10th Tamil Loyola EC Full Guide 2020-21

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rpwg;g[fs;
Kjd;ik g[j;jfk; gapw;rp g[j;jfk;
1. g[jpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;go 1. ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
2. TLjy; tpdhf;fs;?gyt[s; bjhpf/ 2. xU kjpg;bgz; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh/ rpWtpdh/ beLtpdh
3. TLjy; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[/ 3. myFj; njh;t[fs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;/
4. Vw;w tpilfSld; ? 4. bjhFg;g[fs; ? brhy;Yk; bghUSk;/
jpwdwpnthk;/ bkhHpia ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[/ gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;/
Ms;nthk;/ bkhHpnahL rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJfSk;
tpisahL/ fw;git fw;wgpd;/ ek; ghlg;gFjp Mrphpah;fSk;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
5. chpa tpsf;f=;fSld; ? mzpfs;/ 5. khjphp tpdhj;jhs;fs;
fl;Liufs;/ foj=;fs;
6. PTA tpdhf;fs; 6. bgw;nwhh; Mrphpah; fHfk;
(khjphp tpdhj;jhs; 1 ? 6)
21-7-20 F
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üyháÇa®fŸ:
r. n#Ruh{, M.A., M.Ed.,
öa rntÇah® nkšÃiy¥gŸË,
ghisa§nfh£il.
k. É‹br‹£, M.A., B.Ed.,
ghisa§nfh£il.
K. Éndh¤, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.D.,
ghisa§nfh£il.
nk‰gh®it:
K. bf#K¤JkhÇ, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed.,
É¡»uká§fòu«, bešiy.
byhnahyh <rp 10 ? jkpH;
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``bjs;Sw;w jkpHKjpd; Rit fz;lhu;
,=;fkuu; rpwg;g[f; fz;lhu;~~
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``<rp jkpH; ciuE}y;~~ @yk; jkpHKijg; gUftUk; khztr;
bry;t=;fns-
jkpHhdJ/ jd;id mwpe;jhiug; gz;nghLk; g[fnHhLk;
beoJ thHr; bra;a[k;
ciuüÈ‹ áw¥g«r§fŸ :

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fSk; TLjy; tpdhf;fSk; jiyg;g[fs;/
Jizj; jiyg;g[fs;/ jdpj;jdpj; bjhlu;fshf ,lk;bgw;Ws;s
gh=;F khztu;fspd; gog;ghu;tj;ijj; J}z;Lk; tifapy;
mike;Js;sd.

TLjy; tpdhf;fshf xU kjpg;bgz; tpdh/ FWtpdh/ rpWtpdh/
beLtpdh/ ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[/ gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;/
bkhHpg;gapw;rpfs; tpilfSld; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mzp/ fl;Liu/ fojk; Mfpait KG kjpg;bgz; bgWtjw;fhd
cupa Kiwapy; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.
``bghjpifg; bghUg;gpy; bghype;j jkpiH
g[fH;g[ytu; ehtpy; etpd;w jkpiH
Koa[il nte;ju; Kurpy; KH=;fpa jkpiH
mKbjd mUe;jj; je;j mUe;jkpiH
mobjhGJ tz=;fpl thuPu;~~
jkpHKijg; gUfp
beoJ thH
thH;j;Jfs;...
byhnahyh gjpg;gfj;jhu;.
3
byhnahyh
bghUsl¡f« <rp 10 ? jkpH;
,ay; bghUz;ik ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; Mrphpah; bgah; g. v©
kdg;ghlg;gFjpfs;* 6
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bkhHp md;id bkhHpna* ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; 9
jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; njtneag; ghthzh; 17
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1 mKj Cw;W ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhh; 25
ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; vHpy; Kjy;td; 28
vGj;J/ brhy; 31
,aw;if/ nfl;fpwjh vd; Fuy;- 43
Rw;Wr;NHy;
fhw;nw th- ghujpahh; 52
2 caphpd; Xir Ky;iyg;ghl;L* eg;g{jdhh; 57

g[aypny xU njhzp g. rp=;fhuk; 63
bjhifepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 64
gz;ghL tpUe;J nghw;WJk;- 73
fhrpf;fhz;lk;* mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; 80
kiygLflhk; bgU=;bfsrpfdhh; 84
3 Tl;lh+;nrhW nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; fp. uh$ehuhazd; 89
bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 90
jpUf;Fws;* jpUts;Sth; 100
mwptpay;/ braw;if Ez;zwpt[ 107
bjhHpy; El;gk;
bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp* FynrfuhH;thh; 115
4 ehd;fhk; jkpH; ghpghly; fPue;ijahh; 119

tpz;izj; jhz;oa 122
jd;dk;gpf;if
,yf;fzk; ? bghJ 125
fy;tp bkhHpbgah;g;g[f; fy;tp 135
ePjpbtz;gh* fh.g. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyh; 145
jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;*
5 gu+;nrhjp Kdpth; 149
kzw;nfzp g[jpa ek;gpf;if fkyhyad; 156
tpdh/ tpil tiffs;/ 159
bghUs;nfhs;
4
,ay; bghUz;ik ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; Mrphpah; bgah; g. v©

epfH;fiy 170
fiy/ mHfpay;/ g{j;bjhLj;jy; ckh knf!;thp 179
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g[Jikf;s Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp* FkuFUguh; 182
gps;isj;jkpH;
6 fk;guhkhazk;* fk;gh; 186
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gha;r;ry; rh. fe;jrhkp 192
epyh Kw;wk;
mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 194
jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Sth; 205
rpw;wfy; xsp (jd;tuyhW) k.bgh.rpt+hdk; 212
ehfhpfk;/ ehL/ r@fk; Vh; g[jpjh> F.g. uh$nfhghyd; 220

bka;f;fPh;j;jp ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr 224
7 nrhHd;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;* ,s=;nfhtofs; 229
tpij bey; k=;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf... 237
g[wg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 240
mwk;/ jj;Jtk;/ r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwk; 247
rpe;jid +hdk; jp.brh.ntQnfhghyd; 259
8 bgUtHp fhyf;fzpjk;* fz;zjhrd; 264
,uhkhDrh; (ehlfk;) 269
gh ? tif/ myfpLjy; 272
kdpjk;/ MSik b$afhe;jk; (epidt[ ,jH;) 284
rpj;jhS ehTh; qkp 289
9 njk;ghtzp * tPukhKdpth; 294
xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; F. mHfphprhkp 300
md;gpd; bkhHp 302
mzp
ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,l=;fs;/ ty;ypdk; kpfh ,l=;fs;/ 312
ctik?cUtf khw;wk;/ bjhifr; brhw;fs;/
bkhHpg;gapw;rpfs; kug[g;gpiHfis ePf;Ff/ ctikfisj; bjhlhpy;
mikj;J vGJf/
ftpijfs; 318
fl;Liufs; 319
foj=;fs; 335
gotk; 344
5
kd¥ghl¥gFâ
,ay;?1 bghpahiuj; Jizf;nfhly; (45)
gy;yhh; gifbfhsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;nj
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md;id bkhHpna ? fdpr;rhW (bjhFjp 1)
mHfhh;e;j bre;jkpnH- ey;yhh; bjhlh;if tply;. PTA - 4&5
md;id bkhHpna- mHfhh;e;j bre;jkpnH- fz;nzhl;lk; (58)
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Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id KfpH;j;j eW=;fdpna- gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;nwy;" fz;vd;dhk;
fd;dpf; Fkhpf; fly;bfhz;l ehl;oilapy; fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Qyfg; nguunr- PTA - 4&6 Ms;tpid cilik (62)
bjd;dd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; khz;g[fnH- mUik cilj;bjd; wrhthik ntz;Lk;
,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj- vz;bjhifna- ew;fzf;nf- bgUik Kaw;rp jUk;.
kd;D+; rpyk;ng- kzpnk fiytont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk- PTA - 1 Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
? ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; ,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;. ? jpUts;Sth;
,ay;?2 ,ay;?4
Ky;iyg;ghl;L bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp ? ghRu vz; : 691
ey;nyhh; tphpr;rp nfl;ly; thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;
rpWjhk;g[ bjhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd; PTA - 3 khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;
cWJah; mykuy; nehf;fp/ Ma;kfs;
eL=;F Rty; mirj;j ifas;/ `ìfa kPshj; Jah;jhpDk; tpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh- eP
bfhL=;nfhw; nfhtyh; gpd;epd;W ca;j;ju Msh cdjUns ghh;g;gd; monand.
,d;nd tUFth;/ jhah;~~ vd;nghs; ? FynrfuhH;thh;
ed;dh; ed;bkhHp nfl;ldk; ? eg;g{jdhh;
,ay;?5
,ay;?3
ePjpbtz;gh
fhrpf;fhz;lk; ? ,y;byhGf;fk;/ (gh.vz; :17) mUisg; bgUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp
tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjphpd;
kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; bjUis
tpaj;jy; ed;bkhHp ,dpJ ciuj;jy;
jpUe;Jw nehf;fy; tUf vd ciuj;jy; mUj;JtJk; Mtpf;F mUe;Jizaha; ,d;gk;
vGjy; Kd; kfpH;td brg;gy; bghUj;JtJk; fy;tpbad;nw nghw;W.
bghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy; ? fh.g.bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyh;
nghbkdpy; gpd; bry;tjhjy;
ghpe;Jed; Kfkd; tH=;fy; ,t;bthd;ghd; jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; PTA - 5
xGf;fKk; tHpgLk; gz;ng PTA - 2&5
kd;dd;/ g[ythplk; kd;dpg;ig ntz;Ljy;
? mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; (2644)
jpUf;Fws; g[z;zpag; g[ytPu; ahd; ,g;nghH;J ,ilf; fhldhh;f;Fg;
bka; czh;jy; (36) gz;zpa Fw;wk; vy;yhk; bghWf;f vdg; gutpj; jhH;e;jhd;
vg;bghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;bghUs; Ez;zpa nfs;tp nahUk; kd;deP Etd;w brhy;yhk;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[. jz;zpa mKjhy; v=;fs; nfhgj;jPj; jzpe;jJ vd;dh.
? gu+;nrhjp Kdpth;
6
,ay;?6
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;
? br=;fPiug; gUtk;/ gh.vz;.8
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MLf br=;fPiu-
brk;bgh dor;rpW fp=; fpzpnahL rpyk;g[ fye;jhlj;
jpUtiu aiu+h ziukzp bahL bkhsp jpfHiu tlkhlg;
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igk;bgh dRk;gpa bjhe;jp bahL+;rpW gz;o rhpe;jhlg;
gl;l Ejw;bghyp bghl;blhL tl;lr; Rl;o gjpe;jhlf; PTA - 4
fk;gp tpjk;bghjp Fz;ly K=;FiH fhJ kire;jhlf;
fl;oa NHpa[ Kr;rpa[ Kr;rpf; fjph;Kj; bjhLkhl
tk;gt sj;jpU nkdpa[ khol MLf br=;fPiu
Mjp tapj;jpa ehj g[hpf;Ff dhLf br=;fPiu
? FkuFUguh;
fk;guhkhazk;
ghy fhz;lk; ? ehl;Lg;glyk; (35)
jz;;liy kapy;fshl jhkiu tpsf;fe; jh=;f/
bfhz;ly;fs;; KHtpnd=;f Ftisfz; tpHpj;J nehf;fj;
bjz;oiu baHpdp fhl;l njk;gpHp kfuahHpd;
tz;Lfsp dpJghl kUjk;tPw;wp Uf;Fk;khnjh.
mnahj;jpah fhz;lk; ? f=;ifg;glyk;
bta;nahd; xspjd;; nkdpapy;tphp nrhjpapy; kiwag;
bgha;nah vDk; ,ilahbshLk; ,isahbdhLk; nghdhd; "
iknah> kufjnkh> kwpflnyh> kiH Kfpnyh
Inah ,td;tot[ vd;gJXh; mHpahmHF cilahd;.
? fk;gh;
jpUf;Fws;
mikr;R (64)
braw;if mwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj; PTA - 1
jpaw;if mwpe;J bray;.
bghUs;bray; tif (76)
bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;
bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs;.
Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghh; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;
Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid.
Fobray; tif (103)
Fw;wk; ,ydha;f; Fobra;J thH;thidr;
Rw;wkhr; Rw;Wk; cyF.
7
ey;Fut[ (105)
,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ.
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? jpUts;Sth;
,ay;?7
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
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,e;jputpHh CbuLj;j fhij (mo: 18?23)
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk; PTA - 1&6
khRmW Kj;Jk; kzpa[k; bghd;Dk;
mU=;fy btWf;ifnahL mse;Jfil mwpah
tsk;jiy ka=;fpa ede;jiy kWFk;"
ghy;tif bjhpe;j gFjpg; gz;lbkhL
Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;"
? ,s=;nfhtofs;
,ay;?8
fhyf;fzpjk;
khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk; PTA - 3
khWk; cyfpd; kfj;Jtk; mwpntd;-
vt;btit jPik vt;btit ed;ik
vd;g jwpe;J VFbkd; rhiy-
jiyth; khWth;" jh;ghh; khWk;"
jj;Jtk; kl;Lnk ml;ra ghj;jpuk;-
bfhs;nthh; bfhs;f" Fiug;nghh; Fiuf;f-
cs;tha; thh;j;ij clk;g[ bjhlhJ"
ehnd bjhlf;fk;" ehnd Kot["
ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;od; rl;;lk;-
? fz;zjhrd;
,ay;?9
njk;ghtzp
,aw;if bfhz;l ghpt[
etkzp tlf;f apy;nghy; PTA - 2
ey;ywg; gliyg; g{l;Lk;
jtkzp khh;gd; brhd;d
jd;dpirf;F ,irfs; ghlj;
Jtkzp ku=;fs; njhWk;
Jzh;mzpr; Ridfs; njhWk;
ctkzp fhdk;bfhy; vd;W
xypj;J mGt nghd;nw.
? tPukhKdpth;
8
byhnahyh ,ay;: 1 <rp 10 ? jkpH;
bkhHp ,ay; :1
mKj Cw;W
ftpij : md;id bkhHpna Jizg;ghlk; : ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;
ciueil : jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; ,yf;fzk; : vGj;J/ brhy;
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bra;a[s; : ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;
,ay; ftpijg; ngiH

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1 md;id bkhHpna
- ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhh;
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
1. md;id bkhHp ? jha; bkhHp 14. ew;fzf;nf ? gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F
2. bre;jkpH; ? brk;ikahd bkhHp E}y;fns
3. KfpH;j;j ? njhd;wpa 15. kd;Dk; ? epiyj;j
4. kd;dp murpUe;j ? epiyj;J murhz;l 16. Kd;Dk; ? bgh=;fpbaGk;
5. bjd;dd; ? ghz;oad; 17. KojhH ? jiygzpe;J
6. khz;g[fH; ? bgUk; bgUik 18. brg;ghpa ? brhy;Yjw;fhpa
7. tpe;ij ? tpag;g[ 19. ve;jkpH;eh ? vd;Dila jkpH; ehf;F
8. Jk;gp ? tz;L 20. beLepiyg;g[k ; ? ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ik
9. Kd;idf;Fk; 21. ntwhh; ? ntw;W bkhHpahh;
Kd;id ? gHikf;Fg; gHik 22. ce;jp ? vdf;Fs; J}z;o
10. eW=;fdpna ? ,dpikahd gHnk 23. cs;sf; fdy;@sf; ? cs;;sj;jpy; jkpH;g;gw;W
11. fly;bfhz;l ? flyhy; bfhs;sg;gl;l jPaha; vH
24. Ke;Jw;nwhk; ? cd; bgUikia
12. ghg;gj;nj ? gj;Jg;ghl;nl
25. ahz;Lk; ? v=;Fk;
13. vz;bjhifna ? vl;Lj;bjhifna
jpwd; mwpnthk;
xU kjpg;bgz; tpdh
I. gyt[s; bjhpf. (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. ve;jkpH;eh vd;gijg; gphpj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk;.
m) ve; + jkpH; + eh M) ve;j + jkpH; + eh
,) vk; + jkpH; + eh <) ve;jk; + jkpH; + eh tpil: ,) vk; + jkpH; + eh
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. md;id bkhHpna vd Mrphpah; ciug;gJ ______.
m) ntw;Wikj; bjhlh; M) chpr;brhy; bjhlh;
,) ck;ikj; bjhif <) tpspj; bjhlh; tpil: <) tpspj; bjhlh;
2. bre;jkpH; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ?????????????
m) tpidj;bjhif M) gz;g[j;bjhif
,) ck;ikj; bjhif <) cUtfk; tpil: M) gz;g[j;bjhif
9
II. nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f. tpilfs;

1. bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;bgah; ______. Jiukhzpf;fk;
2. bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; rpwg;g[g;bgah; ______. ghtynuW
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3. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; ______ vd;w E}ypypUe;J Ek; ghlg;gFjpg; fdpr;rhW
ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
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4. `bjd;dd;~ vd;Dk; brhy; jUk; bghUs; ______. ghz;oa kd;dd;
5. `Jk;gp~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ______. tz;L
6. `rpyk;g[~ vd;w brhy; Fwpf;Fk; bghUs; ______. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
7. bjd;bkhHp/ jkpH;r;rpl;L ,jH;fspd; thapyhfj; jkpGzh;it ghtynuW
cyfbk=;Fk; gug;gpath; ______. bgU+;rpj;jpudhh;
8. bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu ______ fUt{ykha; jkpGf;Ff;
mike;jJ
9. `rhFk; nghJk; jkpH; goj;Jr; rhfntz;Lk; vd;wd; rhk;gYk; jkpH; f.rr;rpjhde;jd;
kze;J ntf ntz;Lk;~ vd;W Twpath; ______ .
10. thdj;jpw;Fk; itaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ahtw;iwa[k; ftpijahff; jkpHd;id
bfhz;lts; ______.
11. czh;e;J fw;why; ______ nghd;w kdj;ija[k; fw;fz;lhf;Fgts; fy;
jkpHd;id.
12. ,d;dWk; ghg;gj;J vd;gJ ______ MFk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L
13. bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; vz;bjhifna vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ______. vl;Lj;bjhif
14. fdpr;rhW vd;w ftpijj;bjhFg;gpy; èw;fzf;nf~ vd;W bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; gjpbdz;fPH;f;
Fwpg;gpLtJ ______. fzf;F E}y;fs;
15. bjd;ddpd; kfs; ______. jkpHd;id
III. gphpj;J vGJf. IV. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ jUf.

mHfhh;e;j mHF + Mh;e;j 1. bre;jkpH;/ eW=;fdp/nguuR/bre;jhkiu
bre;jkpH; brk;ik + jkpH; gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
ehl;oil ehL + ,il 2. rpwfhh;e;j Jk;gp/ KfpH;j;j ,yf;fpak;
nguuR bgUik + muR bgabur;r=;fs;
cs;Sapnu cs; + capnu 3. fd;dpf;Fkhp, kz;Qyfk;
czh;btGg;g czh;t [ + vGg;g cUtfk;
g[fGiu g[fH; + ciu 4. thH;j;Jtnk jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
5. epd; bgUik Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
6. ahz;Lk; Kw;Wk;ik
10
V. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
1) KfpH;j;j ? KfpH; + j; + j; + m 2) Foj;J ? Fo + j;; + j; + c 3) KH=;f ? KH=;F+ m

Fo
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KfpH ; ? gFjp/ ? gFjp/ KH=;F ? gFjp/
j; ? re;jp/ j; ? re;jp/ m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
j; ? ,we;j fhy j; ? ,we;j fhy
,ilepiy/ ,ilepiy/
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m ? bgabur;r tpFjp. c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
4) thH;j;Jtk; ? thH;;j;J+ t; + mk; 5) gho ? ghL + ,
thH;j;J ? gFjp ghL ? gFjp
t; ? vjph;fhy ,ilepiy , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
mk; ? jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
VI. ã‹tU« ghliy¥ go¤J Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡f:
1. bj‹d‹ kfns! âU¡FwË‹ kh©òfnH!
ï‹dW« gh¥g¤nj! v©bjhifna e‰fz¡nf!
k‹DŠ áy«ng! kÂnk fiytont!
K‹D« Ãidthš KojhH thœ¤Jtnk!
Édh - Éil :
1. bj‹dt‹ kfŸ ah®?
jÄœbkhÊ (jÄH‹id)
2. bj‹d‹ vd miH¡f¥gLgt‹ ah®?
gh©oa k‹d‹
3. ï¥gFâÆš ïl« bg‰WŸs üšfŸ ahit?
jpUf;Fws;/ vl;Lj;bjhif/ gj;Jg;ghl;L/ gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
4. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s mo vJifia vLj;bjGJf.
bj‹d‹
ï‹dW«
‹ - movJif
k‹dŠ
K‹D«
5. e‰fz¡nf - ãÇ¤J vGJf.
e‹ik + fz¡nf.
6. ï‹dW« - ïy¡fz¡ F¿¥ò jUf.
g©ò¤ bjhif
2. `md;id bkhHpna~
bre;jkpnH- cs;Sapnu brg;ghpa epd; bgUik
ve;jkpH;eh vt;thW vLj;nj ciutphpf;Fk;>
Ke;ijj; jdpg;g[fGk; KfpH;j;j ,yf;fpaKk;
tpe;ij beLepiyg;g[k; ntwhh; g[fGiua[k;
11
Édh - Éil :
m) ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s vJifr; brhw;fis vLj;bjGJf.
bre;jkpnH.....
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ve;jkpH;/ eh.....
mo vJif e;
Ke;ijj; .......
tpei
; j ......
M) ghlypd; rPh; nkhidr; brhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
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bre;jkpnH- .................... brg;ghpa
ve;jkpH; eh.................... vt;thW rPh; nkhid
Ke;ijj; .................... KfpH;e;j
,) cs;Sapnu ? ,r;brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGJf.
cs; + capnu
<) bre;jkpH; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ jUf.
bre;jkpH; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
VII. FWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. ``kd;Dk; rpyk;ng! kzpnk fiytont!
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk~~!
? ,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhg;gpa=;fisj; jtpu v+;rpa[s;s Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fspd;
bgah;fis vGJf.
➢ ,g;ghlypYs;s rpyg;gjpfhuk;/kzpnkfiy Mfpa ,uz;ilj; jtpu/
➢ rPtfrpe;jhkzp
➢ tisahgjp
➢ Fz;lynfrp Mfpad v+;rpa[s;s @d;W fhg;gpa=;fs; MFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. vitbait jkpH;g;gw;Wzh;it vGg;g[fpd;wd>
➢ tpaf;fj;jf;f ePz;l jkpHpd; epiyj;j jd;ika[k;.
➢ ntw;W bkhHpahh; jkpiHg;gw;wp ciuj;j g[fGiua[k; jkpH;g;gw;Wzh;it vGg;g[fpd;wd.
2. jkpH; ve;bje;j ts=;fisf; bfhz;lJ>
jkpH;bkhHpahdJ
➢ gHk;bgUik ➢ jdf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[ ➢ ,yf;fpa tsk; nghd;wtw;iwf; bfhz;lJ.
3. bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfhh;e;j me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJnghy ? ctikia tpsf;Ff.
tz;lhdJ bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ nghd;W eh=;fs; jkpiHr; Ritj;J
cd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KG=;Ffpd;nwhk;.
4. `fdpr;rhW~ vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s/ jkpHd;idf;Fg; bgUik nrh;f;Fk;
E}y;fs; ahit>
jkpHd;idf;Fg; bgUik nrh;f;Fk; E}y;fs; :
➢ jpUf;Fws; ➢ vl;Lj;bjhif ➢ gj;Jg;ghl;L ➢
gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;
➢ rpyg;gjpfhuk; ➢ kzpnkfiy
5. gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; ahit>
➢ vl;Lj;bjhif ➢ gj;Jg;ghl;L
- ,it `gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs;~ my;yJ `r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;~ vdg;gLk;.
12
6. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; ahit>

