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LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & APPLICATIONS(LAB)

OFF DELAY TOUCH FREE SWITCH

Group Members

Aisha Naeem Khan 02-133182-075

Moosa Naeem Khan 02-133182-074
Samra Raghib 02-133182-003

BEE-8C

FALL 2022

Submitted to
Engr. Zia uddin
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Table of Contents
1. ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. 3

2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 3

3. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 4

4. COMPONENTS AND TOOLS DESCRIPTION .......................................... 6

4.1. Batteries .................................................................................................... 6

4.2. 555 Timer IC ............................................................................................. 6

4.3. Capacitors .................................................................................................. 6

4.4. Diode 1N4001 ............................................................................................ 6

4.5. IR Sensor ................................................................................................... 6

4.6. Relay Module............................................................................................. 6

5. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 7

5.1. Proposed Model/Circuit .............................................................................. 7

5.2. Circuit Description ..................................................................................... 7

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................. 9

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK....................................................... 9

8. PROJECT SUMMARY ................................................................................ 9

9. PROJECT PICTURES ................................................................................. 9

10. REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 10

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1. ABSTRACT
We are designing a touch free switch that is also an OFF delay switch. It is going to use
an IR sensor as the proximity sensor and the switching and OFF delay will be done by
a 555 IC in its monostable mode.
It will sense when the person is near and then switch on and will stay on for a persiod
of time that you have set, then it will turn off. It can be used in places where physical
contact is not desired for hygiene purpose. For example, we commonly see use of
infrared proximity sensors on public drinking fountains and in public washrooms. The
simple touch free timer switch circuit presented here can be operated by moving your
hand in front of it. This is achieved by detecting the infrared light reflected by your
hand onto a receiver device.
Infrared diode of proximity detector circuit is used in different equipment’s like
burglar alarms, touch-free proximity switches for turning a light on, and solenoid
controlled valves for operating a water tap.
Delay timer (relay driver) can be used for home electrical appliances. The result
shows the timer can keep an appliance working for a time period between 2 and 40
minutes. The attached relay means the circuit can operate appliances that need more
voltage.

2. INTRODUCTION
We have seen that Multivibrators and CMOS Oscillators can be easily constructed
from discrete components to produce relaxation oscillators for generating basic square
wave output waveforms. But there are also dedicated IC’s especially designed to
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accurately produce the required output waveform with the addition of just a few extra
timing components.
One such device that has been around since the early days of IC’s and has itself
become something of an industry “standard” is the 555 Timer Oscillator which is more
commonly called the “555 Timer”.
We will use the 555 timer to make an off delay switch. The off delay can be changed
by changing the resistor and/or capacitive values connected to certain pins of the the
555 timer.
It is very simple to generate delays using the Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Nano, PIC microcontroller, etc. But there are situations when we prefer the 555 Timer
IC and this is because, the 555 Time is cheap, easy to use, durable, no programming is
needed, and so many other factors.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
The basic 555 timer gets its name from the fact that there are three internally connected
5kΩ resistors which it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltages. The 555
timer IC is a very cheap, popular and useful precision timing device which can act as either
a simple timer to generate single pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator
producing a string of stabilised waveforms of varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.

A simplified “block diagram” representing the internal circuitry of the 555 timer is given
below with a brief explanation of each of its connecting pins to help provide a clearer
understanding of how it works.
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 • Pin 1. – Ground, The ground pin connects the 555 timer to the negative
(0v) supply rail.

 Pin 2. – Trigger, The negative input to comparator No 1. A negative pulse

on this pin “sets” the internal Flip-flop when the voltage drops below 1/3Vcc
causing the output to switch from a “LOW” to a “HIGH” state.

 Pin 3. – Output, The output pin can drive any TTL circuit and is capable of
sourcing or sinking up to 200mA of current at an output voltage equal to
approximately Vcc – 1.5V so small speakers, LEDs or motors can be
connected directly to the output.

 Pin 4. – Reset, This pin is used to “reset” the internal Flip-flop controlling
the state of the output, pin 3. This is an active-low input and is generally
connected to a logic “1” level when not used to prevent any unwanted
resetting of the output.

 Pin 5. – Control Voltage, This pin controls the timing of the 555 by
overriding the 2/3Vcc level of the voltage divider network. By applying a
voltage to this pin the width of the output signal can be varied independently
of the RC timing network. When not used it is connected to ground via a
10nF capacitor to eliminate any noise.

 Pin 6. – Threshold, The positive input to comparator No 2. This pin is used

to reset the Flip-flop when the voltage applied to it exceeds 2/3Vcc causing
the output to switch from “HIGH” to “LOW” state. This pin connects
directly to the RC timing circuit.

 Pin 7. – Discharge, The discharge pin is connected directly to the Collector

of an internal NPN transistor which is used to “discharge” the timing
capacitor to ground when the output at pin 3 switches “LOW”.

 Pin 8. – Supply +Vcc, This is the power supply pin and for general purpose
TTL 555 timers is between 4.5V and 15V.

The 555 Timers name comes from the fact that there are three 5kΩ resistors connected
together internally producing a voltage divider network between the supply voltage at pin 8
and ground at pin 1. The voltage across this series resistive network holds the negative
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inverting input of comparator two at 2/3Vcc and the positive non-inverting input to
comparator one at 1/3Vcc.

