2.

• Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick

Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank, and Mike
Sheridan at Sun Microsystems, Inc. in 1991
• This language was initially called “Oak,” but was
renamed “Java” in 1995.
• Java is related to C++, which is a direct
descendant of C. Much of the character of Java is
inherited from these two languages.
• Java programs are platform independent which
means they can be run on any operating system
with any processor as long as the Java
interpreter is available on that system.
• Java code that runs on one platform does not
need to be recompiled to run on another
platform; it's called write once, run
anywhere(WORA).
• Java Virtual Machine(JVM) executes Java
code, but it has been written in
platform-specific languages such as C/C++,
etc. JVM is not written in Java and
hence cannot be platform independent.
• Java technology is both a programming
language and a platform.
• The Java programming language is a high-level
object-oriented language that has a particular
syntax and style.
• A Java platform is a particular environment in
which Java programming language
applications run.
The Java Programming Language Platforms
There are four platforms of the Java
programming language:
• Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)
• Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
• Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)
• JavaFX
• All Java platforms consist of a Java Virtual Machine
(VM) and an application programming interface (API).
• The Java Virtual Machine is a program, for a particular
hardware and software platform, that runs Java
technology applications.
• An API is a collection of software components that you
can use to create other software components or
applications.
• Each Java platform provides a virtual machine and an
API, and this allows applications written for that
platform to run on any compatible system with all the
advantages of the Java programming language:
platform-independence, power, stability,
ease-of-development, and security.
• Java SE's API provides the core functionality of the Java
programming language.
– It defines everything from the basic types and objects of
the Java programming language to high-level classes that
are used for networking, security, database access,
graphical user interface (GUI) development, and XML
parsing.
• The Java EE platform is built on top of the Java SE platform.
The Java EE platform provides an API and runtime
environment for developing and running large-scale,
multi-tiered, scalable, reliable, and secure network
applications.

• The Java ME platform provides an API and a small-footprint

virtual machine for running Java programming language
applications on small devices, like mobile phones.
• JavaFX is a platform for creating rich internet
applications using a lightweight user-interface
API.
– JavaFX applications use hardware-accelerated
graphics and media engines to take advantage of
higher-performance clients and a modern
look-and-feel as well as high-level APIs for
connecting to networked data sources.
– JavaFX applications may be clients of Java EE
platform services.
• The Java EE platform uses a distributed multitiered application
model for enterprise applications.
• Application logic is divided into components according to function,
and the application components that make up a Java EE application
are installed on various machines depending on the tier in the
multitiered Java EE environment to which the application
component belongs.

• Figure 1-1 shows two multitiered Java EE applications divided into

the tiers described in the following list.
– Client-tier components run on the client machine.

– Web-tier components run on the Java EE server.

– Business-tier components run on the Java EE server.

– Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS

server.
 A First Simple Program

• For this example, the name of the source file should be

Example.java
• In Java, all code must reside inside a class.
• By convention, the name of the main class should match the
name of the file that holds the program.
 Compiling the Program

• The javac compiler creates a file called

Example.class that contains the bytecode
version of the program.
• The Java bytecode is the intermediate
representation of your program that contains
instructions the Java Virtual Machine will
execute.
• The public keyword is an access modifier, which allows the
programmer to control the visibility of class members.
• When a class member is preceded by public, then that member
may be accessed by code outside the class in which it is
declared.
• The keyword static allows main( ) to be called without having to
instantiate a particular instance of the class.
• This is necessary since main( ) is called by the Java Virtual
Machine before any objects are made.
• The keyword void simply tells the compiler that main( ) does
not return a value.
• String args[ ] declares a parameter named args,
which is an array of instances of the class
String.
• Objects of type String store character strings.
• In this case, args receives any command-line
arguments present when the program is
executed.
• System is a class predefined by Java that is
automatically included in your programs.