Watershed Imapct Evalauation

Impact Assessment of
Completed Watershed Projects:

Strategies & Way farward
Chapter - 1
1.0 Introduction
1.1 As a major portion of the country faces Arid and Semi-Arid climatic
conditions, watershed development is deeply rooted in the culture and society of
India. It is evolved partly due to the country’s rainfall pattern and the variations in
terms of space and time. In some of the states like Rajasthan, parts of Maharashtra,
Telangana, Andhra, Karnataka, Tamilanadu etc, the annual normal rainfall ranges
from a bare 300 mm to 600mm. The amount of rainfall also varies in these states
with 50 percent of precipitation falling in only 15 to 30 days. Therefore, throughout
the history, the people of India have adapted ways and methods of harvesting,
storing and carefully managing rainfall, runoff and stream flows. These water
management traditions extend back to over thousands of years. The kingdoms of
Kakatiyas, the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyans constructed thousands of minor
irrigation tanks on the concept of watershed development ‘Ridge to Valley’, which are
known as system tanks. Further, historically, most of India’s water management has
been at the community level, relying upon diverse, imaginative and effective methods
for harvesting rainwater in tanks and small underground storages.
1.2 The term watershed was initially used as “divide of a drainage basin”. Since
the UN conference on water at Mar del Plata, Argentina in 1977, however, the term
‘watershed’ has come to mean as the drainage basin itself. Accordingly, “Watershed
is defined as an area on the land from which runoff resulting from rainfall is collected
and drained through a common outlet. It is synonymous with a drainage ‘basin’ or
‘catchment area’. A watershed may be only a few hectares with two or more first
order streams or hundreds of square kilometres as in river basins. Watersheds can be
divided into smaller sub-watersheds”
Fig-1.1: Showing a typical watershed map
1.3 Watershed development is an approach for holistic development of whole

ecosystem in a democratic way. While development is necessary to improve the
quality of life, it is equally essential to ensure that the development is sustainable.
0
Controlling deterioration and rejuvenation of natural resources is possible by
Watershed development if it is done scientifically, using appropriate techniques and
keeping community in the pivot position. Due to scarcity of water and cultivable land
and also increasing rate of population, it is necessary now to make optimum use of
the available natural resources.
Major components of Watershed Management are:
 Management of water resources (Rain water harvesting)
 Management of soil resources
 Management of natural vegetation.
 Management of human resources
For
 Availability of water for drinking, irrigation and other purposes
 Land productivity
 Restoration of ecosystem
 Cohesiveness and collectiveness of community for holistic development
1.4 Odisha at a glance:

1.4.1 Odisha is India's 9 th largest State in terms of geographical area and 11 th in
terms population size, comprising of 4.7% of India's land mass and 3.37% of its
population. The State has a geographical area of 155707 sq.km. and It is the 11 th most
populated state in the country, with a share of about 3.5% of India’s population. It is
delineated into 10 agro-climatic zones. Located in the north-eastern part of the
country, it is bounded by the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the north and
northeast, by the Bay of Bengal to the east, and by the states of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana to the south and Chhattisgarh to the west. The state has 30 districts, 314
blocks and 51,583 villages. Other than the capital Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Rourkela,
Sambalpur, Puri, Balasore, Bhadrak and Baripada are the major cities in the state
with a population of more than a lakh.
1.4.2 The state can be divided broadly into four natural divisions: the northern
plateau, the Eastern Ghats, the central tract, and the coastal plains. The northern
1
plateau (in the northern part of the state) is an extension of the forest-covered and
mineral-rich Chota Nagpur plateau centred in Jharkhand. The Eastern Ghats,
extending roughly parallel to the coast and rising to an elevation of about 3,600 feet
(1,100 metres), are remnants of a very ancient line of hills in eastern peninsular
India. The central tract
comprises a series of
plateaus and basins
occupying the inland area to
the west and north of the
Eastern Ghats; the plateau
areas provide scant
resources, but several of the
basins—notably the
Kalahandi, Balangir,
Hirakud, and Jharsuguda—
have the soil and the
irrigation facilities to
support local agriculture.
The coastal plains are formed of alluvial soils deposited by the many rivers flowing to
the Bay of Bengal; locally the area is known as the Balasore (Baleshwar) coastal plain
to the northeast, the Mahanadi River delta in the centre, and the Chilka plain to the
southwest.
1.4.3 Drainage Basins
There are four groups of
rivers which flow through
Odisha into the Bay of
Bengal. They are:
 Rivers that have a

source outside the
State (Subarnarekha,
Brahmani and
Mahanadi).
 Rivers having a
source inside the
State (Budhabalanga,
Baitarini, Salandi,
and Rushikulya).
 Rivers having a source inside the Odisha, but flow through other states
(Bahudu, Vansadhara, and Nagavali).
 Rivers having a source inside Odisha, but tributary to rivers which flow
through other states (Machkund, Sileru, Kolab, and Indravati).
2
The Chillika Lake is brackish water lagoon located in the southern part of the Odisha
coastal plane. It is spread over an area of 1100 sq.km. Its salinity declines to a
minimum during the monsoon. But in winter due to the overflow of the tidal water
through the narrow opening from the Bay of Bengal, it is maximum. Ansupa is a
sweet water lake located in Banki of Cuttack district. It is 3 km in length and 1.5 km
in breadth. Sara is another sweet water lake located near Puri. It is 5 km in length
and 3 km in breadth. Kanjia is another sweet water lake with about 134 acres of area
located in Nandankanan near Bhubaneswar.
1.4.3 Odisha is located in a tropical wet-dry. In January, the coolest month, high
temperatures in Cuttack typically rise to about 30 °C from a low in the mid-50s F
(low 10s C). In May, the warmest month, temperatures usually reach the mid-90s F
(mid-30s C) from a low in the low 70s F (low 20s C). The higher elevations of the
hills provide some relief from the summer heat, which becomes particularly
oppressive in the basins of the central tract. Average annual rainfall in the state is
about 60 inches (1,500 mm), mostly occurring during the months of the southwest
monsoon (June through September). The Eastern Ghats receive heavier
precipitation, while the coastal area south of Chilka Lake, which is the driest region
in the state, may receive less than 50 inches (1,300 mm) annually.
1.4.4 Rainfall
A study by CLIMATE RESEARCH AND SERVICES INDIA METEOROLOGICAL
DEPARTMENT MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES PUNE on “Observed Rainfall
Variability and Changes over Odisha State” Met Monograph No.:
ESSO/IMD/HS/Rainfall Variability/20(2020)/44 explained the rainfall pattern very
well and it has been quoted the same.
1.4.5 As
per the
2011
census, the
State has a
population
of 4.19
crore.
Scheduled
Tribes (the
official
government designation applied to indigenous peoples) and Scheduled

Castes, together constitute some two-fifths of the population of Odisha.
1.4.6 The gross cropped area is 83.15 lakh ha. The total irrigation potential created
is 61.58 lakh ha as on 31 March 2021. Around 51.53 per cent of its gross cropped area
3
is used for food grain production. Rice is the dominant crop. Changes in the cropping
pattern are noticed with an increase in the share of high value crops like pulses and
vegetables.
1.4.7 Land Used
Pattern As per
Agricultural Census
2015-16, 92.97% of the
farmers are in small and
marginal category. The
number of operational
holdings is 48.66 lakh
with operational area of
46.19 lakh ha. The
average size of land
holding is 0.95 ha.
1.4.8 Land Holdings
Small and marginal
farmer constitute about
93% of the total farmers
in the State. Large
farmers constitute only a
miniscule portion of the total farmers. The landholding distribution is given in the
table below:
1.4.9:
Cropping
Pattern
As per the
statistical
data of
2020-21, the
net sown
area (NSA)
of the state
was 53.30
lakh ha,
Gross
cropped area
was 83.15
lakh ha and cropping intensity of 156 percent. During 2019-20, around 51.33% of the
gross cropped area was used for production of cereals, 22.66% for pulses, 7.1% for
oilseeds, 8.24% for vegetables, 4.14% for fruits and 6.54% for ‘other crops’. The
latest Economic Survey report reveals that the net area sown has come down from
4
56.04 lakh hectare (ha) reported in 2005-06 to 53.30 lakh ha (2020-21) and the area
under fallows has increased. The total Irrigation Potential Created (IPC) in the state
was 43.07 lakh ha and the utilization was 38.8 lakh ha. Change in cropping pattern
was witnessed in floriculture and the area under marigold and tuber rose increased.
1.4.10 The Government has been continuously taking up initiatives for
diversification of crops with emphasis on high value crops like cotton, pulses,
oilseeds, vegetables, spices and fruits through various developmental schemes like
NFSM, IFS, IAP, MIDH, Technology Mission on Cotton, Technology Mission on
Sugarcane and crop oriented programme for pulses and oilseeds, etc. Also as a part
of 5T (Technology, Team Work, Transparency, Timelines and Transformation)
initiatives of Government of Odisha, there is special focus to the framework of crop
diversification in Department of Agriculture and Farmers’ Empowerment,
Government of Odisha (targeting rice fallow areas).
1.4.11 The milk production in Odisha was 2370 thousand MT in 2019-20 and the
meat production was 205.18 thousand MT. The egg production in Odisha has
increased significantly from 23,229 lakh in 2012-13 to 23,814 lakh in 2019-20.
Similarly, there is a significant rise in total fish production in the state and it was
816.46 thousand MT in 2019-20. Fresh water fish production constitutes 67%,
brackish water 14% and marine fish 19%.
1.4.12 As per the Advance Estimates (AE), due to COVID-19 pandemic, Odisha
economy is expected to have a contraction of 9.92% (2011-12 base, constant price) in
2020-21. The growth in GDP was recorded at 5.21% during 2019-20 (as per revised
estimates). During 2020-21, the share of agriculture, industry and services in the
Gross Value Added (GVA) were 21.27%, 36.26% and 42.47% respectively. While the
service sector contributed the largest share in both Odisha and India, the share of
Industry in Odisha's
GVA declined in
comparison to 2019-
20.
1.4.13: Climatic
risk: Natural
calamities like
cyclone, drought,
floods and pest
attack are common
features in Odisha.
Almost every year or
in alternate year,
one part or the other
of the State is hit by
natural calamities of
varying intensity
5
and agricultural production is affected badly. Table given below shows the details of
natural calamities affecting Agricultural Production and Economy of Odisha. In spite
of so many risk factors, timely interventions and introduction of risk mitigation
schemes of Government like PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana) and other
interest subvention and input subsidy schemes could reduce farmers’ distress and
the State has now become self-sufficient in food grains (Odisha Economic Survey
2020-21)
1.4.14 Rainfall deviation: The mean rainfall (mm) and coefficient of variation (CV)
of the state for the monsoon months, southwest monsoon season and annual is as
follows:
1.5 Watershed Development Programmes in Odisha

1.5.1 Projects implemented by State Government: In Odisha, the watershed
development programme was conceptualised way back during the 2 nd Five Year Plan
[1956– 61]. Over a period of time, the concepts were refined and from sporadic
drainage line treatment it was changed to a comprehensive conservation programme
of soil and moisture. Concepts which included treatment of both drainage line and
area (Public and Private Lands) based on the capability of the land were introduced.
National Watershed Development Project for Rain fed Area (NWDPRA), Integrated
Watershed Development Project (IWMP) and Indo – Danish Comprehensive
Watershed Development Project (IDCWDP) were some of the important
programmes taken up by the state government. Apart from these, watershed
development projects were also implemented under other Schemes including the
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP).
1.6 Watershed Development Programmes of NABARD
1.6.1 Watershed Development Fund (WDF), a bilateral program of Government of
India and NABARD was launched in the year 1999. It is considered as a revolutionary
approach as it included two important concepts viz ‘Ridge to Valley’ - A
comprehensive treatment of micro basin starting from ridge line and ending at outlet
of the basin and ‘Participatory Approach’, a novel initiative for regeneration of
natural resources through community participation with emphasis on self-help,
environmental protection and poverty alleviation. The program is designed to be
implemented in a participatory mode involving village community represented by
Village Watershed Development Committee (VWDC- (a body nominated by villagers)
under the technical support of a Project Facilitating Agencies (PFA). The PFA could
6
be a Non-Governmental Organization, a Government organization, a bank, a
corporate etc. The main objective of the programme is sustainable development of
natural resources viz. soil, water and vegetation. Focus is on soil and water
conservation, forest and pasture land utilisation and enduring agricultural and
livelihood development. As on date, NABARD, Odisha Regional office has sanctioned
144 watershed projects across 24 districts of the state involving a total grant
component of Rs.10,121.23 lakh. An amount of Rs.7,027.57 lakh (69.43%) of the
sanctioned amount has already been released.
1.6.2
As on
closed by
NABARD,
Odisha
Regional
Office.
With a
view to
assess the
impact of
watershed
programme on the various areas and to suggest suitable strategies/way forward, a