➢ ew;wpiz ➢ FWe;bjhif ➢ I=;FWE}W ➢ gjpw;Wg;gj;J
➢ ghpghly; ➢ fypj;bjhif ➢ mfehD}W ➢ g[wehD}W
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7. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; ahit>
➢ jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ➢ bghUeuhw;Wg;gil ➢ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
➢ bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;il ➢ Ky;iyg; ghl;L ➢ kJiuf;fh+;rp
➢ beLey;thil ➢ Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L ➢ gl;odg;ghiy ➢
kiygLflhk;
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8. gjpbdz; fPH;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; ahit>
➢ jpUf;Fws; ➢ jphpfLfk; ➢ ehyoahh;
➢ ehd;kzpf; foif ➢ ,d;dhehw;gJ ➢ ,dpait ehw;gJ
➢ fstHp ehw;gJ ➢ fhh;ehw;gJ ➢ Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
➢ jpizbkhHp Ik;gJ ➢ Ie;jpiz vGgJ ➢ jpizbkhHp E}w;iwk;gJ
➢ Mrhuf; nfhit ➢ gHbkhHp ehD}W ➢ rpWg+;r @yk;
➢ KJbkhHpf;fh+;rp ➢ Vyhjp ➢ ife;epiy
9. ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;l bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; E}y;fs; ahit>
➢ cyfpay; E}W ➢
ghtpaf;bfhj;J ➢ E}whrphpak;
➢ fdpr;rhW ➢ vz;Rit vz;gJ ➢ kfg[Ft+;rp
➢ gs;spg;gwitfs; ➢ jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu
VIII. rpWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuz=;fshfg; ghtynuW Rl;Ltd ahit> PTA - 2
jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jjy; :
➢ jkpHd;id md;id bkhHpahdts;.
➢ mHfha; mike;j brGe;jkpHhdts;
➢ gHikf;Fg; gHikaha;j; njhd;wpa eW=;fdp.
➢ fly; bfhz;l Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J murhz;l kz;Qyfg; nguurhdts;.
➢ ghz;oa kd;ddpd; kfs;.
➢ jpUf;Fwspd; bgUk; bgUikf;Fhpats;.
➢ gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;Fk; gjpbdz; fPH;f;fzf;Fk;.
epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhuKk;/ mHfhd kzpnkfiya[k; bfhz;lts;.
mjdhy; bgh=;fpbaGk; epidt[fshy; ghtynuW jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jfpwhh;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. brhy;Ytjw;fhpa jkpHd;idapd; bgUikapidj; jkpH; ehf;F vt;thW vLj;Jiuf;Fk;>
jkpH;bkhHpahdJ
➢ gHk;bgUik
➢ jdf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[
➢ ,yf;fpa tsk; nghd;wtw;iwf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ tpaf;fj;jf;f ePz;l jkpHpd; epiyj;j jd;ikiaa[k;
➢ ntw;W bkhHpahh; jkpiHg;gw;wp ciuj;j g[fGiua[k; vkf;Fs; jkpH;g;gw;Wzh;it vGg;g[fpd;wd.
tz;lhdJ bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ nghd;W eh=;fs; cd;idr; Ritj;J
epd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KG=;Ffpd;nwhk;.
13
2. bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; ? Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bgah; – bgU+;rpj;jpudhh;.
gpwg;g [ – 1893 khh;r; 10
,wg;g [ – 1995 $%d; 11
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gpwe;j Ch; – nryk; khtl;lk; rKj;jpuk;
ntWbgah;fs; – Jiukhzpf;fk;/ ghtynuW
,aw;bgah; – ,uhrkhzpf;fk;
bgw;nwhh; – Jiurhkpahh;/ F+;rk;khs;
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rpwg;g [ – jkpH;j; njrpathjp/ jkpHPHg; nghuhsp
vGjpa E}y;fs; – Iia/ jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu/ cyfpay; E}W/ fdpr;rhW/
bfha;ahf;fdp/ ,sik tpoay;/ E}whrphpak;.
3. bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfhh;e;j me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJnghy ? ,j;bjhlhpy; mike;Js;s
ctikazpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
xU bghUis kw;bwhU bghUnshL xg;gpl;Lf; TWtJ ctik mzp MFk;. ,jpy;
ctikf;Fk; ctnkaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf mika[k;.
tpsf;fk; : cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s tz;lhdJ bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg;
ghLtJ nghd;W eh=;fs; cd;idr; Ritj;J cd; bgUikia v=;Fk;
KH=;Ffpd;nwhk;.
ctik : tz;lhdJ bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ.
ctnkak; : eh=;fs; jkpiHr; Ritj;J/ mjd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KG=;FtJ.
ctkcUg[ : nghy vd;Dk; ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf te;Js;sJ
mzpg; bghUj;jk; :
,g;ghlypy; ctik/ ctnkak;/ ctkcUg[ Mfpa @d;Wk; btspg;gilahf
te;Js;sjhy; ctik mzp Mapw;W.
IX. beLtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. kndhd;kzpak; Re;judhhpd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;Jg; ghliya[k; bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; jkpH;
thH;j;ija[k; xg;gpl;L nkilg;ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff. PTA - 5
jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J :
ePh; epiwe;j fliy Milahf cLj;jpa g{kpg;bgz;zpw;Fg; ghuj ehnl Kfkhfj;
jpfH;fpwJ. mjd; bew;wpapy; jpyfbkdj; jpuhtplj; jpUehL jpfH;fpwJ.
me;jj; jpyfj;jpd; thridiag;nghy cyfk; midj;Jk; ,d;gk; fhz vy;yhj;
jpirfspYk; g[fH; kzf;f ,Uf;Fk; bgUik kpf;f jkpHhfpa bja;tg;bgz;.
vd;Wk; ,sikahfj; jpfH;fpd;w cd;Dila mHiff; fz;L tpae;J/ bra;a[k;
braiya[k; kwe;J thH;j;Jfpd;nwhk;. thH;j;Jfpd;nwhk; vd;W jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J mikfpwJ.
bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; jkpH; thH;j;J :
bgU+;rpj;jpudhhpd; thH;j;jpYk; jkpHhdJ thH;j;jg;gLfpwJ. md;idbkhHpna-
gHikf;Fg; gHikaha;j; njhd;wpa eW=;fdpna- fly; bfhz;l Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J
murhz;l kz;Qyfg; nguunr- ghz;oa kd;ddpd; kfns- vd;W bgU+;rpj;jpudhh;
thH;j;Jfpwhh;.
brGik kpf;f jkpnH- vkf;Fapnu brhy;Yjw;fhpa epd; bgUikjid vd;Dila
jkpH; ehf;F vt;thW tphpj;Jiuf;Fk;> gHk;bgUika[k;/ jdf;bfdj; jdpr; rpwg;g[k; ,yf;fpa
tsKk; bfhz;l jkpnH vd;W thH;j;Jfpwhh; Mrphpah;.
,uz;L ghly;fspYk; jkpH;bkhHpahdJ mjd; gHik/ tsik/ brGik gw;wp
thH;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
14
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
1. `èw;wpiz ey;y FWe;bjhif I=;FWE}W
xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J X=;F ghpghly;
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fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;g[wk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; bjhif~~
,r;bra;a[spy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fisg; bgah;f; fhuzj;Jld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ew;wpiz:
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➢ ey; + jpiz = ew;wpiz ? ey; vd;Dk; milbkhHp bgw;w E}y;.
➢ gd;dhL je;j ghz;oad; khwd; tGjpahy; bjhFf;fg;gl;l ,jpy; 9 mor; rpw;bwy;iy Kjy; 12
mog; ngbuy;iy tiu mike;j mfk; gw;wpa 400 ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ 275 g[yth;fshy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
FWe;bjhif:
➢ FWik + bjhif = FWe;bjhif
➢ ehd;for; rpw;bwy;iy Kjy; vl;log; ngbuy;iy tiu mike;j mfk; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf;
bfhz;lJ.
➢ ,e;E}Yf;F c.nt.rhkpehja;ah; ciubaGjpg; gjpg;gpj;jhh;.
➢ tUzid Fiwe;Jk; czh;t[ kpFe;Jk; tps=;Fk; ,g;ghly;fs; mfj;jpizapd; capnuhl;lj;ijf;
fhl;l ty;ydtha[s;sd.
I=;FWE}W:
➢ @d;wor; rpw;bwy;iy Kjy; Mwog; ngbuy;iy tiua[s;s mfk; gw;wpa ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ jpizf;F E}W ghly;fshf Ie;E}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;Ff; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghoa[s;shh;.
➢ ,e;E}iyj; bjhFj;jth; TlY}h;f; fpHhh;.bjhFg;gpj;jth; ahidf;fl; nra; khe;ju+; nruy;
,Uk;bghiw.
gj[pw;Wg;gj;J:
➢ gj;J nru kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpg; g[fH;e;J ghLk; E}y;.
➢ xt;bthU kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpa[k; gj;Jg;ghly;fs; tPjk; E}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ g[wk; rhh;e;j ,g;ghly;fspd; Kotpy; Jiw/ tz;zk;/ J}f;F/ ghlypd; bgah; Mfpait
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
➢ Kjw;gj;Jk; ,Wjpg;gj;Jk; ,d;W fpilf;fg; bgw;wpy.
ghpghly;:
➢
ghlyhy; bgah; bgw;w ,j;bjhifapy; 70 ghly;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; 24 ghly;fns
fpilj;Js;sd.
➢
jpUkhiyg; gw;wp 6 ghly;fSk;/ KUfidg; gw;wp 8 ghly;fSk;/ itiag; gw;wp 8 ghly;fSk;/
fpilf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd.
➢ ,e;E
; }Yf;Fg; ghpnkyHfh; ciu tFj;Js;shh;.
➢ ,g;ghly;fspd; moapy; Jiw tpsf;fk;/ ghliy vGjpa Fwpg;g[fs; cs;sd.
➢ kJiuiar; Rw;wpa[s;s rka/ r@fg; gHf;ftHf;fr; rpwg;g[fis ,e;E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
➢ ,J mfKk; g[wKk; rhh;e;j E}y;.
fypj;bjhif:
➢ fypg;ghthy; Md mfk; rhh;e;j 150 ghly;fisf; bfhz;l bjhif E}y;.
➢ ,e;E
; }y; ehlfg;gh=;fpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,irnahL ghLtjw;nfw;w E}y;.
➢ fypj;bjhif Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy vd;Dk; Ik;bgUk; gphpt[fis cilaJ.
➢ fypg;gh Js;sy; Xiriaf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ fypj;bjhif `fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fyp~ vdg; nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
15
mfehD}W:
➢
,e;E
; }iyj; bjhFg;gpj;jth; ghz;oad; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp. bjhFj;jth; cg;g{hpFo fpHhh; kfdhh;
cUj;jpurd;kh;.
➢ 13 mor; rpw;bwy;iy 31 mog; ngbuy;iy bfhz;l E}y;.
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➢ mfk; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ ePz;l ghly;fisg; bgw;wpUg;gjhy; `beLe;bjhif~ vdt[k; ,e;E
; }iy miHg;gh;.
➢ ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;Ff; flt[s; thH;j;J ghoa[s;shh;.
g[wehD}W:
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➢ g[wk; + ehd;F + E}W = g[wehD}W/ g[wk; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
➢ g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L/ g[wk; ehD}W vdt[k; ,e;E}y; miHf;fg;gLtJz;L.
➢ ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhhpd; flt[s; thH;j;J ,e;E}ypd; mzpfydhf mike;Js;sJ.
➢ jkpHhpd; tuyhw;Wf; fs+;rpakhfg; gHe;jkpH; kd;dh;fs; FWepy kd;dh;fspd; tuyhw;iwf;
TWk; Mtzkhf ,e;E}y; mike;Js;sJ.
➢ jkpH; kf;fspd; gHf;ftHf;f=;fisg; gw;wpa gy cz;ikfSk; ,e;E}ypy; tputpf;fplf;fpd;wd.
➢ kd;dh;fspd; tPuKk;/ <uKk; gw;wpa bra;jpfs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd.
2. `ve;jkpH;eh epd; bgUik vLj;nj ciutphpf;Fk;~ ? vd;w ghlyoiaf; bfhz;L tFg;giwapy;
Ie;J epkpl ciu epfH;j;Jf.
mitnahh; midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;-
`` ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH; bkhHp nghy;
,dpjhtJ v=;Fk; fhnzhk;~~ vd;whh; ghujpahh;.
`` fd;dy; bghUs; jUk; jkpnH- eP Xh;
g{f;fhL ehndhh; Jk;gp~~ vd;W jkpiHg; g[fH;e;J. ghodhh; ghujpjhrd;.
gHe;jkpHh; E}ypy; eldkhoa jPe;jkpH; cyfpy; kpfj; bjhd;ikahd bkhHpahFk;. ghz;oa
kd;dhpd; koapy; jtH;e;J tsh;e;j r=;fj;jkpH;/ fd;dlKk; fspbjY=;Fk; ftpd;kiyahsKk;
cjpj;bjHj; jhaha;j; juzpapy; kpsph;e;jjd;nwh-
gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;bjhifa[k; jkpHhpd; fhjiya[k; tPuj;ija[k; ftpDwf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpGk; jkpHpd; tsj;ijr; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
fhg;gpa E}y;fs; fw;gpd; nkd;ikiaa[k;/ md;gpd; rpwg;iga[k; mHfhf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
Itif ,yf;fz=;fs; bkhHpapd; brwpita[k;/ tsikiaa[k; fiyah tz;zk; fhj;J tUfpd;wd.
cyf ,yf;fpa=;fspny Kjd;ik bgw;witaha;r; r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; rhd;W gfph;fpd;wd.
jkpH;bkhHpapy; cs;s ,yf;fpa=;fisg; nghy tsikahd/ brGikahd ,yf;fpa=;fs;
cyfpYs;s ntbwe;j bkhHpapYk; ,y;iy vd brf; ehl;L bkhHpapay; nguwp+h; fkpy;Rtygpy;
TWfpwhh;.
jkpH;bkhHpapd; bjhd;ikahd ,yf;fz E}yha;j; bjhy;fhg;gpak; jkpGf;F mzp nrh;f;fpwJ.
mfj;jpak; Ie;jpyf;fzj;jpd; mUikia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
jkpH; bkhHpapy; cs;s ,yf;fpa=;fs; rpwg;ghf thH;tjw;Fj; bjtpl;lhj fUj;Jfis ms;sp
tH=;Ffpd;wJ.
àhJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;~
`gpwg;bghf;Fk; vy;yhcaph;f;Fk;`
`jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh~
`RHd;Wk; Vh;g;gpd;dJ cyfk;~
nghd;w ,yf;fpaj; bjhlh;fs; ,d;Wk; tHpfhl;Lk; fy=;fiuj; jPgkha;j; jpfH;fpd;wd.
`jpUe;jpa gz;g[k;/ rPh;j;jehfhpfKk; bghUe;jpa J}abkhHp jkpH;bkhHp~ vd;W ghpjpkhw; fiy+h;
thH;j;Jfpwhh;-
jkpnH cd; bgUik jhd; vd;nd- vd;Wk; mHpahj ,d;g Cw;nw- vH[[py; Fiwahj mUtp
kiHna- cd; tsk; bgUfl;Lk;. cyfk; mHpe;jhYk; cd; g[fH; epiyf;fl;Lk;.
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,ay; ciueil cyfk;
1 jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; ? k.bgh.rpt+hdk;
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jpwd; mwpnthk;
xU kjpg;bgz; tpdh
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1. `fha;e;j ,iya[k; fha;e;j njhifa[k;~ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cu=;fs;. ,j;bjhlhpy; mof;nfhol;l
gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ.
m) ,iya[k; rUFk; M) njhifa[k; rz;Lk;
,) jhSk; Xira[k; <) rUFk; rz;Lk; tpil: <) rUFk; rz;Lk;
2. nth;f;fliy/ kpsfha; tpij/ kh=;bfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; gaph;tif___. PTA - 4
m) Fiy tif M) kzp tif
,) bfhGe;J tif <) ,iy tif tpil: M) kzp tif
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. bkhHp+hapW vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth; _______.
m) ghpjpkhw;fiy+h; M) jpU.tp.f.
,) njtneag; ghthzh; <) fgpyh; tpil: ,) njtneag; ghthzh;
2. bre;jkpH;r; brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpath; _______.
m) rhiy ,se;jpiuad; M) K.tujuhrd;
,) njtneag; ghthzh; <) guzh; tpil: ,) njtneag; ghthzh;
3. `jpuhtplbkhHpfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;~ vd;w E}iy vGjpath; _______.
m) fhy;Lbty; M) tPukhKdpth;
,) $p.a[.nghg; <) ef;fPuh; tpil: m) fhy;Lbty;
4. èhLk; bkhHpa[k; ekjpU fz;fs;~ vd;wth; _______.
m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) ftpkzp <) tujuhrdhh;
tpil: m) ghujpahh;
5. xU bkhHpf;fhf cyfkhehL elj;jg;gl;l bkhHp _______.
m) M=;fpyk; M) jkpH;
,) rk!;fpUjk; <) fd;dlk; tpil: M) jkpH;
6. jtwhdijj; njh;e;bjL
m) fpis M) rpid ,) nghj;J <) nfhy;
tpil: <) nfhy;
7. bghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;Lgpo
m) fPiuj;jz;L M) ntg;g=;bfhGe;J
,) gd=;FUj;J <) bey;Jsph; tpil: m) fPiuj;jz;L
8. g{tpd; njhw;w epiy
m) nghJ M) myh; ,) tP <) mUk;g[
tpil: <) mUk;g[
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9. rhpahdtw;iwj; njh;e;bjL
m) khk;gp+;R M) gdk;gp+;R ,) thiHf;fr;ry; <) vs; gp+;R
tpil: ,) thiHf;fr;ry;
10. vs;spypUe;J vz;bza; vLj;jypd; kp+;Rtijf; Fwpf;Fk; rhpahd brhy; ............. PTA - 1 & 2
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m) vs;frL M) gpz;zhf;F
,) Mkzf;F <) vs;fl;o tpil: M) gpz;zhf;F
11. ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf;bfhz;lth; ............. PTA - 2
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m) jkpHHfdhh; M) mg;ghj;Jiuahh;
,) njtneag; ghthzh; <) ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhh;
tpil: ,) ,uh/ ,s=;Fkudhh;
1. fUk;gpd; ,iyia ______ miHg;gh;. njhif
2. ghthzh; gpwe;j Ch; ______. r=;fud;nfhtpy;
3. g{ thoa epiyia ______ miHg;gh;. brk;ky;
4. nfhl;lhd; cl;fhh;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l fhiaf; nfhl;lhd; fha; my;yJ ___ MFk; Tiff;fha;
5. jkpH;r; brhy;tsf; fl;Liuia vGjpath; ______. ghthzh;
6. nghh;r;RfPR ehl;od; jiyefh; ______. ypRgd;
7. jkpH; bkhHpf;fhf Kjy; khehL eilbgw;w ,lk; ______. knyrpah
8. brhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j bgUkfdhh; ______. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhh;
9. `jpUts;Sth; jtr;rhiy~ mike;Js;s ,lk; ______. my;Y}h;
10. jkpH;tHpj; jpUkz=;fis elj;jp tUgth; ______. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhh;
11. ,s=;Fkudhh; cUthf;fpa E}yfk; ______. ghthzh; E}yfk;
12. tpHpfis ,Hf;f nehpl;lhy; Tlj; jha;j;jkpHpid ,He;J tplf;TlhJ ,s=;Fkudhh;
vd;W vz;zpath; ______.
13. jkpH;r;brhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; cr;rk; bjhl;lth; ______. njtneag;ghthzh;
14. cyfj; jkpH;f; fHfj;ij epWtp/ mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jth; ______ njtneag;ghthzh;
15. nghh;r;RfPR ehl;od; jiyefukhd ypRgdpy;/ 1554,y; fhh;oyh vd;Dk; jkpH;bkhHp
E}y; Kjd;Kjyhf bkhHpbgah;f;fg;gl;L mr;nrwpa bkhHp ______
16. nuhkd; thptotpy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;s E}y; ______ fhh;oyh
17. ,e;jpa bkhHpfspnyna nkiy ehl;L vGj;JUtpy; Kjypy; mr;nrwpa jkpH;
bkhHp ______
18. fly;fle;J Kjd;Kjypy; mr;nrwpa jkpH; bkhHp gw;wpa Fwpg;g[ Mwhk; cyfj;jkpH;
,lk;bgw;Ws;s kyh; ______ khehl;L kyh;
19. jkpH;j; bjd;wy; jpU.tp.f nghy ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf; ,s=;Fkudhh;
fw;Wf; bfhz;lth; ______
20. ,s=;Fkudhh;/ jkpHfk; KGtJk; ______ brhw;bghHpt[fis tH=;fp jpUf;Fws;
tUfpwhh;
23. kh/ g[sp/ thiH Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy ______ fd;W
24. rk;gh bey;ypy; kl;Lk; ______ cs;tiffs; cs;sd. mWgJ
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III. gphpj;J vGJf. IV. nrh;j;J vGJf.

mog;gFjp = mo + gFjp brk;ik + bkhHp = brk;bkhHp
njhw;w epiy = njhw;wk; + epiy thiH + fr;ry; = thiHf;fr;ry;
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bre;bey; = brk;ik + bey; Tyk; + fil = Tyf;fil
nkw;gFjp = nky; + gFjp mwpt [ + xGf;fk; = mwpbthGf;fk;
gH=;fhyk; = gHik + fhyk;
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m. V. bghUj;Jf. tpil M. bghUj;Jf. tpil
1 fiH m bel;o @=;fpy; 1 kh m EHha; tL
2 jl;il M bey; nrhsk; 2 gyh M FUk;ig @R
3 jhs; , thiH bey; 3 thiH , tL fr;ry;
4 jz;L < @=;fpy; thiH 4 bjd;id < @R FUk;ig
5 nfhy; c nrhsk; bel;o 5 ghf;F c fr;ry; EHha;
VI. epWj;jw;Fwpapl;L vGJf.

