provision of wood-burning stoves of
increased efficiency. By 1985, however, deforestation averaged 324
sq. mi per year, while reforestation was only 4,000 hectares (9,900
acres) per year. An additional4.4% of forest and woodland were lost
between 1983 and 1993. The FAO estimates that at the present rate of
depletion, the forests will be virtually wiped out by 2015.
Air and water pollution are significant environmental problems in
Nepal. According to United Nations sources, the nation produces
18,000 tons of carbon monoxide and 3,300 tons of hydrocarbons per
year. Roughly one-third of the nation's city inhabitants and two-thirds
of all rural dwellers do not have pure water, and the use of
contaminated drinking water creates a health hazard. Untreated
sewage is a major pollution factor: the nation's cities produce an
average of 0.4 million tons of solid waste per year.
In 2001, 28 of Nepal's mammal species and 27 of its bird species were
endangered, as were 7 plant species. Species classified as endangered
in Nepal include the snow leopard, tiger, Asian elephant, pygmy hog,
great Indian rhinoceros, Assam rabbit, swamp deer, wild yak, chir
pheasant, and gavial.