study namely “Impact Assessment of Watershed Projects in Odisha” was
instituted by the Odisha Regional Office. The 60 completed watersheds spread
across 14 districts and were implemented by 18 different agencies. Most of the
projects sanctioned in Mayurbhanj, Angul, Dhenkanal, Kalahandi and Koraput
districts were completed. The details are given in the Chart below: -
1.6.3 As regard to PFAs, FES has implemented the highest no. of watershed projects
(17), followed by
SOOVA (8), AFC ltd
(6) and MASSP (5).
Based on the sanction
database in respect of
these 60 projects and
also inputs collected
during the field visits,
the impact of
watershed programme
in the state was
assessed. During the
7
study, data to assess the impact of the watershed programme was collected from
sample beneficiaries.
1.6.4 The impact on agriculture in terms of cultivated area, productivity, income
levels, impact of alternate livelihoods to assess the improvements in income of the
farmers, drudgery, reduction, migration, reduction of poverty, asset creation etc.,
was studied. While assessing the impact the terms of reference of the study and
parameters as provided by PFAs/ NGOs and on the primary data also were taken into
consideration.
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Chapter – 3
3.0 Impact of the Watershed Projects
“Success is not measured in the
amount of dollars one makes,
but on the amount of lives
impacted.” Anonymous
3.1. Impact: During the

study, 16 watershed projects
were selected to analyse the
impact based on the primary
field visit data. Under each watershed, many activities had been implemented from
conservation to judicial use of conserved resource as well as some complementary
activities which are derivation of primary activities and were crucial in improving the
economic status and ultimately sustainability of the households as well as ecosystem.
The activities with their outcome and impact are given in tabular form for easy
understanding.
3.2 IMPACT ON SOIL CONSERVATION
3.2.1 Impact on soil conservation was assessed, based on the primary field data as
well as secondary data of 60 watersheds. In the treatments like CCT, WAT, field
bunds, Gully plugs, LBs, RFDs, Check Walls, PTs, Check dams, there was
accumulation of soil, which confirmed that the soil erosion was arrested. The degree
of conservation of soils varied from watershed to watershed depending on type &
texture of soils and slopes and also type of SMC work carried out. In check dams,
percolation tanks the depth of accumulated soil was more than 25 cm and in WAT,
CCT etc, the depth of soil accumulated was about 5 to 10 cm. It was also observed
that gully formation was reduced and the soil got deposited on the upstream side of
gully plugs, which clearly indicated the extent of reduction in soil erosion. The
impact of soil conservation measures enhanced the water retention capacity of soils
and as reported by the farmers helped in improving crop health, crop productivity
and fodder production.
3.2.2 In the upland areas, the fertility of soils was enhanced due to reduced soil
erosion. There was not much improvement in the soil texture and land class as these
two parameters take considerable time for improvement. Further, in the watersheds
there was no large scale plantation like Agri Horticulture, Dry land Horticulture,
9
bund plantation, block plantation etc., and overall there was no impact on
vegetation which was one of the reason for poor improvement in soil texture and
change in land
class. There was
an increase in
the cultivated
area where waste
and fallow lands
were brought
under the
plough. The
increase in
cultivated area
ranged from 3 to
19% and in terms of acreage the increase ranged from 2.7 ha to 103 ha. In general,
the increase in cultivated area was about 16%. The increase in irrigated area ranged
from less than a hectare to 25 ha and the increase was on account construction of
new wells under watershed programme and also few farmers constructed wells from
their own resources. The impact on water conservation in CCT, SCT and WAT are
given in Table 3.1.
3.2.3 Overall it can be said that the increase in cultivated area and irrigated area
10
across the watersheds was not in appreciable quantities. One of the reason was that,
prior to the watershed, the area was under single crop and even after implementation
of watersheds projects, the farmers continue to practice single crop during kharif
season. The cropped area under rabi was low. There is good scope to increase area
under Rabi crop. Concentrated efforts are required to increase area under Rabi. The
other reason for low increase in irrigated area was high rainfall which was in the
range of 1400 mm in (Subarnapur & Angul districts) to 1600 mm in
Mayurbhanj.
3.3 Ridgeline area treatment: For any watershed development, the classic
approach of “Ridge to valley treatment” is very appropriate and proven way to
achieve the results. In the study areas same concept with some modifications was
followed and the impact was in the form of availability of water, extension of green area
and smiling faces of the community which is tabulated below. Some of the
photographs captured during the filed visits are given below. Soil erosion is a major
issue and needs to be addressed carefully. There are many small interventions which
checks the soil erosion very effectively. The intervention and the impact on soil
conservation is given below in table in Table-3.3 and Fig 3.3
11
3.3.2. The impact rating of the watershed under soil resources was 67% which
is considered as very good and will help in enhancing crop productivity in the
watershed areas in the post watershed period. The details are given in Table 3.3
3.4 IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES

3.4.1 Surface water
There was perceptible impact on the surface water which in turn had impact on soil
moisture. The discussions with community indicated that the duration of stream flow
has increased and the streams which used to be dry by the end of October were
flowing till December/ January. There was increase in the water storage area on
account of construction of percolation tanks, check dams, water absorption trenches
and other SMC works, which stored water / conserved soil moisture. The effect of
surface water was also observed on the ground water where the water levels showed
increasing trend in the last four years. The storage of surface water in PTs and Farm
Ponds was about 1 cum per 3 cum of excavated capacity of the tanks. In Hingma
watershed, an attempt was made to calculate the total stored water in 12 WHS. The
total capacity of the excavated WHS was 18000 cum, which means the storage
capacity was about 6000 cum. This also had an impact on ground water resources.
12
3.4.2 Ground water

During the field visit,
data was collected from
farmers and it was
compared with the base
level data recorded by
the PFA. The data
collected indicates that
there is improvement
across the watersheds
and the change in the
water column ranged
from 0.3 m to 1.32 m.
The average being 0.63
m. A rough estimate of
additional recharge to
ground water was
13
calculated as: - Q= Av. Area of the watershed in 468870000 m 2 X Increase in water
Column (0.63 m)
Area considered for recharge was taken at 50 percent as the area has hillocks, high
slopes, and rocky terrain with impermeable strata. The net area was 234435000 m 2
Q= 234435000 m2 X 0.63 m = 14,76,94,000 m3

3.4.5 There was marked
improvement in soil moisture
as well as groundwater,
however the utilization was
insignificant. The main
reasons were limited or no
crop diversification, high
rainfall, poor level of
awareness on crop varieties,
technology and marketing.
The cumulative effect of ridge
area and drainage line
treatment has led to raise in
water level in wells. In study area, many new wells have been developed along with
some existing wells which were repaired, so that available water can be used for
different purposes. In study area, many wells are fitted with the solar pumps and
because of this the fetching water becomes easy and economic. Ring well seems to be
a small but very important activity.
3.4.6 The data

obtained from Central
Ground Water Board,
Bhubaneshwar
Region show an
improvement in the
water level fluctuation
during normal
monsoon years in the
watershed areas
visited during the
study. During
deficient monsoon
rainfall years also the
water levels remained
the same and there
was no or little
decline, which
indicates that the
14
watershed treatment works had a positive impact and that is why there was not
much change in the water levels even during drought period.
3.4.6 There was increase in the surface and ground water resources i.e. Water
availability, however the impact on the irrigated area was limited and increase was in
the range of 4 to 22 %. In terms area, the average increase was about 6 ha. The
watershed areas offer ample scope for second crop during rabi, crop diversification
and enhanced crop productivity. Still the farmers of the areas practice traditional
agriculture.
3.4.5 The rating under parameter water resources indicates that the
watersheds obtain a higher performance rating above 70%, which
indicates that, there was excellent result under water resources which
can improve crop water productivity in the post watershed period. The
details are given in Table 3.5.
3.5 IMPACT ON CULTIVATED AREA AND CROPPING PATTERN:
3.5.1 In the visited watersheds, there was increase in surface water and also ground
water resource. This has led to increase in cultivated area. In the upper reaches
which were under uncultivated conditions prior to the implementation, about 30
percent increase was observed during Khariff season. As practice farmers of the area
cultivate long duration (5 months) Paddy and take only one crop and therefore the
increase in area under Rabi crop was marginal and the increase was about 12%. In
watershed areas, farmers have slowly started cultivating vegetables as the watersheds
are nearer to district HQ and marketing is available. The community awareness
levels also contributed for the change in cropping pattern
3.5.2 Impact on Crops and cropping pattern: Prior to implemenrtation of

watershed, Paddy ws the main crop in the watreshed areas visited. Long duration
rain fed Paddy (5months) was taken in the area and therefore the scope for second
(Rabi) crop was limited. Other than Paddy, Vegetables, Pulses, maize etc are the
main crops which were cultivated in the area. During Rabi season farmers mainly
take up cultivation of vegetables, wheat, pulses etc,. After the implementation of
watershed programme also farmers continue to take up long duration Paddy in
major portion of the watershed area. However, due to availability of water, farmers
started diversifying
their agriculture
practices and more
and more area is
being brought
under single crop
and double crop.
During Khariff
farmers continue
to grow paddy as
15
the main crop and there is increasing demand for growing vegetables, pulses, during
kharif season. Similarly theere is increase in cultivated area during rabi season and
there is increase in cultivation of vegetables, wheat, pulses etc.,. There is increase in
fish and duckery farming in the water harvesting strcutures like percolation tanks,
farm ponds.
3.5.3 Impact on Cropping Intensity and incremental income

Farmers were cultivating paddy extensively during kharif and therefore the net
income and net incremental income of the 60 farmers in respect of whom data was
collected indicates that there is change in the type of crops grown under the
watershed. There was improvement in the total cultivated area both during Kharif
and Rabi season. The main crops grown prior to watershed implementation were
mainly paddy, pulses and vegetables. In the post watershed period also same crops
were being cultivated in the area with increase in area under different crops. The
cropping intensity which was about 119 percent during the pre-watershed period
has increased to 128 percent. Based on the data collected during the field visits, the
annual average net surplus and average annual net incremental income have been
calculated and indicates that the annual average net income of the farmers in the
pre-watershed period was Rs.29,480 per ha which has increased to Rs.38,000 per
ha. The increase in income was mainly on account of increased productivity. The
details are given in table below:
16
3.5.4 The
impact rating
based on the
marks obtained is
‘Very good’
Performance with
60 %. The
performance is
mainly on
account good
impact under soil
and water
resources. Still there is lot of scope to improve cropping pattern,
cropping intensity. The details are given in Table 3.7.
3.6 IMAPCT ON VEGETATION:

3.6.1 One of the main objectives of NABARD watershed development programme
has been developing vegetative cover and biomass in the watereshed areas through
agro horticulture, dry land horticulture, agro forestry, bund plantation, block
plantation. It was observed in the watershed visitied during the filed visit, enough
importance was not given on these vegetative measures while sanctioning projects.
Further the PFA impaired the efforts and not paid attention to the the planted
vegetation. Mortality rate in bund plantation was hig. In the watershed areas there
is lot of natural greenery due to good rainfall. There is a need to focus on agro
horticulture and dry land horticulture in the upland areas of watersheds which
will provide alternate livelihoods to the farmers and also bring the much
required diversification in the agriculture of watershed areas.
3.6.2 Impact on fodder
Although there was no specific activity under the watersheds for development of
fodder and also there was little priority for milch animals in the area, the cattle
population remained more or less same. Under the livelihood component, sheep
units were given to landless and poorest among the poor. Therefore, there was not
much focus on fodder development. In the implemented watersheds due to fertile
soils and good rainfall there was natural fodder growth.
3.6.3 Impact on Livestock
17
It was observed that the PFAs focused only on soil and moisture conservation
activities. There was limited planning in the FSR towards allied agriculture
activities. The fund allocation was 5% of the project cost and designed to provide as
a grant. The grant was used up as a onetime grant. The implementation of
watershed in the area had an impact on the livestock particularly small ruminants
like sheep, goat,
backyard
poultry,
duckery and
also fisheries.
There is a good
potential to
develop
integrated
models
involving
fisheries, duckery and backyard poultry in the watershed areas. Similarly,
integrated models with sheep, goat farming also can be taken up with grant cum
bank credit. Implementation of watershed helped in increased availability of water
and natural green fodder.
3.6.4 Impact on Allied agriculture activities:
As indicated above the PFAs did not focus on Allied sectors of agriculture while
planning the FIP. There is good scope for encouraging horticulture, vegetables,
floriculture, fisheries, sheep and goat, milch animals, duckery and other allied
sectors of agriculture. Some of the watershed areas have location advantage
(Hingma, Bhudabar) in Subarnapur. Similarly, there may be other watersheds that
are closer to towns, block and district HQ, which offers a good market for fresh
agricultural produce particularly vegetables, fish, meat and milk. After agriculture,
fish, dairy, sheep and goat back yard poultry, duckery are the important Agri Allied
sector activities which have good scope in the state. Considering the soils and agro
climatic conditions of the area, horticulture will be the upcoming sector in the area,
particularly upland areas of the watershed. There is good scope for cultivation of
pulses, vegetable cultivation, fisheries, sheep rearing, dairy etc,.
3.6.5 Impact of Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Measures:
There were itsy-bitsy efforts by the PFAs under Agriculture Productivity
Enhancement measures, like crop diversification, Vegetable cultivation,
Vermicomposting, NPM, fodder development. Except vegetable, there is little impact
of the AEM in the watershed. One time support to farmers under vegetable
cultivation, (onion, brinjal, tomato etc) did not yielded results. While there is a need
to promote such agricultural practices in watershed areas, there is a need to analyse
the implementation so that more and more farmers adopt the practices. It is felt that
the farmers and also the PFA are not very keen on promoting items due to lack of
proper knowledge of these interventions. These activities require technical input
18
which in view of the study team was lacking at the level of PFAs. Therefore, there is a
need to deliberate on the implementation modalities and it is felt that it is desirable
to have tie up with KVKs or other ‘Knowledge centres’ to provide technical guidance
for crop diversification.
3.7 IMPACT ON LIVELIHOODS INTERVENTIONS
3.7.1 Under livelihood component, grant support was provided for small village
level business entities like petty shops, tea shops, cycle repair, saloons, sheep rearing,
vegetable cultivation, back yard poultry, duck rearing, mush room cultivation, bee
keeping etc. The livelihood support was provided to the poorest among the poor. The
VWDC in consultation with the PFA identified the poorest among the poor and land
less households. It was observed that in majority of the cases, the support was
extended to the households who were already into the business which made the
business enterprise sustainable and created continuous stream of income. The units
particularly dairy, sheep, kirana shop, hotel, cycle shops, saloon shop etc., had good
impact. Many of the borrowers were happy with the timely support rendered under
watershed programme. The sheep, vegetable cultivation, hotels, saloons, etc. units
have created sustainable income to the poor families. The livelihood grants
benefitted women the most.
3.7.2 The impact of these interventions was direct and income was instant hence
generated lot of good will for NABARD. The income from livelihood activities helped
village communities in meeting day to day expenditure particularly household
19
expenditure, school fee, celebrations, etc. and therefore enhanced the happiness
index of the rural community.
3.7.3 It also created rural employment as the incomes were immediate which
encouraged higher acceptance level and that resulted in employment creation within
the village. It has also created and strengthened village level infrastructure, like
saloons, hotels, cycle repair shops, carpentry and availability of essentials at the
village level like vegetable vending shops, small ruminants, duckery, backyard
poultry etc,. This saved travel cost and journey time of the rural community which
resulted in sustainable income to the entrepreneurs and also saving. It was a win-win
situation for the service provider and user.
3.7.4 It has created the much desired women empowerment as in most of the
activities like vegetable vending, sheep, duck rearing, hotels, petty shops, fisheries
etc., women were actively involved in sales and financial transactions. This has given
financial power in decision making to women.
The income levels varied from family to family depending upon the activity. The
average income of few the activities visited are given below in the table:
About the 60 percent of the individuals interviewed during the field visits were aware
of watershed programme.
3.7.5 Additional livelihood activities
Mushroom is very favourite protein supplement for the community. Many farmers
are cultivating mushroom in their vicinity. A lady from the remote village is now an
entrepreneur and a trainer for mushroom cultivation and she has visited many farms
and offered her knowledge to make it more profitable and sustainable. There are
some outlets in Kalahandi district for the same. The study area is full of wild
angiosperms which plays an important role in honey production. In some of the
watersheds few wooden bee boxes were seen. There is a scope of expansion of bee
keeping.
20
3.7.6 Low cost cooling chamber for storage of vegetables is an example of
technology developed by IIT for small and marginal farmers. Although the number of
these chambers were very few but the impact was very good and it is in demand now
as many farmers are cultivating vegetables.
3.7.8 Women Empowerment
The interventions carried out through livelihood and also watershed works had good
participation of women and therefore had a positive impact on women and their
economic empowerment. The watershed works created continuous employment and
income sources. Similarly, livelihood grants were given to women and generated
daily income from activities like vegetable vending, milch animals, sheep rearing,
petty shops, tea hotels, bangle stores, etc. Efforts of PFAs in strengthening the SHGs,
financial inclusion and involvement of women in VWDC and other committees
brought social, financial empowerment to women.
3.7.8 Impact on migration and reverse migration
It was reported that before the implementation of watershed project some of the
villagers used to go to nearby towns in search of livelihood. The migrated villagers
were reported to be back and established some livelihood activity by availing grant
from the watershed project. COVID was one of the main reason for migration,
nevertheless the watershed programme provided some kind of relief to the returnees.
The watershed works also provided labour Villagers indicated that the watershed
works have given them lot of relief from the drought and COVID.
3.7.9 Impact on Direct and Indirect Employment Generation
Direct employment was generated during the implementation of the work. Most of
the soil moisture conservation works proposed in the watershed area like bunding,
continuous contour tranches, staggered contour trenches, WAT, PTs, etc involved
earth work. Considering the quantities of earth work sanctioned under the projects,
at the time of implementation from CBP to completion of FIP, employment
generation was 9.17 lakh man days was generated from the 60 completed
watersheds. Further, from the increased area under cultivation and also from the
livelihoods created in the watersheds continue to generate indirect employment to
the extent of 2.10 lakh man days in the rural areas. This primary level increase in
crop area has a cyclic effect and more and more employment will be generated
through establishment of village level enterprises and services.
3.7.10 Impact of participatory approach on social audit
The participatory approach adopted by NABARD in the watershed development

programme created awareness on the importance of natural resources, unity among
the village community and social audit of the funds utilised vis-à-vis the works taken
up.
21
3.7.11 Impact on bank loans and deposits
The PFAs conducted programmes on financial literacy and financial inclusion. Due
to these initiatives, the households which were not having accounts opened accounts
under PM Jandhan Yojana. The data of the sample beneficiaries indicates that all the
households have at least one account in the bank i.e either in Commercial bank or in
the Grameen Bank. During the current year 2020-21, about 63 percent of the
households had crop loans and only 3 percent households availed term loans and the
purposes included wells, pump sets, purchase of farm machinery, animals etc. There
was increase in agriculture loans and other loans & advances. Also there was increase
in the deposits of the banks. The data provided by the PFAs shows fourfold increase
in loans and advances and huge increase in deposits which appears to be not correct.
Some of the PFAs provided the data but it was very high and therefore it was not
considered for inclusion in the report. Many of the PFA did not provide the details.
3.7.12 Impact on the education of children
During the visit, the study team had interacted with the committee and elders of the
village and also collected information from the Government School located in the
villages. The data indicates that the enrolment in the government school decreased
during the post watershed period and also the total school strength has decreased.
The reasons reported were that in the recent years’ children were enrolled in the
nearby English medium schools. Many of the villagers enrolled their children in
private schools where the fee ranges from Rs 800 to 1200 per month. The increase of
income from enhanced crop cultivation, crop diversification, livelihood activities
encouraged the community to send their children to better educational institutes.
This change indicates that there is increase in awareness, income levels and farmers
being able to afford high fees which is an important impact of watershed programme.
22
3.7.13: Impact rating of livelihoods shows that out of 7 it obtained 5
marks 71% rating. The livelihood intervention had an ‘Excellent Impact’.
The livelihood interventions created secured incomes and sustainable
business enterprises in rural areas under watershed development
programme. The details are given in Table 3.10.
3.8 IMPACT ON INCOME, DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME & ASSET

CREATION
The farmers did not keep any documented record on the income and expenditure.
The data which was collected through group approach on the income of the
households
was analysed.
The average
income per ha
was Rs.
29,480/- per
ha per annum
which has
increased to
Rs 38,000/-
per ha per annum in the post watershed period.
Similarly, farmers also did not keep any record where the income was spent.
However, the data collected in terms of percentage indicated that the major share of
income was spent on house hold expenditure followed by education of children,
house renovation/construction. As regard to assets creation, as high as 74 percent of
the farmers spent the income on house construction/repair of old houses, followed
construction of wells/ pump sets and other agriculture assets, and purchase of
agriculture land. Similarly, the average income from livelihood interventions was in
the range of Rs.41,500/- per annum to Rs.48,600/-. Although the income per annum
from livelihoods was less compared to per ha income, people were very happy and
talked positive about livelihoods as these investments gave daily/ regular income
which was very important for the financial security. Therefore, many preferred
smaller loans for small business
3.9 IMPACT OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE ON
HUMAN RESOURCES
3.9.1 Impact of participatory approach on social audit: The participatory
approach adopted by NABARD in the watershed development programme created
awareness on the importance of natural resources, brought unity among the village
community and social audit of the funds utilised vis-à-vis the works taken up.
3.9.2 Village Watershed Committee: Village Watershed Committees played key
role in planning and implementing the watershed project. It has created awareness
on rejuvenation and management of natural resources viz, soil, water and vegetation.
It has also brought ownership and contributed for development of social capital and
23
human capital. The VWDC was aware of the importance of watershed programme in
enhancing agriculture productivity and securing sustainable incomes of the rural
community. Some of the VWDC members were attending to monitoring of
watershed works, maintaining of books, taking measurements and labour payments.
The community also was enlightened on the importance of each of the watershed
treatments and their impact on soil and water.
3.9.3 Women Empowerment: Involvement of women in the VWDC empowered
women and created awareness on watershed works, livelihood intervention etc,.The
interventions carried out through livelihood and also watershed works had good
participation of women and therefore had a positive impact on the women and their
economic empowerment. The watershed works created continuous employment and
income. Similarly, livelihood grants were given to women and provided daily income
from activities like vegetable vending, milch animals, sheep rearing, petty shops, tea
hotels, bangle stores etc,. Efforts of PFAs in strengthening of SHGs, financial
inclusion and involvement of women in VWDC and other committees brought social,
financial empowerment to women.
3.9.10 Community contribution in the form of shramadhaan was complete in
respect qualifying sharmadaan and also regular shramadhaan. This has led
ownership in the project and resulted in good participation of village community in
meetings and in watershed works. This also brought responsibility of the community
in solving their village problems and issues.
3.9.11 The watershed committees were registered under Odisha Cooperative
Act and at cluster
level Farmers
Producer
Companies were
established. The
companies are in a
nascent state and
started input
supply.
3.9.12 The
committee
meetings were
held regularly.
3.9.13: Impact
Rating of VWDC: In majority of the watersheds the committees were working
effectively. The marks obtained were 7 out of allotted 8 marks and thus impact rating
of VWDC and community dynamics above was 87 % which is considered as
“Excellent’. The details are given above in Table 3.12
*****************
24
25
hapter - 4
4.0 Sample Watershed Projects and Respondents

4.1 Bandurga Watershed
Bandurga watershed is comprised of 1044.83 ha spread over in two villages namely
Baiganbud and Niakkarla of GP - Babuchhipidihi, block – Laikera, district -
Jharsuguda. It forms part of topo-sheet no. F45M1 and codified as
04070201101080202 by Directorate of Soil Conservation and Watershed
Development, Government of Odisha and it falls under Mahanadi river catchment.
However, run-off from this watershed now drains in to the “Hatinalla Project” a
small reservoir, which is providing irrigation to 16 villages in the down stream area.
The watershed is at a distance of 45 km from Jharsuguda, the district head quarter
and the area is connected through Kuccha road. The watershed area identified is
rolling topography surrounded denuded upland and hillocks. The annual average
rainfall of Laikera block 1353 mm which is mainly concentrated in the months of
June and September. The primary occupation of the people is rain-fed agriculture,
allied activities along with forest based supplementary income. There is high
incidence of poverty and a majority of the households are below poverty line.
4.1.1 Climatic conditions
The annual average rainfall of the watershed area 1353 mm. The intensity of rainfall
is very high which is mainly concentrated between July and September with a total
62 rainy days in a year on an average. The topography of the area is rolling/
undulated and the rainwater drains away from the catchments area very soon. The
reserve forest is deciduous in nature and covers the ridge area of the watershed with
a very poor canopy and now the community is protecting the forest. The un-bonded
uplands which have poor infiltration due to the substrata soil condition, many a
times the farmers face drought conditions. The unmanaged water from forest,
fallow lands and thin vegetation coverage augments the top soil erosion in the area.
The topography witness all forms of soil erosion such as sheet, rill and gully and
breach of bunds along with th e sand casting. The severity of erosion gradually
increases from ridge to valley. Drainage lines emerging out of the excess run-off from
the uplands also creates severe erosion and breaches bunds often.
4.1.2 Temperature
With an average of 33.6 °C, May is the warmest month. In January, the average
temperature is 19.7 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.
4.1.3 Vegetation
It is a part of Eastern Ghats. The reserve forest covers in the ridge area of the
watershed is with very poor canopy and deciduous in nature and now the community
is protecting the forest.
26
4.1.4 Land classification
Total Forest Wasteland Pastur Cultivable Cultivable Cultivable
area e land waste land with land rain
land irrigation fed
1044.83 220.45 1.21 28.22 58.64 0 613
Land classification
Forest; 220.45
Wasteland ; 1.21
Cultivable land rainfed ; Pasture land; 28.22
613
Culturable waste land ;