1. tuF fhilf;fz;zp Fjpiuthyp Kjypa rpWTy=;fs; jkpH;ehl;oyd;wp ntbw=;Fk;
tpistjpy;iy.
tuF/ fhilf;fz;zp/ Fjpiuthyp Kjypa rpWTy=;fs; jkpH;ehl;oyd;wp ntbw=;Fk; tpistjpy;iy.
2. ghthzhpd; brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs; E}ypy; cs;s jkpH;r; brhy;tsk; vd;Dk; fl;Liuapd;
RUf;fk; ghlkhf ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
ghthzhpd; ``brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs;~~ E}ypy; cs;s jkpH;r; brhy;tsk; vd;Dk; fl;Liuapd;
RUf;fk; ghlkhf ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
VII. tpilf;nfw;w tpdh mikf;f.
1. jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}iy vGjpath; fhy;Lbty;.
jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}iy vGjpath; ahh;>
2. bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; moiaf; nfhy; vd;gh;.
bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; moia vt;thW miHg;gh;>
3. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s my;Y}hpy; `jpUts;Sth; jtr;rhiy~ xd;iw
,uh.,s=;Fkudhh; mikj;jhh;.
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s my;Y}hpy; `jpUts;Sth; jtr;rhiyia mikj;jth; ahh;>
4. xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgona/ me;ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpbthGf;f=;fSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fg;gona/ me;ehl;L kf;fspd; vit mike;jpUf;Fk;> PTA - 3
5. jkpHpy; `brhy;yha;t[f;~ fl;Liufisg; ghthzh; vGjpdhh;.
jkpHpy; `brhy;yha;t[f;~ fl;Liufis vGjpath; ahh;>
6. brhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j bgUkfdhh; jkpH;j;jpU. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhh;. PTA - 3
brhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j bgUkfdhh; ahh;>
VIII. re;jpg;gpiH ePf;fp vGJf.
1. ,=;F gaph;tif brhw;fs; kl;Lk; rpwg;ghf fhl;lg;bgWk;.
,=;Fg; gaph;tifr; brhw;fs; kl;Lk; rpwg;ghff; fhl;lg;bgWk;.
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2. fhybts;sj;jpy; fiue;Jnghd bkhHpfSf;fpilapy; ePe;jp jd;id epiyepWj;jp bfhz;Ls;sJ

jkpH;.
fhybts;sj;jpy; fiue;Jnghd bkhHpfSf;fpilapy; ePe;jpj; jd;id epiyepWj;jpf;
bfhz;Ls;sJ jkpH;.
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3. ciug;gj;jpiag; goj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
xU bkhHp bghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak;/ g[y kf;fshYk; mikag;bgWk;. jkpH;g; bghJkf;fs;
cah;e;j gFj;jwpt[ilah;. vj;Jiznah Muha;r;rp ele;JtUk; ,f;fhyj;jpYk; vj;Jiznah
bkhHpfspdpd;W fld;bfhz;l M=;fpy bkhHpapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f yPBg; (Leaf) vd;Dk;
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xnu brhy; cs;sJ. M=;fpy E}y;fspYk; ntW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg; ghFghL bra;jdnuad;wp/
jkpH;g;bghJkf;fisg; nghy td;ik bkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;/ ,iy/ njhif Xiy vdg; ghFghL
bra;jhhpy;iy. ,j;jifa ghFghL Vida cWg;g[fSf;Fs;Sk; bra;ag;gl;lJ.
jkpH;ehL vj;Jizg; bghUs;tsKilabjd;gJ/ mjd; tpisbghUs; tiffis
nehf;fpdhny tps=;Fk;.
i) xU bkhHpa[k;/ mjd; ,yf;fpaKk; vt;thW mika[k;>
tpil : xU bkhHp bghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak;/ g[y kf;fshYk; mikag;bgWk;.
ii) jkpH;kf;fs; ,iyfis vt;thW ghFghL bra;jdh;>
tpil : td;ik bkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;/ ,iy/ njhif/ Xiy
iii) jkpH;ehl;od; bghUs;tsj;jpid vt;tpjk; tps=;fpf;bfhs;syhk;>
tpil : jkpH;ehL vj;Jizg; bghUs;tsKilabjd;gJ/ mjd; tpisbghUs; tiffis
nehf;fpdhny tps=;Fk;.
iv) bkhHp Muha;r;rpf;F Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
tpil : M=;fpy bkhHpapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f Leaf (yPBg;) vd;Dk; xnubrhy;
cs;sJ. M=;fpy E}y;fspYk; ntW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg; ghFghL bra;jdnuad;wp/
jkpH;g;bghJkf;fisg; nghy td;ik bkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;/ ,iy/ njhif/ Xiy vdg; ghFghL
bra;jhhpy;iy.
v) ,g;gj;jpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jiyg;g[ xd;W jUf.
tpil : jkpH;r; brhy; tsk;
IX. FWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)

1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;g[ thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
? nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; rhpahd bjhlh;fisr; Rl;of;fhl;o/ v+;rpa gpiHahd bjhlhpYs;s
gpiHf;fhd fhuzj;ij vGJf.
rhpahd bjhlh;fs; :
➢ xU jhw;wpy; gyrPg;g[ thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
➢ xU rPg;gpy; gy thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
gpiHahd bjhlh; :
➢ xU rPg;gpy; gyjhW thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
gpiHf;fhd fhuzk; :
➢ jhW ? thiHf;Fiy/ rPg;g[ ? thiHj;jhw;wpd; gFjp.
vdnt/ thiHj;jhw;wpy; jhd; gy rPg;g[ thiHg;gH=;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. jhtu=;fspd; ,iy tiffis vt;thW miHg;gh;>
jhtu=;fspd; ,iy :
➢ g[sp/ ntk;g[tpd; ,iy ,iy
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➢ bey;/ g[y;ypd; ,iy jhs;
➢ nrhsk;/ fUk;gpd; ,iy njhif
➢ bjd;id/ gidapd; ,iy Xiy
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➢ fha;e;j jhSk; njhifa[k; rz;L
➢ fha;e;j ,iy rUF
2. jhtu=;fspd; Edpg;gFjpia (bfhGe;J) vt;thW miHg;gh;>
jhtu=;fspd; Edpg;gFjp:
➢ bey;/ g[y;ypd; Edp Jsph; my;yJ jsph;/
➢ g[sp/ ntk;gpd; Edp Kwp my;yJ bfhGe;J
➢ nrhsk;/ fUk;g[/ bjd;id/ gidapd; Edp FUj;J
➢ fUk;gpd; Edpiar; bfhGe;jhil vdt[k; miHg;gh;.
3. g{tpd; epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
g{tpd; epiyfs; :
i) g{tpd; njhw;wepiy mUk;g[/ ii) g{ tphpaj;bjhl=;Fk; epiy nghJ/
iii) g{tpd; kyh;e;j epiy kyh; iv) ku+;broapdpd;W g{ fpnHtpGe;j epiy tP/
v) g{ thod epiy brk;ky;
4. xU ehl;lhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij mse;jwptjw;fhd tHpahJ>
jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ bkhHpahjypd;/ mJnt xU ehl;lhhpd;
my;yJ ,dj;jhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij mse;jwptjw;Fr;; rpwe;j tHpahFk;.
5. kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;nf ,ayf;ToaJ ahJ>
bghUisf; Th;e;J nehf;fp Ez;ghFghL bra;J mtw;wpw;nfw;gg; gUg;bghUl; brhw;fSk; Ez;bghUl;
brhw;fSk; mikj;Jf;bfhs;tJ/ rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;nf ,aYk;.
6. njtneag; ghthzhpd; gpwg;g[g; gw;wpf; TWf>
jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lk; r=;fud;nfhtpypy; 07.02.1902 md;W +hdKj;J ? ghpg{uzk; ,izaUf;F
kfdhfj; njtneag; ghthzh; gpwe;jhh;.
7. jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; Fwpj;Jf; fhy;Lbty; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;ij vGJf. PTA - 1
➢ jkpHy;yhj jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; mfuhjpfis Muha[k; nghJ/ jkpHpYs;s xUbghUl; gybrhy;
thpirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhf;Fiw ve;jj; jkpHwp+h;f;Fk; kpfj; bjspthfj; njhd;Wk;.
➢ jkpHpy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpGf;nf rpwg;ghf chpadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fs;
rpwg;ghf chpadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fs; kl;Lkpd;wpj; bjY=;F/ fd;dlk; Kjypa gpw jpuhtpl
bkhHpfSf;Fhpadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fSk; cs vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lbty;.
8. jkpH;ehl;oy; kl;Lk; tpisa[k; Ty=;fs; ahit>
➢ tuF ➢ fhilf;fz;zp ➢ Fjpiuthyp Kjypad.
9. gH=;fspd; nkw;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;f tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
kpf bky;ypaJ bjhyp/ jpz;zkhdJ njhy;/ td;ikahdJ njhL/ kpf td;ikahdJ XL/ Riuapd;
XL FLf;if/ nj=;fha; bew;wpd; nkw;gFjp kl;il/ bey; fk;gpd; @oia ckp/ tuF nfH;tuF
Kjypatw;wpd; ckpiaf; bfhk;ik vd;W tH=;Fth;.
10. jhtu=;fspd; Fiy tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
mtiu/ Jtiuiaf; bfhj;J/ bfho Ke;jphpiaf; Fiy/ thiHiaj; jhW/ nfH;tuF/ nrhsj;ijf;
fjph;. bey;/ jpidapid myF my;yJ Fuy;/ thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjpiar; rPg;g[ vd;Wk; tH=;Fth;.
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11. jhtu=;fspd; moapypUe;J gphpe;J bry;Yk; gphpt[fSf;F tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>

mokuj;jpdpd;W gphpa[k; khbgUk; fpisiaf; fit/ fitapd; gphpitf; bfhk;g[ my;yJ bfhg;g[/
bfhk;gpd; gphpitf; fpis/ fpisapd; gphpitr; rpid/ rpidapd; gphpitg; nghj;J. nghj;jpd; gphpitf;
Fr;R/ Fr;rpapd; gphpit ,Qf;F vd;W tH=;Fth;.
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12. cyfg; bgUe;jkpHh; jkpH;j;jpU. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
➢ ,yf;fz tuyhW ➢ jkpHpir ,af;fk; ➢ jdpj;jkpH; ,af;fk;
➢ ghthzh; tuyhW ➢ Fz;lynfrp ciu ➢ ahg;gU=;fy ciu
➢ g[wj;jpul;L ciu ➢ jpUf;Fws; jkpH; kug[iu ➢ fhf;ifg; ghodpa ciu
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➢ njtneak;
13. jkpH; bkhHpapy; fhzg;gLk; ,iyapd; ghFghLfs; ahit>
,iyapd; td;ik/ bkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;/ ,iy/ njhif/ Xiy vd;w ghFghLfs; cs;sd.
14. bel;o bro ? gw;wp vGJf
➢ xU g[y;tif.
➢ fisr; broahf tsh;f;fg;gl;L/ cGk; nghJ taYf;F ,aw;if cukhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
➢ iel;u$idj; jd;ghy; fpufpf;Fk; jd;ika[ilaJ.
➢ ,jd; fhp/ btokUe;J jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
➢ ,jd; jf;if. kPd;gpo tiyfSf;F kpjitfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
X. rpWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. `g[spa=;fd;W MHkhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ~
,Jnghy; ,sk; gapu; tif Ie;jpd; bgah;fisj; bjhlh;fspy; mikf;f. PTA - 3
1. taypy; bey;ehw;W el;ldh;.
2. rhiynahuj;jpy; g[spa=;fd;W tsh;e;jpUe;jJ.
3. thiHf;FUj;ijf; fz;lt[ld; kpft[k; kfpH;e;njd;.
4. tPl;oy; bjd;dk;gps;is el;L itj;njd;.
5. Fsf;fiuapy; gidtlypiaf; fz;nld;.
XI. rpWtpdh (TLjy; tpdhf;fs;);
1. jhtuj;jpd; mog;gFjpia vt;thbwy;yhk; Fwpg;gpLth;>
bey;/ nfH;tufpd; mo jhs;/ fPiu/ thiHapd; mo jz;L/ bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; mo nfhy;/
Fj;Jr;bro/ g[jhpd; mo J}W/ fk;g[/ nrhsj;jpd; mo jl;L my;yJ jl;il/ fUk;gpd; mo fHp/ @=;fpypd;
mo fiH/ g[sp/ ntk;gpd; mo/ mo vd;nw miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. jhtuj;jpd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
➢ g{nthL Toa ,sk;gp+;R g{k;gp+;R vdg;gLk;.
➢ ,sk; fha; gp+;R vd;W miHg;gh;.
➢ khk;gp+;R tL vd;Wk;/ gyhg;gp+;R @R vd;Wk;/ miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
➢ bjd;id/ gid Kjypatw;wpd; gp+;R FUk;ig vdg;gLk;.
➢ rpW FUk;igia Kl;Lf; FUk;ig vd;Wk;/ Kw;whj nj=;fhia ,sePh; vd;Wk; miHg;gh;.
➢ ,sk;ghf;if EHha;/ ,sbey;iyf; fUf;fy;/ thiHg; gp+;irf; fr;ry; vd;Wk; tH=;Fth;.
3. bfl;Lg;nghd fha; fdpfis vt;thW miHg;gh;>
➢ Edpapy; RU=;fpa fha; Nk;gy; vd;gh;.
➢ RU=;fpa gHj;ijr; rptpay;/ FSFSj;j gHj;ij mspay;/ FSFSj;J ehwpa gHk; my;yJ fhia
mGfy; vd;gh;.
➢ g[Gg;g{r;rp mhpj;j fha; my;yJ fdpiar; brhj;ij vd;fpnwhk;. Nl;odhy; gGj;j g+;R btk;gy;
vdg;gLk;
22
➢ gjuha;g; nghd kpsfha; brhz;L vdg;gLk;.

➢ nfhl;lhd; cl;fhh;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l fhiaf; nfhl;lhd; fha; my;yJ Tiff;fha; vd;gh;.
➢ njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l fha; njiuf;fhahFk;.
➢ njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l nj=;fhia my;ypf;fha; vd;gh;.
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➢ bjd;idapy; bfl;l fha; xy;ypf;fha; vdg;gLk;.
4. jhdpa=;fSf;F tH=;Fk; bgah;fshff; Twg;gLtd ahit>
➢ bey;/ g[y; (fk;g[) Kjypa jhdpa=;fs; Tyk; vdg;gLk;.
➢ mtiu/ cSe;J Kjypad gaW MFk;.
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➢ nth;f;fliy/ bfhz;ilf; fliyiaf; fliy vd;fpnwhk;.
➢ fj;jhp/ kpsfhia tpij vd;wiHg;gh;.
➢ g[sp/ fh+;rpiuiaf; fhH; vd;gh;
➢ ntk;g[/ Mkzf;F Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J Kj;jhFk;.
➢ kh/ gidapd; tpj;ijf; bfhl;il/ bjd;idapd; tpj;J nj=;fha; vd;wiHf;fpnwhk;.
➢ mtiu/ Jtiu gaWfis Kjpiu vd;Wk; tH=;Ffpnwhk;.
5. ghthzh;/ jkpH;r;brhy;tsk; fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sit ahit>
➢
ghthzh;/ jkpH;r;brhy;tsk; fl;Liuapy; tpj;Jtif/ nth;tif/ mhpj;jhs; tif/ fha;e;j
,iytif/ ,iyf;fhk;g[ tif/ g{kly; tif/ mUk;g[ tif/ g{f;fhk;g[ tif/ ,jH;tif/ fha;tif/
fdptif/ cs;sPl;L tif/ jhtuf; fHpt[ tif/ tpijj; njhy; tif/ gjh;tif/ gaph;tif/ bfho
tif/ ku tif/ fUk;g[ tif/ fha;e;j gaph;tif/ btl;oa tpwFj;Jz;L tif/ kug;gl;il tif/
gaph;r;brwpt[ tif/ epyj;jpd; bjhFg;g[ tif/ bra; tif/ ed;bra; tif/ ntyp tif/ fhl;L tif
Mfpatw;wpd; brhy; ts=;fisa[k; tpsf;fpa[s;shh;.
6. Mwhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyhpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s jkpH; bkhHp gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; ahit>
fly;fle;J Kjd;Kjypy; mr;nrwpa jkpH;
➢ n ghh;r;RfPR ehl;od; jiyefuhd ypRgdpy;/ 1554 ,y; fhh;oyh vd;Dk; E}y; Kjd;Kjyhfj;
jkpH;bkhHpapy; jhd; bkhHpbgah;f;fg;gl;lJ.
➢ ,e;E}y; nuhkd; thptotpy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
➢ md;iwa fhyj;jpnyna fUg;g[/ bts;is vd;w ,U tz;z=;fspy; khwp khwp neh;j;jpahf
mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
➢ ,e;jpa bkhHpfspnyna nkiyehl;L vGj;JUtpy; Kjypy; mr;nrwpaJ jkpH; bkhHpna.
7. njtneag; ghthzh; ? rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf
fhyk; : 07.02.1902 – 15.01.1981
bgw;nwhh; : +hd Kj;J – ghpg{uzk; mk;ikahh;.
➢ k pfr;rpwe;j jkpHwp+Uk;/ brhy;yhuha;r;rp ty;YeUkhthh;.
➢ b gU+;rpj;jpudhuhy; bkhHp +hapW njtneag; ghthzh; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
➢ g y;ntW ,yf;fzf; fl;Liufisa[k; bkhHpahuha;r;rpf; fl;Liufisa[k; vGjpa ghthzh;/
jkpH;r; brhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; cr;rk; bjhl;lth;.
➢ b re;jkpH;r; brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;.
➢ c yfj; jkpH;f; fHfj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jth;.
XII. beLtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. jkpHpd; brhy;tsk; gw;wpa[k; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpH; kd;wj;jpy;
ngRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;g[fis vGJf. PTA - 3
tzf;fk;/ xUth; ek; fUj;ijnah bkhHpianah kw;wtUf;F czh;j;j rhpahd brhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpdhy;jhd; kw;wth; mjidj; bjspthfg; g[hpe;Jbfhs;s Koa[k;.ngr;R tHf;Fr; brhy;Yk;
vGj;J tHf;Fr; brhy;Yk; rpy neu=;fspy; khWgLfpd;wJ. jkpH; bkhHpapy; ehk; vGJtij
mg;gona ngrt[k; Koa[k;. Mdhy; M=;fpyk; nghd;w bkhHpfspy; ,J khWgLfpd;wJ.
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xUbkhHp epiybgw;W ,Uf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mk;bkhHpapy; mjpfr; brhy;tsk;