4. COMPONENTS AND TOOLS DESCRIPTION

We are using :

4.1. Batteries

9Vs approx for both LEDs and and 555 timer IC.

4.2. 555 Timer IC

The 555 timer chip is extremely robust and stable 8-pin device that can be operated
either as a very accurate Monostable, Bistable or Astable Multivibrator to produce
a variety of applications such as one-shot or delay timers, pulse generation, LED
and lamp flashers, alarms and tone generation, logic clocks, frequency division, etc,
or any circuit that requires some form of time control as the list is endless..

4.3. Capacitors

Its IC consists of logical transistors (TTL) with NAND gates that function to make
it easier to determine the direction of rotation of a dc motor or stepper motor. The
advantage of this L298N motor driver module is in terms of precision in controlling
the motor so that the motor is easier to control.

4.4. Diode 1N4001

It acts as a flyback diode which protects the transistor Q1 from voltage spikes
caused by the relay coil.

4.5. IR Sensor

To sense when a person is near.

4.6. Relay Module

To be able to run appliances that need more load then the delay circuit.
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5. METHODOLOGY

5.1. Proposed Model/Circuit

The switch here is the IR sensor and we can replace R2 with a potentiometer if we
want to var the off delay time.

5.2. Circuit Description

In the Monostable mode, the LM555 timer acts as a one-shot pulse generator. The
pulses being when the LM555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls
below a 1/3 of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by
the time constant of an RC network. The output pulse ends when the voltage on the
capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be extended
or shortened depending on the application by adjusting the R and C values.
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As you can see R2 is connected in series with a capacitor C2, this is an electrolyte
capacitor. The positive leg of the capacitor is connected with the resistor while the
Gnd leg of the capacitor is connected with the ground.
The discharge pin and the non-inverting input of the first voltage comparator are
connected between the R2 and C2. The Vcc is 12v. One side of the resistor R1 is
connected with the Vcc while the other side of the R1 is connected with the Switch
S1, while the other side of the S1 is connected with the Ground. A wire from the
middle of the R1 and S1 is connected with the inverting input of the 2nd voltage
comparator which is the Trigger pin of the 555 timer IC.
When the switch is open R1 keeps the trigger input High by connecting it with the
Supply voltage Vcc. Due to this the voltage on the inverting input will be greater
than the voltage available on the non-inverting input which is 1/3 Vcc. So the
output of the 2nd voltage comparator will be zero 0 which is given as the input to
the Flip-Flop S pin. We get 1 at the Q bar which turns on the Transistor and
discharges the capacitor C2. So this way the voltage available at the inverting input
of the 1st voltage comparator “2/3 Vcc” is greater than the voltage available on the
non-inverting input. Due to this the output of the 1st voltage comparator will also
be zero “0”. So, the Output of the 555 Timer IC remains LOW.
To make the output of the 555 Timer IC High, or in simple words to turn ON the
relay, we need to press the Switch S1 which is a push-button. The time we press the
switch S1 the trigger pin is pulled low and the comparator outputs 1 which is given
as the input to the Flip-Flop. The Q-bar gives 0 which keeps the transistor off, due
to which now the R2 will charge the Capacitor C2, meantime the output of the 555
Timer IC remains High. As the capacitor is charged and the voltage reaches 2/3
Vcc the Output of the 555 timer goes low.

So the ON time of the 555 timer depends on the value of the resistor R2 and the
capacitor C2. Large value capacitors will take a lot of time to charge. We can
calculate the time by using the following formula.

T = 1.1 * C2 * R2.

So the delay time can be adjusted using the potentiometer R2,

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6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

As we have seen, the circuit will sense when a person is near and turn on. And then,
will stay on for a period of time then turn off.

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

This technique can also be used for security purposes, to detect intruders. And also in
places where there is a need for people to not touch the button due to sanitation issues
like those we are having in these post COVID times.
Time delay allow necessary actions to happen at specific times in an electrical
apparatus because they, in essence, act as a timer. The purpose of time-delay relays is
to start or stop currents from moving in coils and armatures, the moving parts of
electrical mechanisms. They are designed to allow electrical circuits to release at
certain times. These types of relays are triggered either by the opening and closing of a
signal or by input currents. Time-delay relays are extremely useful in many of today’s
modern electrical devices. For instance, one time-delay relay used in combination with
another can delay the powering up of some parts of conveyor belts. Because conveyor
belts need to work in concert with each other, but all parts are not supposed to work at
the same time, time-delay relays are utilized so that different parts start up at different
times. If time-delay relays were not used in conveyor belts, items would pile up on top
of each other, instead of moving from one working conveyor belt to the next at the
proper time when needed.

8. PROJECT SUMMARY
We are using a combination of 555 timer, capacitors, resisotrs and an IR sensor, to
make an off delay proximity switch.

9. PROJECT PICTURES
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10. REFERENCES
https://www.electroniclinic.com/time-delay-relay-using-555-timer-proteus-simulation-
and-pcb-design/
https://easyelectronicsproject.com/mini-projects/time-delay-relay-circuit-555-timer/
https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/touch-free-timer-switch
https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/555-timer-circuits
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324330428_Delay_Timer_Relay_driver_for_
home_electrical_appliances
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQD9W66aXMk