58.64
Total No of 262 ST SC BPL APL

house holds (151) (63) (119) (143)
No of Marginal Small Big
households (118) (31)
of farmers ( 85 )
No of Land 28
less house
holds
Comment: Economic condition is more or less similar of all
households except a few.
4.1.5 Maps
27
(a)
(b)
4.1.6 Activities under taken
28
Sanctioned Achievement Achievement (%)

Soil Moisture
Conservation Finance Financ
Physica Physica Physica Financi
Works (Rs in e (Rs in
l l l al
lakh) lakh)
Contour Bund
in length in 224 0.12616 224 0.12616 100 100
Meters
Guard Wall
3 1.61937 3 1.61937 100 100
(Nos)
10.2000
Dugwell (Nos) 10 10.20000 10 100 100
0
Dugwell
Renovation 1 0.08500 1 0.08500 100 100
(Nos)
Earthen Canal
1660 1.11552 1660 1.11552 100 100
(in Meters)
Earth Graded
Bund (in 918 0.58752 918 0.58752 100 100
Meters)
Farm Pond 24.2250
20 24.22500 20 100 100
(Nos) 0
Back Yard
200 0.32000 200 0.32000 100 100
Plantation
Farm Bunding
5359 3.01830 5359 3.01818 100 100
(in Meters)
Mango
Plantation 80 0.14400 80 0.14400 100 100
(Nos)
Pond
Renovation 3 2.16727 3 2.16727 100 100
(Nos)
Stone Outlet
68 0.85190 68 0.85010 100 100
(Nos)
Spillways (Nos) 24 1.32583 24 1.32582 100 100
Water
Absorption
1750 1.17600 1750 1.17600 100 100
Trench (in
Meters)
Drainage line Treatment
Stone Gully
42 2.79823 42 2.72989 100 100
Plug
Percolation 5 4.62204 5 4.62204 100 100
29
Tanks
The physical and financial achievement is 100% and the impact of it is
very obvious in the fields.
4.1.7 Financial outlay
Project Cost-
CBP 685400 FIP 10849250
Sanctioned (Rs)
Amount Released (Rs) CBP 685400 FIP 10004716
Total Expenditure
CBP 685400 FIP 10004716
incurred (Rs)
Management Cost Sanctioned 1774875 Released 1667453
Status of Maintenance Available
Released 0 322190
Fund Rs in Lakh Balance
4.1.8 Respondents
Bhavani Jaipuria, VWC Mitra Bhanu Podh, aged 57 Mrs. Hita Jaipuria
Secretary years thanks NABARD as member of VWC,
Explained in detail about our life is going on Bandurga Watershed
the work done in because of NABARD. committee. We are
watershed area since its Long back we used to eat united now because of
inception, contribution, leaves of wild trees like SHG and save Rs.20
physical work, to SHGs Mahua and now we eat every week, although
and Vegetable cultivation proper and complete meals. it is a small amount
etc. but now we are
habituated to saving.
SHG gave me
confidence.
In my opinion Farm
pond is the best
activity and because of
30
it the water store and
percolates and water
table also rises in
wells.
Raju Manjhi Chandra Sehgul, village Lambodhar Bakra:

Earlier we were cultivating Kandmal The rivulet
only Paddy but now we are We are cultivating vegetables (KudiaDhar Nala) is
having paddy, mustard, and selling it at Jharasguda live now. Water level
and different types of which is district head is now availble at 8-10
vegetables also. Now our quarter. Our rivulet is feet.
cattles have drinking water flowing throughout the year.
around us. We have toilet but it is non-
functional as it is of poor
quality.
Narendra Deep, village Kandmal
“Percolation tank is the best activity and now we are
cultivating vegetables”.
Abhi Manjhi: (man in white shirt) Now we have lots

of facility in the village but many people are not
working properly and are lazy.
31
Rushabh Budala of Baiganbud village is an
owner of 2 acre land and has taken 5 acres of
land on lease with irrigation facility. He
believes that farm bund is a very promising
activity. According to his opinion,
productivity of the paddy has increased from
10 quintals to 15 quintals. His field is full of
diversity and having papaya, mango, guava,
jack fruit and moringa in his vicinity along
with variety of vegetables.
Cooling chamber was very helpful during lock

down period as I could store the vegetable in
it and sell after few days.
Well full of water: surity for
irrigation
He want to invest his hard core money in to

eduation of his daughters.
He has 25 hens and 20 goats
32
Testimonials by Rushabh
Kusuma Manjhi, Bandurga Watershed, Jharsuguda
He is an owner of four acre land and 3-4 “All is good because of the
acres land is taken on lease. The field is full ridge area treatment, field
of diversity and cultivating potato, bund and because of it
cauliflower, brinjal, marigold, rose, mango, productivity has increased.”
papaya, guava along with paddy. “ Now water is available
throughout the year”
His son and he also having a small

venture of tent house which is good
source of earning.
“During lockdown we could not sale

vegetables and faced many
problems”
33
New house with beautiful floor
Dugu Nagariya A matric pass progressive farmer with

8 acre land enjoys irrigation facility.
He has a well with water at 10-12 feet
bgl and NABARD helped him in
renovation of the well. As per his
opinion, “rain water is conserved
because of the ridge area treatment
and productivity enhanced because of
farm bunds and use of solar pump”.
Further he added, “now nala is full of
water till March” and we used the
additional water for cultivation of
vegetables.”
34
He is earning approximately Rs.12,0000/- per annum in agriculture field after

securing the food for whole year and some fruits and vegetables for domestic
consumption. He invested money in his marriage and further in reconstruction of
house.
Pre WSD: Kharif
No
crop
Paddy
Vegeatble and
pulses
Paddy Vegeatble and pulses

No crop
Post WSD: Kharif Post WSD: Rabi
Mustard
Vegetable
and pulses No crop
Paddy
Vegetables
Paddy Vegetable and pulses

No Crop Mustard Vegetables No crop
Change in cropping pattern is a very good indicator. Due to scarcity of labour

during rabi, he is not cultivating anything in almost 50% of land. He is asking for
some less labour demanding crop for the rabi.
35
Santosh Kodi, village Naik Karla
“No water earlier but now we have it, so
cultivating paddy and vegetables”
He is cultivating brinjal and tomato. He earned
Rs.36,000/- by working in village under NREGS.
He want to earn some more money and will save
it for education of his kids.
In many places toilets are made but The children are waiting for reopening of
under-utilized. . school
Rajendra Chhatriya: He is 10 passed and his wife is a graduate and she is an
th
active member of SHG and involved in paper plate making venture with other SHG
members. In their field, lemon, mango, moringa trees along with climbers of few
cucurbits and beans are present. They also have two cows and 8 chicks. According
to him, “Farm pond is the best activity” and for women SHG is a confidence
building activity. She is enjoying cooking food on LPG stove and acclaimed the
scheme.
4.2 Kharinala Watershed
36
The Khari Nala watershed of Betarsing GP is located at a distance of 62 Kms from the
district head quarter of Gajapati district in the State of Odisha. The Block head
quarter is located at Nuagada which is 45 kms away from the Gram panchayat. The
nearest bus stop is Ramagiri which is 7 kms from the GP head quarter. Very limited
bus services are available from Ramagiri to Paralakhemundi and Berhampur through
R. Udayagiri. One has to walk a distance of 7 Kms to reach Ramagiri from where one
can take bus or taxi to the block or district head quarter. However, after intervention
of CBP/WDF & WADI the crossing to Betarsing GP head quarter village is now
connecting with PMGSY road and is under construction. However, the remote
inhabited 3 villages have no pucca road.
The proposed area belongs to Vansadhara catchment. The landscape of the area is
undulating. The total watershed area comprises of 527.56 Ha. The elevation
difference between the highest (1132m) and the lowest (889m) is 243m and the
overall slope is 7-10%. The ridge is low to medium height with hillocks spread all
across the watershed. The drainage pattern is fish bone type. The topography is like
“basket of eggs” each section presents a micro catchment and treatable and can put
into better use after treatment.
The watershed area is totally inhabited by Saura tribe who are one of the indigenous
inhabitants of India and had been long settled in different parts of the country. Not
being able to resist the continuous encounters with Indo-Aryan speaking people, the
tribals had to move bit by bit and finally found their refuge in relatively more
inaccessible regions of forests and hills. Saura settlements in the Hills of eastern
Ghats relates its history to one of such process; which pushed most of the tribal
retreat into the forest areas of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The areas where the
Sauras are found in great compactness are the Paralakhemundi and Gunupur sub
division. The primitive section of the tribe which is known as “Lanjia Soura” inhabits
in the hilly sections of these areas.
4.2.1 Rainfall
37
Rainy season is from July to October (Jesto to Bhadrapada), winter from Nov to
February (Aswino to Pouso) and Summer from March to June (Magho to Baisakho).
The average rainfall in the decade (2001 to 2010) is 1529.5 mm. The lowest rainfall
of 1266 mm recorded during in the year 2008, while the maximum of 2070 mm is
recorded during the year 2003. In an average maximum rainfall is recorded during
the months of July to September of every year.
4.2.2 Temperature
The project area is having cooler climate due to higher elevation. Maximum
temperature goes up to 350C to 370C and the lowest becomes 100C to 120C in
December. It was observed during this year of January it was down to -10C. Local
community divide the year into three seasons.
4.2.3 Vegetation
The natural vegetation of the project area comes under Eastern Ghat High land Zone
deciduous forest with some element of semi evergreen. Due to biotic interference
ecological restoration the forest has degraded considerably.
4.2.4 Land classification
Tota Cultivable Cultivabl

Area Fores Waste Pastur Culturable
l land with e land Other
in t land e land waste land
area irrigation rainfed
Ha
609. 365.39 1.28 7.918 0.77 29.64 144.425 60.1
43 7 3
Land Classification
Other
Cultivable land rainfed 10%
24%
Forest
60%
Cultivable land with ir-
rigation
5%
Pasture land
1%
Culturable waste land Wasteland

0% 0%
Comment: The area is full of forest and uplands and rich of biodiversity. Among
cultivable land, most of it is rainfed.
38
ST
Total No of SC BPL APL
227 227
house holds 0
No of
Marginal Small Big
households of 227 0
210 0 0
farmers
No of Land less
17
house holds
Comment: Remotely placed watershed area with less facilities. All members of
watershed are of same economic status but with good happiness index
4.2.5 Maps
Sanctioned Achievement Achievement%

Fin
Soil Moisture Fin
(Rs Physica Financ
Conservation Works Phy (Rs in Phy
in l i
lakh)
lakh)
Stone Bunding length in
Meters and cross section 12721 16.92 9717 17.64 76 104.27
(varied 0.36, 0.48 Sqm)
Continuous Contour Trench
length in Meters and cross 552 0.62 282 0.09 51 14.65
section (0.18 Sqm)
Staggered Contour Trench
4461.0
length in Meters and cross 3347 1.12 1.45 133 128.58
0
section (1.00 Sqm)
Field Bunding in length in 2521 9.95 12871 7.60 51 76.45
Meters Cross section (0.42 1
39
Sqm)
Stone Outlets (No)
42.2
Forest Plants ha 4.55 21.21 1.20 50 26.39
8
Dry Land Horticulture ha 34.6 5.09 20.61 1.20 60 23.57
Dry Land Horticulture
5730 0.49 7800 0.31 136 63.02
(Pineapple)number of plants
Any other item (food &
nutritional security and 0 1.22 0 0.95 NA 77.87
community social activities)
WHS 1 1.47 1 1.63 100 110.88
Storage tank 1 0.21 1 0.82 100 393.66
Renovation of Tank 1 1.76 1 1.66 100 94.02
Earthen canal 1 0.28 1 0.28 100 100.00

Drainage line Treatment
Gully Plug mtr 1952 2.60 706 0.94 36 36.16

Check Dam 1 1.58 1 1.72 100 108.83
Check Dam with canal 1 0.66 1 0.66 100 99.64
Concrete mini check dam 1 0.38 1 0.40 100 107.54
Brushwood check dam 10 0.68 10 0.13 100 19.72
Stream Bank erosion Control
750 0.10 2500 0.03 333 25.03
plants
Comment: The project area is very difficult and consists mainly of uplands. The
physical achievement is from 36 to 333%. Most of the interventions are functioning
properly.
Project Cost-
10. 5
Sanctioned (Rs. in CBP FIP
15 6.94
Lakh)
Amount Released (Rs. 1 4
CBP FIP
in Lakh) 0.15 9.18
Total Expenditure 1 39.
CBP FIP
incurred (Rs in Lakh) 0.15 65
1 13.
Management Cost Sanctioned Released
5.69 97
Status of Maintenance
Released Available Balance
Fund Rs. in Lakh - 4.65
40
4.2.8 Respondents
Check dam
Check dam is a very good structure and working at full capacity; many farmers
have started vegetable cultivation as water is available for a longer period.
A well full of water