,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. jkpH;bkhHp brk;bkhHpahfj; jpfH;tjw;fhd fhuz=;fSs; xd;W mjpfkhd
brhy;tsk; ,Ug;gJ. M=;fpy bkhHpapYk; ,d;W g[jpa g[jpa fiyr; brhw;fisj; jpdKk;
cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;. jkpH;bkhHpapy; nghJkhd brhy;tsk; ,Ue;jhYk;/ ,d;Dk; mjpfkhd brhw;fs;
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cUthf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
,aw;if ekf;F mjpfkhd ts=;fisj; jUfpd;wd vd;w nghjpYk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
mHpg;gJ kl;Lk; ek; flik my;y. khwhf/ mtw;iw kPz;Lk; cw;gj;jpbra;J mtw;wpd; tsKk; gyKk;
Fiwahky; ghh;j;Jf;bfhs;tJ ek; flik. jkpH; bkhHpf;F ,it Kw;wpYk; bghUe;Jk;. ek; bkhHp cyf
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mu=;fpy; epiyj;J epw;f ntz;Lkhdhy;/ ehk; ,d;Dk; gy brhw;fisg; g[jpjhf cUthf;fntz;Lk;.
mjpfkhd nth;r;brhw;fs; cs;s ek; jkpH;bkhHpapy;/ ,d;Dk; mjpfkhd brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit
,d;Dk; cs;sJ vd;W Twp vd; ciuia Kof;fpnwd;.
ed;wp. tzf;fk;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. gpwbkhHpfspy; fhzKoahj brhy;tsj;ijj; jkpH;bkhHpapy; fhzKoa[k; vd;gjw;Fg;
ghthzh; fhl;Lk; rhd;Wfs; ahit>
xU bkhHp bghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak;/ g[ykf;fshYk; mikag;bgWk;. jkpH;g;
bghJkf;fs; cah;e;j gFj;jwpt[ilatu;;.
vj;Jiznah bkhHpfspdpd;W fld;bfhz;l M=;fpy bkhHpapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf;
Fwpf;f leaf vd xnubrhy; cs;sJ.
jkpH;g; bghJ kf;fisg; nghy td;ik/ bkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;;/ ,iy/ njhif/ Xiy vdg;
ghFghL ntW bkhHpapy; ,y;iy.
jkpH;ehL vj;Jizg; bghUs; tsKilaJ vd;gJ/ mjd; tpisbghUs; tifia itj;nj
mwpayhk;.
gpw ehLfspYs;s Ty=;fbsy;yhk; rpythft[k; rpy;tifg;gl;ldthft[kpUf;f/
jkpH;ehl;oYs;sitnah/ gythft[k; fHpgy tifg;gl;ldthft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
nfhJikia vLj;Jf;bfhs;spd; mjpy; rk;ghf;nfhJik/ Fz;Lf;nfhJik/ thw;nfhJik
Kjypa rpytiffns cz;L.
jkpH;ehl;L bey;ypnyh bre;bey;/btz;bzy;/ fhh;bey; vd;Wk; rk;gh/ kl;il/ fhu; vd;Wk; gy
tif ,Ug;gJld; mtw;Ws; rk;ghtpy; kl;Lnk Mtpuk;g{r;rk;gh/ Midf;bfhk;gd; rk;gh/ Fz;Lr;
rk;gh/ Fjpiuthypr; rk;gh/ rpWkzpr;rk;gh/ rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ tiffs; cs;sd.
xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgona/ me;ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpbthGf;f=;fSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
1. gpd;tUk; epytiffspd; bgah;fSf;fhd fhuz=;fisf; nfl;lwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gapy;f.
jhpR ?
gaphplg;glhj epyk;. btWknd btWk; g[y; g{z;Lfs; Kisj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;w
epyk;.
rpty; ? bre;epyk;. rptg;g[ kz; mjpfk; epiwe;j ey;y gaphplg;glf;Toa epyk;. tptrhaj;jpw;F
Vw;w epyk;.
fhpry; ? jz;zPiu cwp+;Rk; jd;ik bfhz;lJ. gUj;jp/ fUk;g[/ thiH/ cSe;J nghd;w
gaph;fs; tsUk;. Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk; jhH;epyg; gFjpfspYk; tskpf;f
kz;zhf cs;sJ.
Kuk;g [ ? gUf;iff; fw;fs; mjpfk; cs;s nkl;Lepyk;. tptrhaj;jpw;F Vw;w ,lk; ,y;iy.
g[wk;nghf;F ? Ch;g;g[wj;jpy; Fofs; thrk; ,y;yhj gFjp.
Rty; ? nklhd ,lk;. gaphplKoahj ePh; tsk; ,y;yhj ,lk;.
mty; ? ey;y gs;skhd epyk;. ePh;tuj;J mjpfKs;s tpisepyk;.
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2. xU bghUs; jUk; gy brhw;fisg;; gl;oaypLf.

(v.fh) brhy;Yjy; ? ngRjy;/ tpsk;g[jy;/ brg;g[jy;/ ciuj;jy;/ Twy;/ ,ak;gy;/ bkhHpjy;.
epyt[ ? kjp/ re;jpud;/ epyh/ jp=;fs;.
R{hpad; ? gfytd;/ Mjtd;/ fjputd;/ jpdf;fjph;/ +hapW
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kyh; ? g{/ mUk;g[/ nghJ/ myh;/ tP.
cf;fpuk; ? bfhLik/ rpdk;/ ntfk;/ jiyf;fhty;/ ,yhkpr;ir.
crt[jy; ? nfl;ly;/ tprhhpj;jy;/ Mnyhrpj;jy;.
,y+;rp ? Fsk;/ kfpH kuk;/ kL/ kjpy;/ g[d;F kuk;/rhiug; ghk;g[.
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vy;iy ? tuk;g[/ bghGJ/,lk;/ Tg;gpL J}uk;/ msit/ Kot[.
,ay; ftpijg; ngiH
1 ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; ? re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhh;
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
Ja;g;gJ ? fw;gJ/ jUjy; MHp ? fly;
nktyhy; ? bghUe;Jjy;/bgWjy; ,iz ? rkk;/ bghUj;jk;
epj;jk; ? vg;bghGJk;
jpwd; mwpnthk;
xU kjpg;bgz; tpdh
1. `bkj;j tzpfyd;~ vd;Dk; bjhlhpy; jkpHHfdhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ.
m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;bgUk;fhg;gpa=;fSk; M) bgUk; tzpfKk; bgUk; fyd;fSk;
,) Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk; ; <) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
tpil: m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;bgUk;fhg;gpa=;fSk;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. Kj;jkpH; vd;gijg; gphpj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk;.
m) Kj; + jkpH; M) @d;W+ jkpH ; ,) @+ jkpH; <) @j;j+ jkpH;
tpil: M) @d;W + jkpH;
2. Kr;r=;fk; vd;gij ????????????? vdg; gphpf;fyhk;.
m) Kr; + r=;fk; M) K+ r=;fk; ,) @d;W+ r=;fk;; <) @j;j+ r=;fk;
tpil: ,)@d;W + r=;fk;
1. ,ay;/,ir/ehlfk; Mfpa @d;Wk; ______ MFk; Kj;jkpH;
2. ______ r=;f=;fs; mikj;Jj; jkpH; tsh;e;jJ. @d;W
3. MHp vd;gjd; bghUs; ______ . fly;
4. r=;Ffs; _____ tiffspy; fpilf;Fk;. @d;W
5. g[yth; gyhpd; ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ ______ miHf;fg;gLk;. jdpg;ghly;jpul;L
6. re;jf;ftpkzp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; ______. jkpHHfdhh;
7. jkpHHfdhhpd; ,aw;bgah; ______. rz;KfRe;juk;
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8. jkpHHfdhh;______rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;. gd;dpuz;L

9. jkpH; flnyhL xj;jpUj;jiy ,ul;Lw bkhHpe;jth; ______ jkpHHfdhh;
10. r=;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j r=;fg;g[yth;fshy; fhf;fg;gl;lJ _____ jkpH;
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III. gphpj;J vGJf. IV. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf
1. Kj;jkpH; ? @d;W + jkpH; 1. r=;fj;jth; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
2. Kr;r=;fk; ? @d;W + r=;fk 2. fhf;f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
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V. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
fhf;f ?fh + f; + f
fh ?gFjp
f; ?re;jp
f ?tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
VI. ã‹tU« ghliy¥ go¤J Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡f:
1. K¤jÄœ JŒ¥gjhš K¢r§f« f©ljhš PTA - 5
bk¤j tÂfyK« nktyhš - Ã¤j«
miz»lªnj r§f¤ jt®fh¡f MÊ¡F
ïiz»lªj njjÄœ <©L.
Édh - Éil :
1. K¤jÄœ v‹gJ ahJ?
ïa‰wÄœ, ïir¤jÄœ, ehlf¤jÄœ M»ait K¤jÄHhF«.
2. K¢r§f« - ÉÇ¤J vGJf.
Kjš r§f«, ïil¢r§f«, fil¢r§f«
3. jÄG¡F ïizahŒ ghlÈš bghU¤j¥gLtJ?
flš
4. ï¥ghlš ïl«bg‰w üš?
jÅ¥ghlš âu£L
5. ï¥ghlÈš ïl« bg‰WŸs mo vJifia vL¤bjGJf.
K¤jÄœ .......
¤ - mo vJif
bk¤j .......
miz»lªnj .......
iz - mo vJif
ïiz»lªj .......
6. ghlypy; ............ mzp ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp
VII. FWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpnyil mika[k; eaj;jpw;F Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
➢ ,ir tpkhprfh; Rg;g[Ltpd; tpkhprd=;fspy; eakhd rpnyilfs; fhzg;gLk;.
➢ xU Kiw xU bghpa tpj;JthDila ,irepfH;r;rpia tpkhprdk; bra;a[k; nghJ/
``md;W fr;nrhpapy; mtUila fhjpYk; fk;ky;/ FuypYk; fk;ky;~~ vd;W rpnyilahff; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
26
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. Kj;jkpH;/ Kr;r=;fk; tpsf;fk; jUf>
➢ jkpHhdJ ,ay; jkpH;/ ,irj; jkpH;/ ehlfj; jkpH; vd Kj;jkpHha; tsk; bgw;Wj; jpfH;fpwJ.
➢ Kjy; r=;fk;/ ,ilr;r=;fk;/filr;r=;fk; vd;w Kr;r=;f=;fshy; jkpH; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
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2. Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
➢ rpyg;gjpfhuk; ➢ kzpnkfiy ➢ rPtfrpe;jhkzp
➢ tisahgjp ➢ Fz;lynfrp
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3. fly; vtw;iwj; jUfpwJ>
➢ fly;/ Kj;jpida[k; mkpH;jj;jpida[k; jUfpwJ.
➢ btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa @d;W tifahd r=;Ffisj; jUfpwJ.
4. ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; tpsf;fk; jUf>
➢ xU brhy;nyh/brhw;bwhlnuh ,U bghUs; gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; MFk;. ,jidr; rpnyil
vd;Wk; TWth;.
➢ bra;a[spYk; ciueilapYk; nkilg; ngr;rpYk; rpnyilfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
VIII. rpW tpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. jkpHHfdhh; jkpiHa[k; fliya[k; ,ul;LwbkhHpa[k; gh=;fpid tpsf;Ff. PTA - 6
jkpH; fly;
➢ jkpHhdJ ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd ➢ fly; Kj;jpida[k; mkpH;jpida[k; jUfpwJ.
Kj;jkpHha; tsh;e;jJ. ➢ btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/ gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa
➢ Kjy;/ ,il/ fil/ Mfpa Kr;r=;f=;fshy; @d;W tifahd r=;Ffisj; jUfpwJ.
tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ
➢ Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fis ➢ fly; kpFjpahd tzpff; fg;gy;fs; bry;Yk;
mzpfyd;fshfg; bgw;W mHF jUfpwJ. go tHp jUfpwJ.
➢ r=;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j ➢ jd; miyfshy; r=;fpidj; jLj;J epWj;jpf;
r=;fg;g[yth;fshy; fhf;fg;gl;lJ. fhf;fpwJ.
,t;thW jkpHHfdhh; jkpiHa[k; fliya[k; ,ul;LwbkhHpe;J TWfpwhh;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. re;jf; ftpkzp jkpHHfdhh; ?Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¾¾re;jf; ftpkzp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jkpHHfdhhpd; ,aw;bgah; rz;Kf Re;juk.;
¾¾,yf;fzg; g[yika[k; ,sk; tajpy; bra;a[s; ,aw;Wk; Mw;wYk; bgw;wth;.
¾¾ ,th; gd;dpuz;L rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
1. m) fhiy neuk; xU epfH;r;rpf;fhfj; bjhlh;tz;oapy; te;J ,w=;fpdhh; jkpHwp+h;
fp.th.$fe;ehjd;. mtiu khiyapl;L tuntw;wdh;. mg;nghJ fp.th.$./ ``mlnl
fhiyapnyna khiya[k; te;Jtpl;lnj-~~ vd;whh;. vy;nyhUk; me;jr; brhy;ypd; rpnyilr;
rpwg;ig kpft[k; Ritj;jdh;.
M) ,ir tpkhprfh; Rg;g[Ltpd; tpkhprd=;fspy; eakhd rpnyilfs; fhzg;gLk;. xU Kiw
xU bghpa tpj;JthDila ,ir epfH;r;rpia tpkhprdk; bra;a[k; nghJ mth; Fwpg;gpl;lJ:
``md;W fr;nrhpapy; mtUila fhjpYk; fk;ky;/ FuypYk; fk;ky;~~.
,) jkpHwp+h; fp.M.bg. tpRtehjd; gy; kUj;Jtj;jpy; rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;w ez;gh; xUtiu
mwpKfk; bra;J itj;jnghJ ``,th; gy;Jiw tpj;jfh;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
,itnghd;w gy rpnyilg; ngr;Rfis eP=;fs; nfl;oUg;gPh;fs;. mtw;iwj; bjhFj;Jr;
brhy;ea=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;J fye;JiuahLf.
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m) fp.th.b$fe;ehjd; mth;fSf;F ez;gh; tPl;ony mUe;Jtjw;fhfg; ghy; je;jhh;fs;. ghypy; vWk;g[

