Abstract

Stadiums are places that can bring thousands of people together and create a very sensational

architectural atmosphere. Unfortunately, they are seen as monumental objects in big cities and it is

as if they were used as sculptures but it has to mention that they are durable volumes but have

remained unknown in architectural studies. Looking at stadiums shows that their interior and

exterior spaces should be interlocked and makes harmony as the exterior walls can create a city

façade and the interior can make balance in people’s emotion, providing that the same regulations

and codes should be applied to stadiums in order to increase the coherence with the city.

Keywords: Architectural formation, stadium, old and new generation

In this article, we at first review the formal evolution of stadiums and then we discuss the

principles that should applied in stadiums.

Sports stadiums have a considerable impact on the urban environmental and social
context.. In the urban category sports stadiums built on a site previously used for sports
venues or adjacent to other existing venues are rated significantly higher, because
existing sites are already integrated into the urban context and located in proximity to
the city center as well as other mixed-use areas resulting in synergy effects with
extended catchment areas and good connectivity. In the environmental category sports
stadiums are rated higher if specific requirements for operation of the sports stadium
after the Games are already considered in the design to ensure maximized adaptability
and flexibility. Dismantle of the overlay (tailor-made structures/installations required for
staging the event) after the Games reduces energy consumption in subsequent
operation. Overlay designed for permanent usage or reuse at a different venue further
increases the level of sustainability. Sports stadiums utilized by more than one home
team and integration of other usages (e.g. retail, commercial, recreation, etc.) achieve a
significantly higher level of utilization. Additional data to verify indicators relating to
design efficiency such as average construction area per seat as well as dead loads of
spectator stands and roof structures should be compared for establishment of
benchmarks to verify the efficiency of the structural elements for an even more
sustainable design of sports stadiums.

A range of econometric studies suggest that neither major sports events nor related
new stadium construction typically have any appreciable effect on income or
employment at municipal scale. However, one important issue has long been ignored in
the literature: architectural quality. At present, international stadium architecture is
gaining markedly in significance. New stadia are intended to serve as visiting cards for
their hometowns and to accelerate urban (re)development. This article discusses the
current transition in international stadium architecture and demonstrates important
trends, such as the use of iconic elements, by means of selected examples. We provide
an overview of the first evidence for the welfare effects of the built environment as well
as of expected stadium-related social costs and benefits. The article also reviews the
first empirical evidence for the impact of a stadium at neighborhood scale.
Unconventional stadium architecture is recommended as a means of either supporting
area rehabilitation or amplifying the image and spending effects produced by
professional sports.