Sushant : marginal farmer with limited land and unlimited crops
41
Sushant, a marginal farmer is the best example of diversity of crop and plants in a
small piece of land. He has mango, amala, litchi, pineapple, jack fruit, bamboo,
turmeric, black pepper along with conventional cereals and pulses. He also has
wooden bee boxes for bee keeping. This is the best way to mitigate the effect of
climate change at micro level with marginal farmer. His smiling face and
satisfaction on face is enough to understand success of all interventions.
Multiple cropping system: Singana Raiyata: He has 3 acres of land and cultivating
guava, papaya, lemon, mango, mahua, aamla, jack fruit, jamun, banana, custard
apple, small millets, fox tail millets, cow pea, beans, pulse, ginger, turmeric, etc .
This is one example of a multiple cropping system for food and fruit sustainability.
Absolute tension free in context to climate change and its effects. He is practicing
organic method of cultivation. He wants to have vermin compost unit if some
support is available. He uses some botanical preparations using karanj, neem and
datura as preventive measures. He has weeder and found it very useful in paddy
cultivation as it removes weeds in no time and single person can handle it. He also
explained the benefits of SMC works and according to him, now water is available
up to May in the rivulet and assured irrigation is available up to December to
January. He has purchased bullock, new house, almirah and bike in last three
years. He has sanitation block also with support of DRDA but it is not in use.
42
Subhadra : She started her small venture with the support money of Rs.20,000/-
from the project and sells bangles, artificial jewellery, hair bends, clips and all
attractive items to be liked by women and girls. Her husband carried all the
material on bike as mobile shop. She wants some support so that a grocery shop
can be established so that she can run the shop.
43
4.3 Maa Gundirani watershed

Maa Gundirani watershed is comprised of 563.66 Ha spread over three villages
namely Gudang Simlipadar & Kerandihapar. The watershed area identified is
undulating in nature surrounded by reserved forest, hillocks, etc. The primary
occupation of the people in the region is cultivation which is solely dependent on the
rainfall witnessed during monsoon. The area is drought prone. Water scarcity is
extremely felt in summer. Soil erosion is widespread. There is high incidence of
poverty and a majority of the households are below poverty line. Migration during
lean season is a common problem in the area.
4.3.1 Climatic conditions

The climate of the region is hot, moist and sub humid and is known to be of extreme
type. It is characterized by a very hot summer and extreme cold winter. The region is
undulating with rainfall exceeding 1378 mm per annum. The intensity of rainfall is
high and mainly concentrated in 60-70 days during a year. As the topography of the
area is undulating and rocky, the rainwater drains away from the catchment area
very soon. If one will talk in terms of total volume of rainfall received in the area, it is
incorrect to say that the area receives poor rainfall. The intensity of rainfall is high
and mainly concentrated for few days resulting in quick runoff and high erosion.
Uneven distribution of rainfall results in drought which is a normal feature of the
region.
There are large variations in the day and night temperature. The average minimum
temperature (winter) and average maximum temperature (summer) fluctuates
between 12.10 0C and 37.29 0C respectively. The area faces intense summer ‘loo’ as
well as chilling winter for few days. The hottest month with maximum temperature
44
varies from 45.5 0C and 47.5 0C. The atmosphere of the region is basically dry with
relative humidity lies below 60%. Humidity is generally higher from June to
December. It decreases during non-monsoon months.
Cultivabl Cultivable
Culturable
Area Total Forest Pastur e land land
Wasteland waste
in Ha e land with rainfed
land
irrigation
563.66 86.42 124.74 5.15 66.12 15.81 270.57
Land classification
Forest; 86.42
Cultivable land rainfed;

270.57
Wasteland ; 124.74
Pasture land ; 5.15
Culturable waste land ; 66.12

Cultivable land with irrigation ;
15.81
Total No of
General - 0 ST-41 SC-17 BPL-52 APL-6
households - 58
45
No of households of Small-
Marginal - 22 Big- 2
farmers - 44 20
No of Land less
households - 7
Comment: Economic condition is more or less similar of all households except a
few.
Sanctioned Achievement Achievement %

Soil Moisture
Conservation Works Financ
Financi Physica Financi
Physical ial Physical
al Rs l al
Rs
Renovation of earthen
542 121419 1336 94534 246.49 77.85
bund and Canal
Staggered Contour
100 10080 875 48435 875 480.50
Trench length in Meters
Water Absorption
8447 810953 16075 837735 190.30 103.30
Trench length in Meters
Field Bunding in length
13565 508036 14373 467919 105.95 92.10
in Meters
Stone Outlets (No) 42 47680 31 47235 73.80 99.06
Ring well (No) 12 371558 8 109066 66.66 29.35
Forest Plants (No of
6600 52804 7200 68984 109.09 130.64
Plants)
Dry Land Horticulture
200 33041 224 7500 112 22.69
(No of Plants)
Agri Horticulture 38 40920 32 39742 84.21 97.12
Any other item (Forest
cleaning and wild 20 25200 20 10000 100 39.68
seeding)
Drainage line
Treatment
Loose Boulder Structure 465 1665302 408 1165397 87.74 69.98
Gully Plug 44 27720 66 22007 150 79.39
Rock Fill DAM 42 47680 38 37596 90.47 78.85
Percolation Tanks 1 21000 1 19960 100 95.04
Dugout ponds 3 421200 3 419345 100 99.55
Check Valve/ Weir 3 191880 3 189651 100 98.83
46
Check Dams 23 751616 24 729205 104.34 97.01
Project Cost- Sanctioned

CBP 1002130 FIP 5109378
(Rs.)
Amount Released (Rs.) CBP 980700 FIP 4177979
Total Expenditure incurred

CBP 978255 FIP 4177979
(Rs.)
Sanctioned
Management Cost 1420617 Released 1311376
including FSR
Status of Maintenance Fund Available
Released Nil 158214
(Rs.) Balance
4.3.4 Respondents
Shubhash Manjhi, village Gudang

Maa Gudirani Watershed, Kalahandi
He has two acres of land in his father’s undivided farm. His farm is full of
biodiversity. He is not using any chemicals in his farm. He acknowledges the good
work in watershed area and further add that,” now I am growing vegetables also
and I have started a small shop. Now both of us work in field and go to bigger town
to earn some more money”. Now he is cultivating vegetables and pigeon pea along
with paddy and oil seeds.
Change in cropping area

Pigeon pea
Vegetable
Oil seed
Ragi
Maize
Paddy
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Post Pre
47
“Now we have sufficient food in

our kitchen”
“Water is available throughout
the year”
Maa Tarini SHG of Kerandihapar
village, Maa Gudirani watershed,
Kalahandi
The village is remotely situated and
sparsely populated. This group has ten
members and have collective activities.
There is a solar pump attached with
micro irrigation system. It is helpful in
cultivation of ground nut and yam.
48
If water will finish, what will happen, so save it and use solar pump and pipe
(micro irrigation system)- A solution from micro level to mitigate climate change
problem
Chapter - 5
5.0 Major Findings -Areas of Concern &

Suggestive Action Plan
5.0 Data in respect of 60 completed watershed projects was reviewed and
analysed. The interviews with individuals, interaction in groups with the watershed
community, PFA staff, visit to the watershed areas and different structures and data
collected in the pre-designed formats, provided a detailed narrative of the
implementation of watershed projects in the State of Odisha.
5.1 Identification and Sanction of Watersheds
 It was observed that the proposals were submitted to RO by the Project

Facilitating Agencies through the District Development Managers (DDMs). The
projects were forwarded to Soil Conservation and Watershed Development
(SC&WD), an autonomous State level agency constituted under the Department of
Agriculture, Government of Odisha for its approval. On its approval the projects were
sanctioned.
 It was observed that number of projects were sanctioned in one particular
block of district and to one particular PFA. There was overlapping of watershed areas
and PFAs also had no clarity on the watershed boundaries.
 It was observed that sanctioning number of projects to one single PFA brought
a kind of fatigue, over confidence, complacency which led to poor planning of
49
watershed structures, low level of social mobilization, reduced participation of the

community. It was also observed that only one project was sanctioned to a number of
PFAs, which may not be viable to the agency and in the process, the quality of the
work may be compromised. It is suggested that there is a need to adopt a cluster
approach involving 2 to 3 micro watersheds having a total area of 2000 – 30oo ha or
a minimum of 1500 ha to a PFA.
 A criterion/ rating tool for prioritizing watersheds has to be evolved in the
policy for selection of watersheds. A suggestive rating tool is given below in Table,
which can be modified if required as per the agro climatic and socio economic
conditions of the state and adopted for selection of watersheds.
 (Watersheds with above 70 percent may be priority watersheds; Watersheds
in the band width of 60 - < 70 can be considered; Less than 60 least priority and may
not be considered). The DDMs may rate the Watersheds and RO may scrutinize after
conducting a detailed field visit and place in the PSC. After PSC approval, the
watershed may be forwarded to OWDM for its approval. On receipt of approval the
watershed may be sanctioned.
 A policy needs to be placed on staff deployment by the PFA. For each cluster a
two/three-member multi-disciplinary team involving a civil engineer (at least
diploma holder), a social mobiliser and a project manager may be made obligatory.
5.2 Participatory processes in the planning and implementation of
watershed development activities
 In watershed management projects planning and implementation of

appropriate activities is essential, if the project is to have any chance of
sustainability. As per the design of Watershed Development Fund guidelines, in
50
planning and implementation the VWDC and individual family have to be involved
along with net planning to decide the type of activity and its design/measurements.
The concept of shramadan (family contribution) involves participation of the family
in the implementation. Discussions with the VWDC and also with the individuals
revealed that the community was involved from the beginning to the end. The level of
understanding of the community about watershed treatments, benefits of watershed,
role of VWDC etc., it was found that there was clarity among the beneficiaries.
Therefore, it can be said that the stakeholders were involved in planning and
implementation. In projects implemented by the FES and SOOVA, community
participation was ensured but the key role was played by the individuals including
the PFA staff.
 In some of the projects the involvement of Chairman of VWDC was absolute

and the other members of the committee were not involved. Measured and balanced
involvement of the community and VWDC yielded better results in some of the
projects. The single handed approach of Chairman of VWDC or the Secretary of PFA
was also observed in some of the watersheds which clearly had a negative impact on
the implementation and quality of the works. Therefore, role clarity of VWDC and
PFA has to be disseminated through the training programmes. A dedicated combined
training programme for the PFA and VWDC members on ‘participatory approach in
watershed management and roles and responsibilities of VWDC and PFA’ has to roll
out.
5.3 Implementation Process

The implementation was as per the stipulated watershed guidelines and terms and
conditions of sanction. There were delays in implementation of CBP and submission
of Feasibility Study Report (FSR) which ranged from 2 to more than 3 years. The
utilization of funds was also as per the release. No major deviations were observed in
the process of implementation.
5.4. Quality of structures