,we;J kpjg;gijf; fz;L ``rPdpthrd; ghw;flypy; Japy; bfhs;fpwhd;~~ vd;whh;. rPdpapy; fple;j
vWk;ig ,t;thW brhd;dijf; fz;L midtUk; kfpH;e;jdh;.
M) brd;id tuntw;fpwJ/ Mk; brd;id tu nth;f;fpwJ. (tpah;f;fpwJ vd;gjd; ngr;R tHf;F)
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,t;thW Twpdhh;fs;.
,) tPl;oy; kidtpiaf; fztd; ``Vw;Wkpd; tpsf;if ,Usfnt~~ vd;W Twpdhd;. ``Vw;W kpd;
tpsf;if ~~ vd;wh TWfpwPh;fs; vd;W kidtp nfl;lhs;.
2. bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fisg; ghLk; ftpijfSs; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy;
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goj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
➢ jkpH; v=;fs; ,sikf;Fg; ghy;
jkpH; v=;fs; caph;f;F neh; ? ghujpjhrd;
➢ njbdhf;Fk; bre;jkpnH eP fdp- ehd; fpsp-
ntbwd;d ntz;Lk; ,dp ? ghujpjhrd;
➢ jhna capnu jkpnH epid tz=;Fk;
Ml;rpf;Fk; m+;rhky; KH=;fpLntd; ? Koaurd;
➢ fdpapil Vwpa Risa[k; Kw;wy;
fiHapil Vwpa rhWk;
gdpkyh; Vwpa njDk; ? fha;r;Rg;
ghfpil Vwpa Rita[k;
edpgR bghHpa[k; ghYk; ? bjd;id
ey;fpa Fsphps ePUk;
,dpad vd;ngd; vdpDk; ? jkpiH
vd;Daph; vd;ngd; fz;Oh; ? ghujpjhrd;
➢ tPWil brk;bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp
cyfk; ntqd;wpa ehs;Kjy; caph;bkhHp ? ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhh;
➢ fd;dy; bghUs; jUk; jkpnH eP Xh;
g{f;fhL ehndhh; Jk;gp ? ghujpjhrd;
➢ ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH;bkhHp nghy;
,dpjhtJ v=;Fk; fhnzhk; ? ghujpahh;
➢ thH;f epue;juk; thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thHpa thHpant
➢ thd kse;j jidj;Jk; mse;jpLk;
tz;bkhHp thHpant-
➢ thdk; mwpe;j jidj;Jk; mwpe;J
tsh;bkhHp thHpant- ? ghujpahh;
,ay; tphpthdk;
1 ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; ? vHpy;Kjy;td;

I. beLtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)
1. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vGJf. PTA - 2
R{Hy; ? btspehl;oypUe;J c=;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdhpd; kfSf;Fj; jkpH;
bkhHpiag; ngr kl;Lnk bjhpa[k;. M=;fpy ,yf;fpak; goj;j mthplk; jkpH; ciueilapd;
rpwg;g[g;gw;wp ciuahLjy; :
cwtpdh; kfs; : tzf;fk;-; jh=;fs; eykhf cs;sPh;fsh-
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ehd; : tzf;fk;. ehd; eykhf cs;nsd;. mg;gh vg;go cs;shh;>

cwtpdh; kfs; : mg;gh/ mk;kh kw;Wk; tPl;oy; cs;s midtUk; eyk;.
ehd; : kpft[k; mUikahfj; jkpH; ngRfpwPh;fns- jkpH; kPJ mt;tst[ Mh;tkh-
cwtpdh;; kfs; : ez;gh;fnshL ngrpg; ngrpj; jkpH; gHfp tpl;nld;. Xust[ ngrj;bjhpfpwJ.
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ehd; : Xusth> ,y;iy. ed;whfnt ngRfpwPh;fs;. ,d;Dk; jkpHpd; bgUikfs; gw;wp
mwpe;jPh;fbsd;why; bghpa ngr;rhsuhfptpLtPh;fs;.
cwtpdh;; kfs; : rhp- brhy;Y=;fs;. ehDk; bjhpe;J bfhs;fpnwd;.
ehd; : jkpH; kpft[k; bjhd;ikahd bkhHp. brhy; tsk; kpFe;j bkhHp. xnu
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bghUisj; juf;Toa gy brhw;fs; jkpHpy; cs;sd. eP=;fs; R{hpaidf; Fwpf;f
sun vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwPh;fs;. eh=;fs; fjputd;/ gfytd;/ Mjtd;/ ghpjp/ vy;/
+hapW vd;W gy brhw;fisf; TWnthk;.
cwtpdh;; kfs; : tpag;ghf cs;snj- nkYk; VjhtJ rpwg;g[fs; cs;sdth>
ehd; : xU brhy;Yf;F mnj bghUs; jUk; gy brhw;fs; jkpHpy; cz;L. brhy;Yjy;
vd;gjw;F etpYjy;/ ngRjy;/ tpsk;g[jy;/ brg;g[jy;/ Twy;/ ,ak;gy;/ bkhHpjy;
vd;w brhw;fSk; cz;L.
cwtpdh;; kfs; : nkYk; nkYk; tpag;ghfcs;snj-
ehd; : ,d;Dk; epiwa rpwg;g[fs; cz;L.jkpHpy; epiwa mw,yf;fpa=;fs;/ fhg;gpa
,yf;fpa=;fs;/ gf;jp ,yf;fpa=;fs;/ g[jpd=;fs;/ rpWfijfs;/ ehlf=;fs;
cz;L.
cwtpdh;; kfs;
; : j
kpH; bkhHpahdJ tsikahd bkhHp vd;W bjhpa[k;. eP=;fs; brhy;tijg;
ghh;j;jhy; cyfpnyna brk;ikahd rpwe;j bkhHp jkpH; bkhHp jhd; vd;W
bjhpfpwJ.
ehd;; : cz;ikjhd;. jkpiHg; ngrpg; ghU=;fs;/ jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fisg;
goj;Jg;ghU=;fs;/ mjd; ,dpikiar; Ritj;Jg; ghU=;fs;. mg;nghJ jkpHpd;
rpwg;ig nkYk; czh;tPh;fs;.
cwtpdh;; kfs; : ed;wp/ tha;g;g[f; fpilf;Fk; nghJ ,d;Dk; jkpH; bkhHp gw;wpf; nfl;Lj;
bjhpe;Jbfhs;fpnwd;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpYs;s Jizg;ghlj;ijr; RUf;fp vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
r=;fg;g[yth; xUtUf;Fk; fhy ,ae;jpukhd ,izajkpHDf;Fk; ,ilna `ciueilapd;
mzpeyd;fs;` vd;w jiyg;gpy; eilbgWfpd;w ciuahliyf; fl;Liuahff; fhz;nghk;.
ciuahly;
ghl;Lk; bjhifa[k; TWk; mfnkh/ g[wnkh/ cs;Siw ctiknah/ ,iwr;rpnah/ ghtiffnsh
,y;iy. fhg;gpak;/ rpw;wpyf;fpak;/ re;jf; ftpijfs;/ g[Jf;ftpijfs; gw;wpa bra;a[s; tiffSk;
,y;iy. khwhf ciueilapy; vGjg;gLk; rpWfij/ fl;Liu/ g[jpdk; nghd;w ciueiliag;
gw;wpa ciuahlyhf ,J mikfpd;wJ. ehk; ngRtJ ciuahly;/ vGjpdhy; mJ ciueilahf
khWfpd;wJ.
ctik/ cUtfk;
``jpUg;gu=;Fd;wj;jpd; mHifg; ghh;g;gjw;bfd;nw ,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L bghpa epiyf;
fz;zhofisg; nghy; tlg[wKk; bjd;g[wKk; ePh;epiwe;j fz;kha;fs; ~~ vd;W Fwp+;rpkyhpy; eh.
ghh;j;jrhujp gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;. jz;oahh; `ctika[k; bghUSk; ntw;Wik xHpj;J xd;bwdkhl;od;
mBJ cUtfkhFk;~ vd;wijf; ``fsk;g[fH; Joj;J epd;w cdf;F/ btw;wpr;rhW fpilj;Jtpl;lJ cz;L
kfpH;e;jha;" cd;; g[d;difjhd; mjw;Fr; rhd;W~~ vd;W mwp+h; mz;zh vGjpdhh;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctika[k; vJif nkhida[k;
jpUf;Fwspy; fhl;lg;bgw;w vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikiaj; jw;fhyj;jpy; `,iz xg;g[~ vd;fpnwhk;.
,jw;Fr; rhd;whf vGj;jhsh; t. uhkrhkp vGjpa `kiHa[k; g[aYk;~ vd;w E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
mJnghy vJif nkhidapy; vGe;j ciueiliar; brhy;ypd; bry;th; ,uh.gp. nrJgps;is vGjpa
`jkpHpd;gk;~ vd;w E}ypy; fhz KofpwJ.
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mBwpizia cah;jpizaha;
,yf;fzj;jpy; bjhy;fhg;gpah; mBwpizg; bghUs;fs; brhy;YtJk; nfl;gJk; epfH;fpd;wJ.
(bjhy;.192). ,ijj; jw;fhyj;jpy; jkpH;j; bjd;wy; jpU.tp.f mjpfkhf vGjpa[s;shh;.``nrhiyapy;
g[Fntd;" ku=;fs; Tg;gpLk;;" tpUe;J itf;Fk;" Myku epHypy; mkh;ntd;;. My;/~~ tpGijg; ghh;. me;j
muRf;F ,BJ cz;lh> vd;Wk; muR fz;zpw;gLk; àhd; tpGjpd;wp thDw X=;fp epw;fpnwd;/ vd;id
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kf;fs; Rw;wpr; bry;fpwhh;fs;. fhz; ~~ vd;Wk; vGjpdhh;.
Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik
Kuz;gl;l brhw;fisr; nrh;j;J vKJtJ ciueil vKJtjpd; kw;bwhU cj;jpahFk;. fyg;gpy;yhj
bgha;~ ,ijr; `brhy;Kuz;~ (oxymoron) vd;Wk; vjpUk; g[jpUkhd Kuz;gLk; fUj;Jfis mikj;J
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vGJtij `vjphpiz ,irt[~ (Antithesis) vd;fpnwhk;. mnjnghy; gog;gjw;F Kuz;gLtJnghy;
,Uf;Fk;;: cz;ikapy; Kuz;glhj bka;k;ikiar; brhy;tJ Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik (paradox) vd;w
cj;jpfSk; ciueil vGJk;nghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
czh;r;rp btspg;ghL
tpiljuntz;oa njit ,y;yhky; nfs;tpapnyna gjpy; ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vGJtJ czh;r;rp
btspg;ghl;Lf;F cjt[k; vd;gjw;Fg; bghpahiug; gw;wp mwp+h; mz;zh Twpaijr; rhd;W fhl;lyhk;.
`` mth; (bghpahh;) ngrhj ehs;; cz;lh> Fuy; nfl;fhj Ch; cz;lh> mthplk; rpf;fpj; jpzwhj gHik
cz;lh>......~~. nkYk; ``,e;jpah jhd; vd;Dila nkhl;rk;: ,e;jpahtpd; ed;;ik jhd; vd; ed;ik.
,e;jpah jhd; vd; ,sikapd; bkj;ij : vd; bastdj;jpd; ee;jtdk;: vd; fpHf;fhyj;jpd; fhrp~~
vd;W ghujp jk; ehl;il czh;r;rp bgh=;fg;ghLtJ czh;r;rp btspg;ghl;ow;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
Kot[iu:
,t;thW r=;fg;g[ytDk; ,izaj;jkpHDk; jkpH; ciueilapd; cj;jpfisa[k; mJ vt;thW
jd;Dila ghpzhk tsh;r;rpia vl;oaJ vd;gijg; gw;wpa[k; fye;Jiuahodh;/ vd;gij
kh.,uhkyp=;fk; (v) vHpy;Kjy;td; jk;Kila g[jpa ciueil vd;w E}ypd; tHpahf ekf;F
tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
1. eP=;fs; goj;jtw;Ws; epidtpy; eP=;fh ,lk; bgw;w ,yf;fpaj; bjhlh;fs;/ ea=;fis vGJf.
,yf;fpaj; bjhlh; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s eak;
v.fh. cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy ctik
1 mdypilg;gl;l g[Gitg; nghy ctik
2 ,yt[ fhj;j fpsp nghy ctik
3 moaw;w kuk; nghy ctik
4 kyUk; kzKk; nghy ctik
5 Kjiyf; fz;zPh; toj;jhd; cUtfk;
6 gRkuj;jhzp nghy ctik
2. bfhLj;j jiyg;gpy; ngRnthk;.
jiyg;g[ ? neuk; jtph;f;f ntz;oa brhy; ? fofhuk;.
Fwpg;g[ ? xU epkplk; ngr ntz;Lk;. jkpH;r;brhw;fis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
Ie;J tpdhofSf;Fnky; ,ilbtsp ,Uj;jy; TlhJ. ,J nghd;w ntW ntW
jiyg;g[fspy; tFg;giwapy; ngrpg; gHFf.
ehk; neuj;ij ey;yKiwapy; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. neuj;ijj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itj;Jf;
bfhz;lhy; jhd;ehk; gaDs;stw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpy; bra;J Kof;f Koa[k;/ fhyk; bghd;
nghd;wJ vd;gij czh;e;J bray;gLnthk;. ek; flikfisr; rpwg;g[wr; bra;J khz;g[Wnthk;.
jiyg;g[ ? neha;
jtph;f;f ntz;oa brhy; ? kUj;Jth;/
30
xt;bthUf;Fk; VjhtJ xU neha;/ Jd;gk; je;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk; nehapd; jd;ik/
neha;f;fhd fhuzk; nghd;wtw;iw mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk; ``neha; eho neha; Kjy; eho mJ
jzpf;Fk; tha; eho tha;g;gr; bray;~~ vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
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1. btspehl;oy; ntiy bra;Jbfhz;oUf;Fk; jhiag; gphpe;jpUf;Fk; kfs; ______
tUe;jpf;bfhz;oUe;jhs;. ? tpLgl;l ,lj;jpy; bghUj;jkhd cikiag; gad;gLj;jpj;
bjhliu epiwt[ bra;f. PTA - 6
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m) jhkiu ,iy ePh;nghy; M) thiHao thiHahf
,) fz;zpidf; fhf;Fk; ,ik nghy; <) kiHKfk; fhzhg; gaph;nghy
tpil: <) kiHKfk; fhzhg; gaph;nghy
,ay; fw;fz;L
1 vGj;J/ brhy;
jpwd; mwpnthk;
I. gyt[s; bjhpf.
1. `nfl;lth; kfpHg; ghoa ghly; ,J~ ? bjhlhpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s bjhHpw;bgaUk;
tpidahyiza[k; bgaUk; Kiwna ______ PTA - 3
m) ghoa " nfl;lth; M) ghly; " ghoa ,) nfl;lth; " ghoa <) ghly; " nfl;lth;
tpil: <) ghly; " nfl;lth;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. rhh;bgGj;Jfs; ______ tifg;gLk;.
m) vl;L M) gj;J ,) Ie;J <) MW
tpil: M) gj;J
2. msbgil ______ tifg;gLk;.
m) @d;W M) ,uz;L ,) ehd;F <) MW
tpil: M) ,uz;L
3. xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W bghUs; jUtJ ______ vdg;gLk;.
m) jdpbkhHp M) bjhlh;bkhHp ,) bghJbkhHp <) tUbkhHp
tpil: m) jdpbkhHp
4. tpFjp bgwhky; tpidg;gFjpna bjhHpw;bgauhjy; ______ MFk;.
m) Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; M) Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah;
,) tpidahyiza[k; bgah; <) jdpj;bjhlh;
tpil: M) Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah;.
5. bra;a[spir msbgilia ______ vdt[k; miHg;gh;
m) capusbgil M) brhy;ypirasbgil
,) ,irepiw msbgil <) ,d;dpir msbgil
tpil: ,) ,irepiw msbgil
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6. cudir, ,jpy; gapd;W tUk; msbgil ______ PTA - 6