The quality of structures particularly those involving earth work like bunding, CCT,
WAT, ponds, WHS etc, were lacking in quality. The designs adopted were not as per
the soil conditions. There was no inlet and out let arrangements, silt traps were not
provided for WHS. Surplus weir was not provided for percolation tanks. Stone
outlets, pipe out lets were planned but not provided in farm bunding. Gully plugs
were constructed above the ground level without proper keying. In Check dams, the
side wall and wing walls were not properly designed and placed perpendicular to the
stream, stone pitching was not done. In all the structures visited, there were no out
letting arrangement. It is the basic requirement for any water conservation structure.
The stream cannot be completely closed and adequate passage for excess water to
escape has to be provided otherwise during high rainfall years, the structures will be
damaged.
51
 Planning and designing of structures was poor which may be on account of
not placing Engineering staff at the field level. Instructions may be issued to place
suitable staff in the ongoing projects.
 It appeared that the PFAs did not give much importance to net planning
involving LCC and drainage line survey. Proper survey for assessing land class (land
capability classification) and comprehensive survey of drainage line and planning of
suitable structures with suitable designs needs to be ensured.
5.5 Planning and designing of Watershed Structures
It was observed that the area treatment had a major share (about 65 -80%) in the
total project measures and drainage line treatment was limited to (20-35%). In the
area treatment also, the major activities in terms of financial sanction were ponds
(WHS), trenches and field bunding i.e. mostly Earth Work excavation. Bunding was
taken up in the already bunded paddy fields. Big ponds (WHS, Percolation Tanks) of
30mX 20m; 25MX 20m; 20m X 15 m were constructed by selecting the beneficiaries
randomly without any consideration to catchment area.
 Planning and construction of big sized storage structures in the farmers’ fields
and impounding large quantities of water in low lying areas where the water table is
with 3-5 m below the ground level will have negative impact on soils, like salinization
of soils, water logging conditions and excess water availability within root zone will
reduce productivity.
 Limited number of water storage structures which are more or less evenly
spread throughout the watershed would have a relatively high impact on soil
moisture. Therefore, while planning such large sized WHS, depth to water level
during monsoon period (more than 5 mbgl), distance between the structures, soil
texture etc. (heavy clayey soils may be avoided) have to be taken into account.
5.5.1 Area Treatments
The structures like WHS, Gully plugs, Percolation tanks were designed without
taking flood discharge in to account. Big sized structures were planned less in
number. Discrete enquiries revealed that machinery was used for excavating earth
work in WHS, percolation tank etc. However, it was observed that the MB was
recorded with the labour cost.
 Proper planning of structures following ‘Land Capability Classification (LCC)’

is mandatory and it is one of the non-negotiable feature of the watershed
development program, which has to be strictly adhered to. “Use land according to its
capability and treat it as per its need’. Depending on LCC, the need for a suitable
treatment (structure/ activity) has to be planned with appropriate design.
 The ratio of Area Treatment to Drainage line treatment in the project works
should be maintained at 60:40.
 It was observed that some of the drainage line structures like percolation
tanks, gully plugs etc., were categorized under area treatment.
 Field bunding in Paddy fields may not be considered even if it is bund
strengthening, as clear assessment of quantities and work done cannot be measured
52
and needs sufficient time to take measurements and to workout the actual quantities
and fund utilized. It also gives scope for misutilisation of funds. Therefore, area
under paddy may be excluded from the treatment area. This will also encourage
PFAs to select suitable areas for implementation of watershed programmes.
 It was also observed that small lengths of 10 m of bunding were considered.
Such small lengths can be avoided. It is better to prioritize cultivable waste, fallow
lands for bunding so that more and more area can be brought under cultivation.
 Farm Ponds and Water Harvesting Structures to be constructed in the fields
under cultivation, 5% model may be adopted where the area of the pond should be
restricted to 5% of the land holding. This will bring equity in distribution of funds to
a number of farmers and discourages construction of big ponds randomly.
 The size of the WHS or Percolation tanks to be constructed in the drainage
line, has to be determined by taking catchment area, rainfall and run-off coefficients
using empirical formula. Based on the flood discharge, the size of WHS needs to be
designed with proper ‘inlet’ and’ outlet’ arrangements.
 Under “Ridge to valley ‘concept, ideally the watershed treatment should start
from the first order streams. It was observed that the treatments were randomly
placed.
 One of the objectives of watershed development programme is to create
employment in watershed areas and it is desirable to involve labour. However, due to
labour constraints, in the recent years it has become imperative to involve machinery
for earthwork. The PFAs and the VWDCs use machinery and while booking labour
cost which is higher when compared to machine rate is recorded. It is not a healthy
practice and has to be discouraged. Therefore, Earth Work excavation by machinery
may be allowed. If the PFA desires to complete the work by means of machine, it has
to identify activities to be taken and submit proposal to RO through DDM for
approval along with the resolution of VWDC. RO may work out per cum cost for
earth work by machinery and circulate to the PFAs. Sectioning, dressing and
finishing work of the structures has to be carried out by engaging labour only.
5.5.2 Drainage line treatments
 The planning (site location) and designing of drainage line structures was also
not in line with the site conditions. The number of structures was inadequate.
Discharge, slope and width of streams were not considered while designing the
drainage line structures. Drainage line treatment is crucial for restricting soil
erosion, conserving soil moisture and enhancing storage in the watershed
boundaries. Utmost care needs to be taken while planning and designing drainage
line structures. Slight deviations in the planning and designing of area treatment
structures are manageable but inappropriate
planning and over/under designing of drainage line structures will not only damage
the structures but will damage the entire watershed treatment in the downstream
areas.
 The entire drainage of the watershed has to be mapped and depicted in
thematic map. Each of the streams need to be surveyed and suitable structure based
53
on the discharge, width, slope and depth of stream has to be planned. Sufficient free
board has to be left for the surplus runoff.
 A detailed survey has to be carried out for each stream from its starting point
to its end point from first order stream to the out let of the watershed and the data
has to be captured in the format as suggested above. The same has to be marked in
the map. With available technology these structures can be Geo tagged. This will help
in appropriate planning, designing suitable structures and monitoring the
implementation /construction of structures. The rainfall is common taking
catchment area, discharge can be calculated using a formula. Based on the discharge
optimum designing has to be done.A model format is given to capture data and plan
the drainage treatments in the Table 5.2
Table -5.2: Showing Format for planning and mapping ( Geo tagging) of
drainage line treatments
DRAINAGE LINE SURVEY REPORT

Name of the WS: Block: District:
Name of the Stream
Names of the Existing
Remarks
SY. No.of the farmer
farmers Details of Gully Structure

Chainage in Meters
Proposed Structure s
Sr. No

Right Side
Required
Left Side
Breadth
Slope %
Activity
Activity
Length
Width
Depth
Depth

Stream A B 27 0 3 0.4 1.5 Sun 3 3 0.3 -

-1 Far Far ken
1
mer mer Pon

d
Stream C D 27 30 5 0.9 3 SGP 5 1.8 0.5 -
-2 Far Far

mer mer
Stream E F 27 70 6 1 3.5 SGP 6 1.8 0.5 --

-3 Far Far
-

mer mer
54
5.6 Maintenance of Structures

Some of the watersheds visited were completed 4 to 5 years back and the structures
require repairs. In all the projects visited due to deficiencies in planning resulted in
damage of structures.
 In the projects visited Maintenance Fund was not released. The PFA and
VWDC started collecting funds from the village community and the collected amount
ranged from Rs.1.12 lakh to Rs.2.27 lakh. Many of the watershed farmers did not
contribute the requisite amount.
 There is immediate requirement of maintenance and repair of structures in all
the watersheds visited. The PFAs are required to conduct a detailed survey, assess
the extent of damage and prepare a plan for repair of works. Before the onset of
monsoon period the repairs have to be attended otherwise there will be further
damage.
5.7 Development of Vegetation
 Planning of vegetative measures in the projects was lacking. The review of the
60 watershed projects reveals that the vegetative measures component was limited.
Dry land horticulture, Agro horticulture, bund plantation etc. was negligible.
 There was ample potential in the watershed projects visited by the team
particularly in the upland areas for dry land horticulture and agro horticulture.
Similarly, in the watershed cluster of FES, Angul, there was potential for
strengthening of bunds with broom stick, bamboo and other forest species. These
interventions will generate income to the families and encourages the community for
taking interest in the watershed works.
5.8 Staff deployment
The discussions revealed that the PFAs deployed a project manager and engineer
while implementing the projects. During the visit, engineers were not available and
two staff members who were part of the team were available.
 In none of the projects visited by the team, supervisors from the village were
appointed/ placed in the watersheds. In the project measures, NABARD provides
supervision cost for placing the field supervisors. The main objective of supervision
cost is to develop human capital in watershed areas by recruiting educated
youth from watershed villages. The role of supervisors is to participate in planning
and implementation of the project and their job chart includes, assist the
engineer in surveying, planning treatments, marking the layout of structures,
taking measurements, maintaining MB and other records etc. When the PFA exits
from the watershed areas after completion of the project, the human capital (village
youth) will support the social capital i.e. VWDC and can manage the sustainability of
the structures and also can take care of natural resources. In some of the watersheds
the supervision cost was given to the secretary who was a member of the VWDC.
55
 VWDC is a voluntary body and providing monetary benefits defeats the very
noble voluntary role of the committee. Necessary instructions may be issued to place
field supervisors in the ongoing watersheds. The village youth who completed
Intermediate (plus two) with mathematics background are ideally suited for the job.
5.9 Maintenance of Records
 It was observed that each PFA was maintaining the specified books but the
formats were different. As per the watershed guidelines the PFAs are required to
maintain 14 different books i.e.
i. Daily labour attendance register;
ii. Material consumption register;
iii. Payment register
iv. Measurement Book
v. Stock register
vi. Work completion register;
vii. Cash book for daily cash transactions;
viii. Asset purchase register
ix. Appropriate journals and ledgers with double entry system of
accounting;
x. Maps that show the treatments
xi. Appropriate bills and vouchers;
xii. VWC Proceedings Book.
xiii. Register for daily rainfall recorded within the watershed and
xiv. Survival rates of the saplings planted in the watershed.
 Important books like attendance register, VWDC proceedings, MB, journals,
ledgers, payment register, were available with the PFAs. Books like stock register,
rainfall record, plants survival record book, etc. were not available.
 Different PFAs were maintaining different format. It is desirable that the RO
prints common books and provides to the PFAs. There will be uniformity in
maintaining the data, easy to cull out and review the details at the time of monitoring
and review.
 As per the guidelines after CBP, as far as possible the record keeping should be
handed over to the VWDCs. The PFAs were expected to supervise the updating of
records from time to time. It is the responsibility of PFA and VWDC to update the
records as and when payments are made. It was observed that the books were
maintained by PFAs in all the projects and VWDCs were not involved. Specific
instructions may be given to maintain records by the VWDC in the ongoing projects.
5.10 Efforts made under Agriculture Productivity Enhancement
Measures (APEMs)
 Under Productivity enhancement, there were limited efforts from PFAs. It was
observed during the study that extensive areas of watershed were under mono crop
and paddy was dominant crop. There is a need to diversify the agriculture sector in
the watershed areas so that the areas become models for agriculture diversification
56
and promoting crop husbandry. Some of the PFAs have made efforts and encouraged
vegetable cultivation, onion etc., in some of the watersheds. There is enormous scope
for APEMs in the state. Similarly efforts were not sufficiently made for organic
cultivation, promoting horticulture.
5.11 Attempts made to Create Sustainable incomes under
Livelihood activities
 Under livelihood programme, various activities were supported through grant.

The activities included sheep rearing, back yard poultry, duckery, vegetable
vending, petty shops, tea hotel etc. It was a onetime grant and only few families
were covered and the amount supported ranged from Rs.2000 to Rs.5000 per
family. It was a support extended to the existing activity.
 For administering the measures under Livelihoods and Agricultural
Enhancement Measures, separate house hold survey has to be taken up by the PFAs
while finalizing the FIP. Based on the survey milch animal owning HH, sheep owning
HH, vegetable cultivating HH and similarly all the HH involved in livelihood
activities need to be identified and supported under the LH and APEMs.
 Instead of grant it can be given to VWDC or to FPO as a revolving fund, which
will be provided to identified households as soft loan so that more families can be
covered. As promotion of innovative agriculture practices and enterprises provide
direct and immediate impact, it encourages the community participation. It is
suggested that a dedicated separate component (may be 15 to 20 % of project
measures) may allocated towards livelihoods and Agriculture enhancement measures
may be considered.
5.12 Social Audit
Installation of Social Audit Boards is one of the non-negotiable in the NABARD
watershed Management Programmes. It was observed that Boards were installed on
the banks of major works like WHS and Check Dams. Social audit boards were not
maintained at prominent places to indicate the sanctions releases and utilization.
Social audit was lacking in the watershed projects.
 In the ongoing projects, the PFAs may be advised to install social audit boards
depicting the watershed map and the sanctions, releases and utilization. The release
and utilization part has to be updated as and releases are made and payments are
made by the VWDC to the labour.Similarly, at Entry point and Exit of major
watershed villages a Welcome Board Welcome to NABARD Watershed should be
installed. Development Project and ‘Thank You” should be installed to bring visibility
to the project.This will enhance the visibility of the project, arises interest of the
community, creates awareness and brings transparency in implementation.
5.13 The positive features in the implementation of the projects: Most of
the activities were undertaken as per the norms but with time some of the activities
need to be rectified.
5.13.1 Physical interventions
57
 All the ridge area treatment like CCT, SCT, WAT are very well planned and
executed but most of them are silt-up and VWC is having maintenance fund with
them. So it is advised to desilt all the ridge area structures for revival.
 Under drainage line treatment, most of the structures were functioning well
but some of the overflow structures were breached or out flanked due to heavy rains
in recent past. So to reduce occurrence of such events, structures must be well
designed and some modification in design is needed. Most of the structures are
functional and serving at its optimal capacity.
 Soil conservation structures: In some structures, boulders are displaced but is
not a major mistake as it happens with time but some rectification is required.
 Farm ponds: Few farm pond needs some excavation to perform properly.
 Percolation Tanks: Most of the percolation tanks are functioning properly
 Farm bunds: Most of the farm bunds are covered with grasses and other wild
flora and it is usual. Most of the farmers appreciate the effect of farm bunds.
 Wells: Most of the wells and ring wells are with sufficient water. Some of the
wells are linked with solar pump to fetch the water and it is most appreciated activity
by the farmers. In all watershed, farmers are demanding solar pumps.
5.13.2 Agricultural interventions
 Paddy Cultivation: Paddy is the major cereal of the area. Most of the farmers
are cultivating the same varieties. Odisha has a great gene pool of paddy and there is
an urgent need to re-establish the genetic diversity. In paddy cultivation, SRI is not
so obvious, so it is recommended to propagate this technique.
 Vegetables cultivation: Cultivation of vegetable is becoming popular and many
farmers are cultivating it in two seasons. So first mile stone has been achieved now,
some small technologies are required to be introduced. In some places, trellis system
is present but spread is very less.
 In case of plantation of horticulture plant, hybrid and grafted varieties should
be introduced
 Vermi-compost: Surprisingly, number of vermin-compost is almost nil. A
proper training and awareness may change the scenario. There are many other
methods of composting, which can be popularised by demonstration units.
 Botanical preparations: The study area is full of diversity and indigenous
knowledge but it is not so obvious in practice. This area has a lot of potential for the
botanic preparations useful for agriculture and allied fields. Some of the agencies are
doing it but it needs to expand the areas.
 Conservation of local germplasm for cultigen: The study area is a part of
Eastern Ghats, which is a cradle of biodiversity and many wild relatives of cultigen
found in the wild state. This aspect may be little different but in context to climate
change aspect, it is very important aspect.
 Protective agriculture: Protective agriculture needs to expand using element
based nutrition management.
58
 In some of the watershed with high slope, the streams are flowing for 8 to 10
months but farmers are cultivating regular cereal crops. In such areas solar pumps as
water lifting device with micro irrigation systems for high value crops must be
introduced with convergence of program of Odisha Government.
5.13.3 Marketing
 Collective marketing for different farm produce may change the economic
status. Many farmers in Focus Group Discussion shared their demand for market
linkage. Farmers Producer Organization can be step forward for procurement of
inputs and farm produce. In the study area, one village one crop concept can be
introduced after feasibility.
 5.13.4 Social issues
 Awareness for facilities available for ST and PGT can be shared by agencies for
betterment of community
 Skill centre for localized trades can be established after doing the need
analysis. In skill training program, convergence with government program will be
more beneficial.
5.13.5 Data Keeping
 Data keeping seems to be a difficult task and it is observed that there is
discrepancy in data.
 There is no similarity in nomenclature.
5.13.6 Most appreciated activities by the community are WAT Water
harvesting structures, Well with Solar pump, Vegetable cultivation.
**************************
59
Chapter - 6
6.0 Strategies for Completed Watersheds –
A Way Forward cum Exit Plan
6.1 The implementation of watershed projects in Odisha state laid a strong