m) brhy;ypir msbgil M) bra;a[spir msbgil
,) ,d;dpir msbgil <) xw;wsbgil
tpil: m) brhy;ypir msbgil
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7. vBBfpy=;fpa ? btBFthh;f;fpy;iy ? ,tw;wpy; gapd;W tUk; msbgil ______ PTA - 6
m) brhy;ypir msbgil M) bra;a[spir msbgil
,) ,d;dpir msbgil <) xw;wsbgil tpil: <) xw;wsbgil
9. `vl;L~ vd;gJ rhd;whf tUk; bkhHp ______
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m) jdpbkhHp M) bjhlh;bkhHp ,) bghJ bkhHp <) bjhHpw;bgah;
tpil: ,) bghJ bkhHp
9. jdpbkhHpf;Fr; rhd;W jUf ______
m) fz;zd; te;jhd; M) fz;zd; tPl;ow;F te;jhd;
,) fz;zd; ,uhkDld; te;jhd; <) fd;zd; tpil: <) fd;zd;
10. kyh; tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;whs; vd;gJ ______ .
m) jdpbkhHp M) bjhlh;bkhHp ,) bghJbkhHp <) bjhHpw;bgah;
tpil: M) bjhlh; bkhHp
11. =;/ +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ t;/ a;;/ y;/ s;; Mfpait msbgLg;gJ ______
m) capusbgil M) xw;wsbgil
,) brhy;ypir msbgil <) ,d;dpir msbgil
tpil: M) xw;wsbgil
12. jy;/ my;/ mk;/ I/ if tpFjpiag; bgw;W tUtJ ______
m) xw;wsbgil M) tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
,) bjhHpw;bgah; <) vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah;
tpil: ,) bjhHpw;bgah;
13. fhyk; fue;j bgabur;rk; vd;gJ .................. PTA - 1
m) tpidj;bjhif M) ck;ikj;bjhif
,) gz;g[j;bjhif <) md;bkhHpe;bjhiftpil: m) tpidj;bjiif
14. Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ______
m) NL M) nfL ,) nfhs; <) ,it @d;Wk;
tpil: <) ,it @d;Wk;
15. bjhHpiyr; bra;a[k; fUj;jhitf; Fwpg;gJ ______ PTA - 1
m) bjhHpw; bgah; M) tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
,) tpidr;brhy; <) Kw;Wtpid
tpil: M) tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
1. caph; bel;blGj;Jfs; VGk; jj;jk; mstpy; ePz;L xypg;gJ ______ capusbgil
2. capusbgil ______ tifg;gLk; @d;W
3. bra;a[spir msbgilapd; kWbgah; ______ ,irepiw msbgil
4. bra;a[spy; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ______ ,d;dpir msbgil
5. bgah;r;brhy;/ tpid milahf khwpj; jphpe;J msbgLg;gJ ______ brhy;ypir msbgil
6. bkhHp ______ tifg;gLk; @d;W
7. xU tpid my;yJ braiyf; Fwpf;Fk; bgah; ______ bjhHpw;bgah;
8. tpidaofs; tpFjp[ nrh;tjhy; cUthFk; bjhHpw; bgah; ____ MFk;. tpFjpbgw;w bjhHpw;bgah;
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III. FWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)

1. `nt=;if~ vd;gijj; bjhlh;bkhHpahft[k;/ bghJbkhHpahft[k; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf. PTA - 2
➢ `nt=;;if~ vd;gJ jdpbkhHpahfp g[ypiaa[k; / xUtif kuj;ija[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
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➢ ntk; + if vdj; bjhlh;bkhHpahfg; gphpe;J ntfpd;w if vdg; bghUs; jUk;.
,J jdpbkhHpf;Fk; bjhlh;bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; miktjhy; bghJ bkhHpahft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ.
2.
`cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwh;nky; PTA - 6

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tLf;fhz; tw;whFk; fPH;.
? ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msbgilapd; tifiar; Rl;o/ mjd; ,yf;fzk; jUf.
msbgilapd; tif : cLg;gJ}ck;/ cz;gJ}ck; ,d;dpirasbgil MFk;.
,yf;fzk; :
bra;a[spd; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ,d;dpir
msbgil MFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
1. rhh;bgGj;Jfs; vj;jid > mit ahit>
rhh;bgGj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk;
mitahtd:
➢ caph;bka; ➢ Ma;jk; ➢ capusbgil ➢ xw;wsbgil
➢ Fw;wpaYfuk; ➢ Fw;wpaypfuk; ➢ Ifhuf; FWf;fk; ➢ xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
➢ kfuf; FWf;fk; ➢ Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
2. msbgil vd;why; vd;d> v.fh jUf.
msbgLj;jy; ? ePz;L xypj;jy;
brhw;fis ePl;o xypj;jy;. mt;thW ePl;o xypj;Jg; ngRk; nghJ / msbgLj;jy; czh;t[f;Fk; ,dpa
Xirf;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.
(v.fh.) mk;khm/ jk;g,
P / fPiunahx fPiu/ tisanyhx tisay;.
3. capusbgilia tpsf;Ff.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ/ mjid epiwt[ bra;a/ bkhHpf;F KjypYk; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk;
epw;fpw caph; bel;blGj;Jfs; VGk; (M/</C/V/I/X/xs) jj;jk; mstpy; ePz;L xypf;Fk;. mijf;
Fwpf;f bel;blGj;Jfspd; ,dkhd Fw;bwGj;Jfs; mtw;wpd; gf;fj;jpy; (gpd;dhy;) ,lg;gLk;.
,t;thW tUtJ capusbgil vdg;gLk;. capusbgil @d;W tifg;gLk;.
4. bra;a[spir msbgil vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k;nghJ mjid epiwt[ bra;a bel;blGj;Jfs; msbgLj;jiyr; bra;a[spir
msbgil vd;nghk;. ,jid ,irepiw msbgil vd;Wk; TWth;.
(v.fh.) Xxjy; ntz;Lk; ? bkhHp Kjy;
cwhmh;f; FWneha; ? bkhHpapil
ey;yglhm giw ? bkhHpapWjp.
5. ,d;dpir msbgilia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ,d;dpir msbgil MFk;.
(v.fh.) bfLg;gJ}ck; bfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; kw;wh=;nf
vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kiH.
6. brhy;ypir msbgilia tpsf;Ff.
bra;a[spy; xU brhy; kw;bwhU brhy;yhfj; jphpe;J msbgLg;gJ brhy;ypir msbgil MFk;.
(v.fh.) cudir, cs;sk; Jizahfr; brd;whh;
tudir, ,d;Dk; cnsd;.
`tpUg;gk;~ vDk; bghUs; jUfpd;w èir~ vd;Dk; brhy; `tpUk;gp~ vDk; bghUs; jUtjw;fhf
msbgLj;jJ. bgah;r;brhy;/ tpidmilahf khwpaJ. (tpidbar;rr; brhy;)
33
7. xw;wsbgil vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff.

bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k;nghJ mjid epiwt[ bra;a bka;baGj;Jfshd =;/+;/z;/e;/k;/d;/t;/a;/
y;/s; Mfpa gj;Jk; B vd;Dk; Ma;j vGj;Jk; msbgLg;gJ xw;wsbgil MFk;.
(v.fh.) tps=;=; fdpe;j
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tps=;=; bfhspia.....
vBBfpy=;fpa ifauha; ,d;Daph;
btBBFthh;f;fpy;iy tPL.
8. ehk; Vd; ,yf;fzk; fw;f ntz;Lk;>
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bkhHpiag; gpiHapd;wpj; bjspt[wg; ngrt[k; vGjt[k; ,yf;fzk; fw;f ntz;Lk;.
bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fis mwpat[k; Jizbra;tJ ,yf;fzk;. vdnt ehk; ,yf;fzk; fw;f ntz;Lk;.
9. brhy; vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff.
Xh; vGj;J jdpj;njh/ gy vGj;Jfs; nrh;e;njh bghUs; jUk; tifapy; miktJ brhy; MFk;.
m) ,U jpizfisa[k; Ie;J ghy;fisa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
M) @tif ,l=;fspYk; tUk;.
,) cyf tHf;fpYk; bra;a[s; tHf;fpYk; tUk;.
<) btspg;gilahft[k; Fwpg;ghft[k; tps=;Fk;.
10. bkhHp vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bkhHp @d;W tifg;gLk;
mit/
i) jdpbkhHp ? fz;
ii) bjhlh;bkhHp ? fz;zd; te;jhd;
iii) bghJbkhHp ? nt=;if
11. jdpbkhHpia tpsf;Ff.
jdpbkhHp : xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W bghUs; jUkhapd; mJ jdpbkhHp vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) fz;/ go ? gfhg;gjk;
fz;zd;/ goj;jhd; ? gFgjk;
12. bjhlh;bkhHpia tpsf;Ff.
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l jdpbkhHpfs; bjhlh;e;J te;J bghUs; jUtJ bjhlh;bkhHp MFk;.
(v.fh.) fz;zd; te;jhd;.
kyh; tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;whs;.
13. bghJ bkhHpia tpsf;Ff.
xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU bghUisa[k/; mr;brhy;ny gphpe;J epd;W ntW bghUisa[k; je;J
jdpbkhHpf;Fk; bjhlh;bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; miktJ bghJbkhHp vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.) i) vl;L ? vl;L vd;w vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,itna vs; + J vdg; gphpe;J vs;is cz; vd;Wk;.
ii) nt=;if ? nt=;if vd;w kuj;ija[k"; nt=;if/g[yp vd;w tpy=;ifa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
ntk; + if vdg; gphpe;J ntfpd;w if vdt[k; bghUs; jUk;.
,it ,U bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; miktjhy; bghJ bkhHp.
14. bjhHpw;bgah; vd;why; vd;d> v.fh jUf.
xU tpid my;yJ braiyf; Fwpf;Fk; bgauhdJ vz;/,lk;//fhyk;/ ghy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;ghfnth
btspg;gilahfnth czh;j;jhky; tUtJ bjhHpw;bgah; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.) <jy;/ elj;jy;/ goj;jy;
15. tpFjpbgw;w bjhHpw;bgah;fs; tpsf;Ff.
tpidaoa[ld; tpFjp nrh;tjhy; cUthFk; bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgah; MFk;.

34
tpidao tpFjp bjhHpw;bgah;

el jy; elj;jy;
thH; if thH;f;if
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Ms; my; Msy;
xnu tpidao gy tpFjpfisa[k; Vw;Fk;.
(v.fh.) el vd;gJ tpidao (gFjp) eil/ elj;ij/ elj;jy;
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16. vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgaiu vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; vGJf.
bjhHpy; epfHhjpUj;jy;
vjph;kiwg; bghUspy; tUtJ vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah; MFk;.
(v.fh.) elthik/ bfhy;yhik
17. Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah;/ Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; ? tpsf;Ff.
Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; : tpFjp bgwhky; tpidg; gFjpna bjhHpw;bgauhjy; Kjdpiyj;
bjhHpw;bgauhFk;. (v.fh.) jl;L/ ciu/ mo.
,r;brhw;fs; jl;Ljy;/ ciuj;jy;/ moj;jy; vd;W bghUs;gLk; nghJ Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;
bgau;fshfpd;wd.
Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;:
,it tpFjp bgwhky; Kjdpiy jpupe;J tUk; bjhHpw; bgau;fshFk;.
bjhHpw;bgau; Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw; bgau; Kjdpiyj; jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
bfLjy; bfL nfL
RLjy; RL R{L
18. tpidahyiza[k; bgaiu tpsf;Ff.
xU tpidKw;W bgaupd; jd;ikia mile;J ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk; ntbwhU
gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L KotJ tpidahyiza[k; bgah; vdg;gLk;.
mJ jd;ik/Kd;dpiy/glh;f;if/ Mfpa @d;W ,l=;fspYk; @d;W fhy=;fspYk; tUk;.
(v.fh.) te;jth; mth; jhd;. bghWj;jhh; g{kpahs;thh;.
19. bjhHpw; bgaUf;Fk;?tpidahyiza[k; bgaUf;Fk; cs;s ntWghL jUf.
bjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;Fk; bjhHpiyr; bra;a[k; fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
fhyk; fhl;lhJ fhyk; fhl;Lk;
glh;f;iff;nf cupaJ @tplj;jpw;Fk; cupaJ
v.fh ? ghLjy;/ goj;jy; v.fh ? ghoats;/ goj;jth;
20. ``bfhLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhh;f;F mLf;fpa
nfhocz; lhapDk; ,y;~~ ? ,f;Fwspy; tUk; msbgilfis vLj;J vGJf. PTA - 1 & 5
bfhLg;gJ}ck;
Ja;g;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil te;Js;sJ.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ,d;dpir msbgil MFk;.
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IV. rpWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)

1. `mwpe;jJ/ mwpahjJ/ g[hpe;jJ/ g[hpahjJ/ bjhpe;jJ/ bjhpahjJ/ gpwe;jJ/ gpwthjJ ? ,it
midj;ija[k; ahk; mwpnthk;. mJ gw;wp ckJ mwpt[iu vkf;Fj; njit ,y;iy. vy;yhk; vkf;Fj;
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bjhpa[k;.,f;Tw;wpy; tz;z vGj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; bjhHpw;bgah;fshf khw;wp vGJf.
bjhHpw;bgah; :
mwpe;jJ ?
mwpjy; bjhpe;jJ ? bjhpjy;
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g[hpe;jJ ? g[hpjy; gpwe;jJ ? gpwj;jy;
vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah; :
mwpahjJ ? mwpahik g[hpahjJ ? g[hpahik
bjhpahjJ ? bjhpahik gpwthjJ ? gpwthik
fw;git fw;wgpd;...
1. njd;/ E}y;/ ig/ kyh;/ th ? ,j;jdpbkhHpfSld; brhw;fisr; nrh;j;Jj; bjhlh;bkhHpfshf;Ff.
njd; clYf;F ey;yJ.
E}y; gy fy;.
igapDs; g[j;jf=;fis mLf;fp it.
kyh; tPl;ow;Fr; brd;whs;.
th vd;W miHj;jhs; vHpyp.
2. tpid moia tpFjpfSld; ,izj;Jj; bjhHpw;bgah;fis cUthf;Ff.
fhz;/ rphp/ go/ jL
(v.fh.) fhz; ? fhl;rp/ fhQjy;/ fhzy;/ fhzhik.
rphp ? rphpg;g[/ rphpj;jy;/ rphpf;fhik.
go ? gog;g[/ goj;jy;/ gof;fhik
jL ? jLg;g[/ jLj;jy;/ jLf;fhik
3. jdpbkhHp/ bjhlh;bkhHp Mfpatw;iwf; bfhz;L ciuahliyj; bjhlh;f.
mz;zd; ? v=;nf bry;fpwha; (bjhlh;bkhHp)
jk;gp ? filf;F. (jdpbkhHp)
mz;zd; ? filapy; vd;d th=;Ffpwha; > (bjhlh;bkhHp )
jk;gp ? g[j;jfk; th=;Ffpnwd; (bjhlh;bkhHp)
mz;zd; ? vjw;F > (jdp bkhHp)
jk;gp ? gog;gjw;fhf th=;Ffpnwd;.(bjhlh; bkhHp)
mz;zd; ? rhp/ vdf;Fg; gof;fj; jUthah> (bjhlh; bkhHp)
jk;gp ? rhp/ mz;zh/ cdf;Fk; gof;fj; jUfpnwd;. (bjhlh; bkhHp)
4. kiy vd;id mof;fo miHf;Fk;/ kiykPJ VWntd;; " Xhplj;jpy; mkh;ntd; " nkYk; fPGk;
ghh;g;ngd; " Rw;W Kw;Wk; ghh;g;ngd; kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
,j;bjhlh;fspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; jdpna vLj;bjGjpj; bjhHpw;bgah;fshf khw;Wf.
tpid Kw;Wfs;: miHf;Fk;: VWntd;/ mkh;ntd;/ ghh;g;ngd;/ va;Jk;
bjhHpw;bgah;fs;: miHg;g[/ miHj;jy;/ VWjy;/ mkh;t[/ mkh;jy;/ ghh;j;jy;/ va;Jjy;.
5. fl;L/ brhl;L/ tHpghL/ nfL/ nfhwy; ? ,j;bjhHpw;bgah;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
fl;L/ brhl;L ? Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah;
nfL ? Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;.
tHpghL/ nfhwy; ? tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgah;
36
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
I. goj;Jr; Ritf;f
ghlypy;/ kuk; vd;Dk; brhy;/ ,lj;jpw;nfw;gg; bghUs; jUtjha; 11 ,l=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
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bghUs;fisg; bghUj;jpg; goj;Jr; Ritf;f
murd; Fjpiuapy; Vwp
ntypidj; njhspy; itj;J
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murd; g[ypiaf; fz;L
ntypdhy; g[ypiaf; Fj;jp
fhl;odJ tHpna brd;W
tskidf; nfFk; nghJ
muridf; fz;l khjh;
Muj;jp vLj;jhh; → jdpg;ghly; jpul;L → Re;juftpuhah;
II. bkhHpbgah;g;g[ PTA -2
1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in
his own language that goes to his heart. - Nelson Mandela.