foundation for overlaying other initiatives directed towards enhancing agriculture
productivity, sustainable livelihoods and secured incomes to the farmers. It was
observed that in the feasibility study and component planning there was certain
amount of preference for area treatments and that too particularly towards Water
Harvesting Structures and big sized Farm Ponds. One of the reason could be the
desire of the farmers to have a source to provide lifesaving irrigation for the
paddy crop in rain fed areas of watersheds. Also there is a favouritism towards
these treatments among PFAs as they are easy to construct, less time taking,
machines can be deployed, etc.
6.2 These treatments along with other area treatments and drainage line
treatments have a positive impact on conservation of soil and moisture. There is
reduction in soil erosion, arrest of soil in farmers’ fields and low-lying areas
improved. In some of the fields the accumulation of soil was above 6 inches.
There was also perceptible augmentation in both surface and ground water
resources in the treated areas.
6.3 All the big sized water storage structures (90%) were constructed in the
discharge zone i.e in the middle and lower reaches of watersheds. A few (10%)
structures were planned in the recharge zone (upper part of the watershed). As
viewed above, farmer’s preference was to have water for the worst conditions so
as to save paddy crop.
6.4 Most of the watershed projects under review were in high rainfall region and
the average annual rainfall varies from 1200 mm to 1600 mm. In such high
rainfall areas increase in water levels due to WHS and big sized ponds,
particularly where the post monsoon water levels are within the root zone of crop,
may produce waterlogging conditions, salinization of soils due to leaching.
60
Instead of a positive impact, these conditions may bring adverse impacts on crop
and crop productivity may decrease.
6.5 It was observed that in all the watersheds visited and also reviewed, mono-
cropping of rice is prevalent. Land is kept fallow after rice or occasionally short
duration pulses and vegetables were grown. Harvesting of surplus rain water
during rainy season enhanced opportunity for diversification of agriculture in
terms of space (Area- crop area can be expanded) and time (Season - Rabi crop
also can be taken up). Water productivity can be enhanced by multiple use of
pond water compared to farmers' practice of only rain fed monocrop.
6.6 It was observed that there were limited efforts under crop diversification and
agriculture productivity enhancement measures. Livelihood component was
included in the projects but a meagre and equal amount (Rs 2000 to Rs 5000 per
family) was disbursed as a onetime grant to the families who were already into
the activity. There was no comprehensive house hold survey in identification of
poorest among the poor and it was the choice of a few (VWDC or the Chairman).
On account of these limited weightage given to APES and LL components, the
watershed projects implemented were not inclusive and were only moisture
conservation centric. Very important component of agriculture diversification,
productivity enhancement measures and livelihood components were subjacent
as a result the impact of watershed programme was limited and did not yield the
anticipated outcomes. There was limited increase in cropped area, area under
rabi crop, crop productivity, cropping intensity and therefore the increase in
house hold incomes was insignificant.
6.7 In Watershed projects of NABARD, there is high amount of flexibility and the
Regional Offices based on the ground level conditions can plan and implement
innovative activities which are essential for increasing the household incomes
with the prior approval of Head Office. Although there were omissions of these
vital components, there are significant gains in conservation of resources (soil
and Moisture), building of social capital (in some of the watershed the community
involvement was complete, awareness on NRM were comprehensive, positive
attitude, good leadership etc.)
6.8Looking to the emerging scenario i.e. increased moisture in high rainfall, low
lying heavy soil areas may damage the soil profile in the long run and therefore
there is a compulsion to implement and overlay initiatives which will focus on
enhancing water productivity and crop productivity through crop diversification,
innovative agriculture based livelihood activities, infrastructure, value chains in
the completed watershed areas. This will strengthen the gains achieved by
watershed development programme under soil and moisture conservation,
establishment human capital, social capital, knowledge capital etc, in the
watershed areas. Securing sustainable incomes to the watershed community will
be the cardinal objective of the entire effort. Considering this aspect as central, a
‘way forward cum exit plan’ is suggested under the Title ‘Enhancing Water
61
and Crop Productivity in Completed Watershed Projects of Odisha
State’.
6.9. Strategies for implementation of ‘Enhancing Water and Crop
Productivity in Completed Watershed Projects of Odisha State’.
6.9.1 Eligibility of Watersheds
 All the completed watersheds where the VWDC (registered) or FPCL is
established and willing to take up the initiative forward. The watersheds
where the VWDCs are not registered and FPCL is not formed such
watersheds may be considered only if one of the institution is established.
 All the eligible households contribute the required maintenance amount
with the VWDC and credited to the MF account by the end of March,
2022.Land less families and single women headed families may be
exempted or contribute voluntarily.
 NABARD shall release maintenance funds as per the agreed proportion to
MF account. A detailed plan for eligible watersheds shall be finalised
based on field level detailed assessment of maintaining watershed assets
of common areas. WHS and Ponds constructed in private lands
shall not be considered and the individuals have to take up the
cleaning and repairs if required.
 Before rolling out/ overlaying the intended project, all the structures
which require maintenance as per the assessment report shall be
completed. It will be a pre-requisite as the anticipated benefits are
required to be accrued form the project.
62
 Suggested Models: A treated watershed typically resembles the sketch
given below. The watershed area can be broadly divided into three
categories. Upland area- Land Class V to VII; Middle reach Areas- Land
Class III and IV; and Lower Reaches- Land Class I and II, with varying
characteristic features i.e. slope, soil texture, soil depth and erodability,
which decide the Class of the land. The following different models
suggested for different areas of the watersheds.
6.10.1 Upland Areas of watershed - (Land Class V to VII)

The upper reaches of watershed with slopes above 5%, exposing the weather
portion of the land farm, soil thickness less than half a meter, poor moisture
retention capacities and represents the recharge area of the watershed. The
treatments in private lands mainly consisted of CCT, SCT, stone bunding, farm
bunding, Farm ponds etc. In these areas priority may be givento
 Dry land horticulture: (DH). Farmers should have at least 1.0 ha
area which either bunded under watershed or the farmer should
agree for bunding on his own. Species like Amla, Ber, Mango etc.
and during monsoon season cultivation of Millets can be promoted.
 Sheep/Goat farming: If farmers possess more than 1.0 ha area
which is not suitable for cultivation such farmers may be encouraged
to take up sheep rearing/ sheep breeding depending upon the
farmer’s choice. 10+1 animal unit may bepromoted.
 Dry land horticulture & Sheep/Goat farming: If the farmers
are interested in taking up both the units can be given to single
farmer. Such units may be given to the individuals who possess
more than 2.0 ha area. Even in worst conditions sheep/ goat
farming can be taken up in his field itself.
 Millet farming: Millet farming should be an integral part of the
upland watershed areas.
 Cultivation of Pulses and oilseeds may be promoted in the upland
areas during kharif season.
6.10.2 Middle Reach Areas of Watershed- Land Class- III and IV
The characteristic features of middle reach are moderate slopes, with better soil
profile, depth of soil, water holding capacity, ground water resource etc. which
are suitable for taking up high value crops. Therefore, in these areas the
following models can be taken up:-
 Agro Horticulture: Agro horticulture can be promoted in these
areas with Two to three different crops like Mango, Lime, Sapota,
Gauva, Pomegranate, etc,. The farmer should own at least 1.0 ha
area and so that the investment is viable and farmers take interest.
Agro horticulture with cultivation of short duration pulses like green
gram as intercrop.
 Sheep rearing: Sheep rearing as recommended in the Upper
63
reaches can be taken up with 10+1 unit. (Cost – Rs.35,000/- for
10+1model)
 Agro Horticulture+ Sheep: If the farmers are interest as
suggested under Upper Reach models, under Integrated farming
systems Agro horticulture, sheep rearing with pulses as intercrop
can be taken up. (Cost Rs.70,000 to Rs.1,00,000; 1.0-acre model)
 High density Vegetable Cultivation: In watershed areas which are

nearer to major
towns and where
marketing is
possible high
density
Vegetable
cultivation can
be promoted.
The high-density
vegetable
cultivation
involves, raised
bed formation,
mulching and
drip irrigation
with fertigation. Half acre to1.0-acre model can be promoted. In half acre
model, 50 % will be for traditional vegetable cultivation and the
remaining 50% will be Pandal based vegetables. This can be in the ration
of 60:40 also. In Traditional vegetables, as per the demand of the area,
brinjal, tomato, ladies figure, cabbage, cauliflower, chillies, cluster beans,
leafy vegetables etc, can be considered and under Pandal creepers like
kundru, ridge guard, bitter guard, bottle guard beans etc, can be
promoted. The cost given is only indicative for Odisha conditions it may
vary (Cost Rs.85,700 per acre)
 Agro Horticulture + HDVC: It will be a combination of both Agro
Horticulture with High Density Vegetable Cultivation in a half acre plot
and pulses cultivation as an intercrop during Kharif season. Assured
water resource and suitable soil (Loamy soils, Red Loams, Sandy Loam)
is a prerequisite. Area should be more than 1.5 ha where more than 1.0 ha
can be devoted for agro horticulture and remaining for vegetable
cultivation.
 IFS-Fish + Poultry farming: Under Integrated Farming System,
wherever ponds have been constructed either in Watershed
programme or by the farmers from their resources, Fish farming with
50 to 100 indigenous poultry (Layers or broiler) with a small housing on
64
the bank of the Pond or WHS can be supported. Availability of Pond with
sufficient water and watch and ward facility is important. On the banks of
the pond Banana and Coconut also can be planted. If Paddy is cultivated
by the farmer an integrated rice–fish–poultry farming system also can be
supported.
 IFS-Fish with Duckery: During the visit in Mayurbhanj district
already such models were implemented. Such interventions can be up-
scaled under IFS with Fish and Duckery as an additional component of
agriculture system. Under Integrated Farming System model wherever
Ponds/ WHS are constructed, Agro Horticulture + Fish+ Duckery with
Poultry also can be promoted in the middle reaches of watershed.
 Dairy+ Vegetables+ Fodder+ Azolla+ Vermi Compost: In middle
reaches of watershed areas where assured water source is available, a
highly profitable comprehensive model can be propagated. Where 2 milch
animals of Graded Murrah or Jersy Cows depending upon suitability,
with Vegetable cultivation, fodder, Azolla and Vermi compost unit can be
popularised.
6.10.3 Lower Reach of the Watershed- Land Class I & II

It was observed that in this particular zone of watershed number water storage
structure were taken up. Water Harvesting structures, big size farm ponds,
DCDs, CDs, etc. were constructed and hold large amounts of water. As already
stated, high rainfall and impounding of large quantities of water within a few
hectares (40- 50 ha) area may impact adversely on the agriculture if the water is
not used properly. A series of interventions are required in these areas to
improve the productivity. The important interventions required are: -
 Introduction of short duration paddy varieties should form priority.
The shallow lowlands which hold sufficient moisture in rain fed
areas of watershed need a variety that offers better yield with an
ideal duration of less than days.
 Second crop during rabi season cultivating pulses, oilseeds and
vegetables should be encouraged.
 A detailed survey should be taken in each watershed immediately
after Kharif crop cultivation should be encouraged.
The suggested important models which can be propagated in the Low lying
adjoining areas of streams are: -
 Rice + High density Vegetable Cultivation
 IFS- Rice + Fish + Poultry farming
 IFS Rice+Fish with Duckery
 IFS- Rice+Dairy+ Vegetables+ Fodder+ Azolla+ Vermi Compost
In middle reaches of watershed areaswhere assured water source is available, a
highly profitable comprehensive model can be propagated. Where 2 milch
animals of Graded Murrah or Jersy Cows depending upon suitability, with
65
vegetable cultivation, fodder, Azolla and Vermi compost unit can be popularised.
6.11 Other Suggested Initiatives

 Setting up of Vermicomposting units: The existing cropping
pattern i.e. mainly in rainfed paddy under watershed areas and also in the
suggested models usage of organic fertilizers is required.
Vermicomposting, apart from supplying nutrients and growth enhancing
hormones to plants, improves the soil structure leading to
increase in water and nutrient holding capacities of soil. Fruits, flowers
and vegetables and other plant products grown using vermin-compost
have better keeping quality. The agricultural wastes and cow dung is
available in the watershed areas which can be put to use. Farmers can
build structures with thatched roofs with locally available
material to establish the units. In all the clusters at least one Vermi-
compost unit should be established. Vermi-composting could be taken up
on any scale starting from 10 MT per annum (TPA) to 1000 TPA and
above. As the production is proportional to the vermi-bed space, it is
advantageous to start with less capacities and later expand the unit after
gaining production experience and developing assured market for the
product.
 Cow, Goat and Sheep Manure: Manure in general has a high mass to
nutrients ratio. It nonetheless contains respectable amounts of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium. These elements all help to make it an
excellent compost additive. However, some weed seeds may survive being
digested by the cows in question and this can cause obvious problems.
 Rural Haats and Rural Marts: In each cluster of 2 to 3 watersheds
where vegetable cultivation is taking place, Rural Haats to auction
/marketing of the produce have to be encouraged.
 Agro Processing units: Rice mills and dal mills can be promoted.
 Cold Storage: Small cold rooms, mobile cold storage units for storage of
fish. As fisheries is produced in all the watershed areas.
 Custom Hiring Centre: Under FPOs, there is scope and need to
promote custom hiring center in collaboration with grant support from
State Government. Subsidy (Grant support) is also available under GoI
Scheme.
 Mode of Assistance: NABARD has spent crores of rupees in the
watershed areas. The outcome of the projects was not to the desired levels
as can be seen from the rating and also the PCRs submitted by the PFA
also support. Resource creation was there but utilization or management
of resources was not happening. To certain extent, the FSR sanctioned by
RO, NABARD has certain limitations and the critical areas i.e. Agriculture
Productivity Enhancement Measures and also the livelihood component
was a distribution of grant rather than providing grant as per the need
and. Mode of assistance to enhance the efficiency of the watershed
66
areas
 Grants from NABARD: The suggested interventions cannot be
completely supported under grant assistance of NABARD. Some of the
crucial components may be supported under grant programmes of
NABARD. The components suggested under NABARD grant include:
i. Establishment of Vermi Compost Units in each of the clusters.
ii. Supply of seed of short duration pulses and oilseeds suitable to the
watershed depending upon the moisture availability. If moisture is
available till January, cultivation oil seeds also can been couraged
iii. Establishment of a seed bank for pulses and oilseeds to encourage
cultivation of these crops during Rabi.
iv. Setting up of Rural Haats and rural marts.
v. Supporting one suitable Integrated Farming System Project in each
cluster of 2 to 3 watersheds involving 20 to 25farmers.
6.12 Eligible Institutions

The eligible institutions to provide handholding support can be FPCL (if it is
eligible as per the criteria) or the PFA which implemented the project. In case of
FPCL, it has to fulfil the minimum criteria as specified by NABARD to be
eligible for availing Business Development Assistance.
6.13 Credit Linked Grant Support

With a view to bring more and more number of families into the fold of
agriculture diversification and also to manage the increased soil and water
resources in the watershed a unique model ‘Credit Linked Grant
support’ is suggested. Under this model the following procedure is envisaged.
 Grant Support: The grant support to be provided by NABARD will be
25 percent of the Total Financial Outlay.
 Eligible beneficiaries: Individual or group mode of financing.
Individuals, SHGs, JLGs and Common Interest Groups.
 A detailed banking plan (Detailed Project Report) identifying the eligible
beneficiaries willing to avail bank finance (qualifying to the bank finance)
will be prepared.
 Bank wise the plans will be consolidated to initiate dialogue with the
Regional/ Zonal office of the bank.
 A tripartite agreement (indicating the roles and responsibilities of
each organization) between NABARD, bank and the FPCL or the PFA
shall be entered.
 On sanction of loan, the bank will request to release the grant portion.
Accordingly, NABARD shall release the amount into a ‘Dedicated
account- Grant Reserve Account.
 Grant will be a ‘back ended’ and will be adjusted towards repayment of
last instalment/s.
67
 Margin- As specified by RBI/NABARD depending upon the category of
farmer.
 Rate of Interest – Since the programme is being implemented in
watershed areas and for activities under primary and secondary which
can be covered under Special Refinance Scheme with 3% per annum. As
per the scheme the ultimate lending rate to be charged by banks/Fls
should not be more than o6 months MCLR+1% or EBLR+2.5°/o
whichever is lower". Or as agreed mutually by NABARD and the
bank.
 Repayment Period: The loans to be provided would be composite
loans i.e. Invest Cost plus Working Capital requirement and therefore the
repayment period would be 2 years from the date of release of amount.
The repayment will annual with quarterly interest payment and there will
not be any gestation period. Gestation period is not envisaged as the
returns will accrue in the first year itself. In case of CHCs the loan
will be term loan and repayments will be in the range of 3 to
5years.
 NABARD may give priority to RRBs and DCCBs provided the institutions
are eligible for refinance from NABARD.
 NABARD may provide an additional grant for training of the farmers on
some specific areas or components. The FPCL/ NGOs shall include
training and exposure components in the DPR.
 Further NABARD also will provide 20% administrative charges to FPCL
or the NGO. The Admin cost to the FPCL/ NGO will be in different stages.
 Sanction by Bank- 20% of the project Cost.
 On release of loan by Bank- 25% of the released amount.
 On repayment of first year – 30% of the repaid amount.
 On repayment of second instalment – 25% of the repaid amount.
 Preparation of DPR – Rs.50,000/-on submission of the project 50% and
50% after acceptance by the bank and NABARD.
68
Chapter – 7
7.0 Success Stories
7.1 Success Stories

Dharmuri Das, Maa Andhari
Watershed area Age: 55 years;
Education:6th class passed
Land size: 1.80 acre; Irrigation source
available but due to electricity problem
unable to use it on regular basis. With
support of NABARD, SEWA repaired his
well and it became the turning point.
Sometimes he works in other fields as
labour but usually do not migrate out of
the village. He explained that, NREGS
also helped a lot during the COVID
period. He preferred to grow vegetables
as it is a cash crop and for food security
he grows paddy on leased land. His field
has mango, papaya, guava, jackfruit,
moringa, etc. trees as nutritional as well
as financial support. His son-in-law,
purchased a tractor for him.
69
Ganesh Manjhi , village Jammal, Maa Andhari Watershed area, aged 45 years. He
is a father of two sons, out of which elder one is student of ITI and younger one is in
+ 2. Although he studied only up to 4th standard but understand the importance of
education and skill. He is a farmer but also work as labour and his skill is very
obvious in his newly constructed house. He is an owner of three acre land and most
part is irrigated The agency SEWA with support of NABARD repaired a dugwell &
developed a farm pond. The surity of water in his field changed his life as he is
using solar pump to fetch the water at minimal cost for energy, use of micro
irrigation system also helpful in reducing the quantum of water as well as enhanced
the productivity. The farm pond also used for aquaculture and he has Rohu, Katla
and Mirgal fish in his small pond of 30 X 50 X 3 mt. He has 50 goats, and five
chicks.
70
Badaihi Chatariya, Maa Andhari Watershed area, is using micro irrigation system
for cultivation of vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, brinjal etc. As per her opinion,
only ¼ volume of water is required and because of drip system water is sufficient
and we can irrigate more area in less water. She also has a small nursery, 10 goats
and 20 chicks.
71
Mrs. Madhusmita Pangi from

Kandmali Turia Watershed area, a
landless lady, is an active SHG
member. The SHG established a flour
mill in which NABARD supported for
purchase of machine while remaining
establishments were done by the SHG.
All members take part in Husk removal
activity and every season the group
earn Rs 1,00,000/-.
There is one operator who is
responsible for maintenance also. They
want to expand the activity and need
support from NABARD. The group has
Rs 70,000/-in their pocket which can
be used in future.
72
Sande Manjhi
All development works have been
stopped
but we want work and if watershed
work is on, we will work with it as we
get the money in time and without any
cut. She was sharing that when she
worked as labour. Rs.20,000/- is not
received from Panchayat.
Saku Manjhi
Many structures were developed by
NABARD like SGP, WAT, Farm bund,
Check dam, Ring wall, Farm pond etc.
Earlier wells used to dry up after
monsoon but now wells are alive
throughout the year. Earlier we have
only two wells, now we have 6 wells in
our village. In my opinion Solar pump
for fetching the water is the best
activity. It is very economic and
trustworthy.
*******************
73
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Impact Assessment of

Completed Watershed Projects:

1.3 Watershed development is an approach for holistic development of whole

1.4 Odisha at a glance:

 Rivers that have a

government designation applied to indigenous peoples) and Scheduled

1.5 Watershed Development Programmes in Odisha

programme on the various areas and to suggest suitable strategies/way forward, a

3.1. Impact: During the

3.4 IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES

3.4.2 Ground water

Q= 234435000 m2 X 0.63 m = 14,76,94,000 m3

3.4.6 The data

3.5.2 Impact on Crops and cropping pattern: Prior to implemenrtation of

3.5.3 Impact on Cropping Intensity and incremental income

3.6 IMAPCT ON VEGETATION:

3.6.2 Impact on fodder

3.6.3 Impact on Livestock

The participatory approach adopted by NABARD in the watershed development

3.8 IMPACT ON INCOME, DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME & ASSET

4.0 Sample Watershed Projects and Respondents

Culturable waste land ;

Total No of 262 ST SC BPL APL

4.1.6 Activities under taken

Sanctioned Achievement Achievement (%)

4.1.7 Financial outlay

Raju Manjhi Chandra Sehgul, village Lambodhar Bakra:

Abhi Manjhi: (man in white shirt) Now we have lots

Cooling chamber was very helpful during lock

He want to invest his hard core money in to

Kusuma Manjhi, Bandurga Watershed, Jharsuguda

His son and he also having a small

“During lockdown we could not sale

New house with beautiful floor

Dugu Nagariya A matric pass progressive farmer with

He is earning approximately Rs.12,0000/- per annum in agriculture field after

Pre WSD: Kharif

Paddy Vegeatble and pulses

Post WSD: Kharif Post WSD: Rabi

Paddy Vegetable and pulses

Change in cropping pattern is a very good indicator. Due to scarcity of labour

4.2 Kharinala Watershed

Tota Cultivable Cultivabl

Culturable waste land Wasteland

4.2.6 Activities under taken

Sanctioned Achievement Achievement%

Storage tank 1 0.21 1 0.82 100 393.66

Renovation of Tank 1 1.76 1 1.66 100 94.02

Earthen canal 1 0.28 1 0.28 100 100.00

Gully Plug mtr 1952 2.60 706 0.94 36 36.16

A well full of water

4.3 Maa Gundirani watershed

4.3.1 Climatic conditions

563.66 86.42 124.74 5.15 66.12 15.81 270.57

Cultivable land rainfed;

Pasture land ; 5.15

Culturable waste land ; 66.12

4.3.2 Activities under taken