xU kdpjdplk; VjhtJ xU bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy;/ mJ mtdJ jiyapy; brd;W gjpe;JtpLk; :
Mdhy; mtdJ jha;bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy; ehk; ngRtJ mtdJ ,jaj;jpy; gjpe;J tpLk;.
→ bey;rd; kz;nlyh
2. Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where
they are going - Rita Mae Brown.
bkhHp ehfhpfj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;w tHp: mJ kf;fis v=;fpUe;J te;jhh;fs;: v=;Fr; bry;fpwhh;fs;

vd;gijj; bjspt[gLj;Jk;. → hplh nk gpbusd;
III. re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiHfisj; jpUj;Jf. PTA - 5
`` njzpny Chpa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit tpil:

njUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij ``njdpny Cwpa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit
Cdpny vk;Kaph; cy;yyt[k; ? epjk; njWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij
Xjp a[dh;e;jpd; g[Unthnk~~ Cdpny vk;Kaph; cs;sst[k; ? epjk;
Xjpa[zh;e;jpd; g[Wnthnk.~~
→ ftpkzp njrpf tpehafdhh;
IV. fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;fspd; Tl;lg;bgah;fisf; fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf.
(Ftpay;/ Fiy/ ke;ij/ fl;L)
brhy; Tl;lg;bgah;
fy; Ftpay; (fw;Ftpay;) PTA - 4
gHk; Fiy (gHf;Fiy)

g[y; fl;L (g[w;fl;L)
ML ke;ij (Ml;Lke;ij)
fPiu fl;L (fPiuf;fl;L) PTA - 4
kf;fs; Tl;lk; (kf;fs;Tl;lk;)
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V. tpidKw;iw tpidahyiza[k; bgauhf khw;wpj; bjhlh;fis ,izj;J vGJf.

1. fiyau=;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mtiu miHj;J thU=;fs;
fiyau=;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu miHj;J thU=;fs;.
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2. Cl;lkpF czt[ cz;lhh;. mth; ePz;l thH;ehs; bgw;whh;.
Cl;lkpF czt[ cz;lth; ePz;l thH;ehs; bgw;whh;.
3. new;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhh;. mth; vd; ez;gh;.
new;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jth; vd; ez;gh;.
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4. bghJ mwpt[ E}y;fisj; njog; goj;jhh;. nghl;oj; njh;tpy; btd;whh;.
bghJ mwpt[ E}y;fisj; njog; goj;jth; nghl;oj; njh;tpy; btd;whh;.
VI. bjhlh;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; brhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mnj bghUSila ntW
brhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; bjhlh;fis kPs vGJf.
1. cyfpy; thGk; kf;fspy; rpyh; fdpapUf;ff; fha; g[rpj;jiyg;nghy/ ,d;brhy; ,Uf;f td;brhy; ngrp
,d;dw;gLfpd;wdh;.
g{kpapy; thGk; khe;jUs; rpyh; gHkpUf;ff; fha; rhg;gpLtijg; nghy/ ,d;brhy; ,Uf;f td;brhy;ngrp

my;yy;gLfpd;wdh;.
2. ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thote;j g[ytDf;Fj; jdJ jiyiaf; bfhLj;J k=;fhg; g[fH;
bgw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; VH;ikahy; thote;j ,utyDf;Fj; jdJ jiyia <e;J k=;fhg; bgUik
bgw;whd;.
3. esDk; mtdJ Jiztpa[k; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L/ me;ehl;L kf;fs; kiHKfpy; fz;l
k+;i+ nghyf; fsp bfhz;ldh;.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpa[k; eplj ehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L me;ehl;L kf;fs; kiHnkfk; fz;l
kapy; nghy kfpH;r;rp bfhz;ldh;.
4. nrhiyapw; g{j;j kzkyh;fspy; RUk;g[fs; bkha;j;Jg; gz;gho kJt[z;ld. PTA - 1
njhl;lj;jpy; g{j;j kzkyh;fspy; tz;Lfs; bkha;j;Jg; gz; gho njid cz;ld.
5. gRg;nghy; rhe;jKk; g[ypnghy; jPuKk; ahid nghy; ciHg;g[k; kdpjDf;F ntz;Lk;.
Mitg;; nghy; mikjpa[k; nt=;if nghy; tPuKk; fspW nghy; ciHg;g[k; kdpjDf;F ntz;Lk;.
VII. fl;Liu vGJf.

Fkhpf; fly;Kidiaa[k; nt=;fl kiyKfl;ila[k; vy;iyahff; bfhz;l bjd;dth;
jpUehl;ow;Fg; g[fH; njoj;je;j bgUik/ jifrhy; jkpHd;idiar; rhUk;. vHpy;nrh; fd;dpaha;
vd;Wk; jpfGk; mt;td;idf;F/ gps;isj; jkpH; ngrp/ rjfk; rikj;J/ guzp ghof; fyk;gfk;
fz;L/ cyhte;J/ me;jhjp Twp/ nfhit ahj;J/ mzpahfg; g{l;o mHTl;o mfk;kpf
kfpH;e;jdh; bre;ehg; g[yth;fs;. ,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; bfhz;L `rhd;nwhh; tsh;j;j jkpH;~
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vGJf. PTA - 1
rhd;nwhh; tsh;j;j jkpH;
Kd;Diu:
fhyk; gy khwpDk;/ fz;lk; gy mHpe;jhYk; rpwg;g[ila bkhHpahfj; jkpH;bkhHp jpfH;fpwJ. ,ay;/
,ir/ ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpHha; tsh;e;J/ fd;dpj;jkpHha;/ bre;jkpHha;/ tz;lkpHha;/ ige;jkpHha;
tyk; tUk; xnu bkhHp jkpH; bkhHpna MFk;.
38
fd;dpj; jkpH;
``jkpH; v=;fs; ,sikf;Fg; ghy;~~ vd;whh; ghujpjhrd;. fhyk; gy fle;jhYk; jkpHhdJ vd;Wk;
,sikaha;/ tsikaha; fd;dpj;jkpHha;j; jpfH;fpwJ. jkpHpd; ,sik/ brGik/ tsik vd;Wk;
tsh;e;j tz;zkha; cs;sJ.
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gps;isj;jkpH;
jiytidnah flt[isnah FHe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J/ gj;Jg; gUt=;fshf mikj;Jg; ghLtJ

gps;isj; jkpHhFk;. gUtj;jpw;Fg; gj;Jg;ghly;fshf E}W ghly;fshy; ghlg;gLtJ gps;isj;jkpH;.
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xl;lf;Tj;jh; ghoa ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J=;fd; gps;isj; jkpH; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. FkuFUguh; ghoa
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpH;/ Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpH; epfuw;w jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fshFk;.
rjfj;jkpH;
E}W ghly; bfhz;l E}Yf;Fr; rjfk; vd;W bgah;. khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUr;rjfnk Kjw;rjfkhFk;.

,J cs;sKUFk; gf;jpg; ghl;lhFk;. gHbkhHpfs;/ ePjpbewpKiwfs;/ ,iwtd; Jjp ghLk; fUj;Jfs;
nghd;wit rjfg; ghly;fspd; jdpr; rpwg;g[fshFk;.
guzpj; jkpH;:
``Mid Mapuk; mkhpil btd;w
khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp~~ vd ,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;oay; guzpf;F ,yf;fzk; jUfpwJ.
nghh;f;fs btw;wpiag; g[fH;e;J ghLtnj guzpahFk;. bra=;bfhz;lhh; ghoa fyp=;fj;Jg; guzpna
fhyj;jhy; Kw;;gl;ljhFk;.
fyk;gfj; jkpH;:
gy;ntW cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;L mfKk; g[wKkha;f; fye;J/ gy;ntW ghtpd=;fshy; ghlg;gLtJ
fyk;gfk;. fyk;+gfk; vdg; gphpj;Jf; fyk; vd;gJ gd;dpuz;L vd;Wk;/ gfk; vd;why; mjpy; ghjp
vd;Wk; bfhz;L gjpbdl;L cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;L ghlg;gLtJ fyk;gfkhFk;/ ee;jpf;fyk;gfnk
Kjw;fyk;gfkhFk;.
cyh tUk; jkpH;:
murh;fs; cyh tUk; nghJ VG gUt k=;ifaUk; fz;L fhjy; bfhz;L ka=;Ftjhfg; ghLtJ
cyh ,yf;fpakhFk;. ``CbuhL njhw;wKk; chpj;bjd bkhHpg~~ vd;w bjhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh cyh
,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpna Fwpf;fpwJ.
me;jhjp:
xU ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vGj;J mir/ rPh;/ mo/ ahbjDk; xd;W mLj;j ghlypd; Kjypy; tUk;go
mikj;Jg;ghLtJ me;jhjp vdg;gLk;. jkpHpy; me;jhjp ,yf;fpa tifna kpFjp/ tpUj;jnk ,jd;
ahg;g[ totkhFk;.
nfhitj; jkpH;:
xU ghl;ow;Fk; mLj;j ghl;ow;Fk; epfH;r;rp thpir mike;j fij nghy mikj;J vGJtJ nfhitahh;

g[fH;bgw;w ,yf;fpar; bry;tkhFk;. bgha;ahbkhHpg; g[ytuhy; ghlg;gl;l j+;irthzd; nfhit
g[fH; bgw;w E}yhFk;.
Kot[iu:
rhd;nwhh; gyuhy; gy;tif ,yf;fpa=;fs; gh=;fha; tsh;e;jd. ,yf;fpa tot=;fisj; je;j

rhd;nwhh;fs; jkpiH tsh;g;gjpy; jdp <LghL bfhz;L bray;gl;ldh;.
VIII. eak; ghuhl;Lf.

njdpDk; ,dpaew; bre;jkpH; bkhHpna
bjd;dhL tps=;Fwj; jpfGe;bjd; bkhHpna
CdpDk; xsph;t[Wk; xz;lkpH; bkhHpna
czh;tpDf; Fzh;tjha; xsph;jkpH; bkhHpna
39
thdpDk; X=;fpa tz;lkpH; bkhHpna

khe;jUf; fpUfzh ta=;Fed; bkhHpna
jhddp rpwg;g[We; jdpj;jkpH; bkhHpna
jiHj;jpdp njh=;Ftha; jz;lkpH; bkhHpna. ? fh. ekr;rpthah;.
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Kd;Diu:
ew;g[yika[ila g[yth; fh. ekr;rpthah; ek; jkpH;bkhHpapd; rpwg;gpidg; glk; gpoj;J/ tUzpj;Jg;
ghLfpwhh;. jkpH; bkhHpf;F vj;jid ! vj;jid bgah;fs; ! vHpy;kpF mUikahd bgah;fs; ! bre;jkpH;/
tz;lkpH;/ jz;lkpH; vdr; rhw;Wfpwhh;. jkpHpd; rpwg;ig ehKk; eak; fz;L Ritg;nghkh>
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bghUs; eak;:
``thiHf;Ff; FUj;jHF~
tz;lkpH;g; ghlYf;Ff; fUj;jHF~~
jpuz;l fUj;J
njidtpl ,dpa ey;y brk;ikahd jkpH;bkhHpna- bjd; jkpHfk; rpwe;J tps=;Fwj; jpfH;fpd;w
bjd;bkhHpna- clk;gpYk; xsph;e;J ,y=;Ffpd;w xsp bghUe;jpa bkhHpna- kf;fs; czh;t[fspy;
fye;J czh;t[g;g{h;tkhd xspUfpd;w jkpH;bkhHpna-

thdj;ij tpl X=;fp cah;e;j tsikahd jkpH;bkhHpna- kf;fSf;bfy;yhk; ,uz;L fz;fshf
tps=;Ffpd;w ey;y bkhHpna- jdpj;jkpHhf epd;W rpwg;g[w;Wg; g[fH; tps=;Fk; Fsph;r;rpahd
jkpH;bkhHpna eP jiHj;Jr; brHpj;J tsh;e;J cah;;e;j g[fiH milthahf-
ikaf; fUj;J
jkpH; bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fisa[k; ? bgUikfisa[k; fh. ekr;rpahah; etpy;fpwhh;.
bjhil eak;
``bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~~.
nkhidj; bjhil
xU bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPh;njhWk; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhidj; bjhil vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) xsph;t[Wk;/ xz;lkpH;/ xsph;jkpH; CdpDk;/ czh;tpDk;/ czh;tjha;/ tz;lkpH;/ ta=;F
jdpj;jkpH;/ jiHj;J/ jz;lkpH;.
vJifj; bjhil
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPh;njhWk; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J epw;f/ ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp
tUtJ vJifj; bjhil vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.) njdpDk;/ xz;lkpH;/ bjd;bkhHp/
CdpDk;/ tz;lkpH;/ ed;bkhHp/
thdpDk;/ jz;lkpH ; bjd;dhL
,dpJ/
jdpj;jkpH;/ X=;fpa/
,dpa/ X=;fptha;
,iag[j; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah rPnuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[j; bjhil vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.) bkhHpna/ bkhHpna
vd;W vl;Lr; rPh;fspy; ,iag[j; bjhil te;J mHFw mike;Js;sJ.
brhy;eak; :
``mh;r;RdDf;F tpy;Y
mUk; ghlYf;Fr; brhy;Y~~
fh. ekr;rpthahpd; ,g;ghlypy; brhy;eak; kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
(v.fh.) njdpDk; ,dpa
CdpDk; xsph;t[Wk;
thdpDk; X=;fpa
jhddp rpwg;g[Wk; ? vd;W brhy;eak; rpwe;Js;sJ.
40
Riteak; :
`èhtpw;F mWRit-
ew;ghtpw;F vz;Rit--
`èifna mGif ,sptuy; kUl;if
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mr;rk; bgUkpjk; btFsp ctif ? vd
mg;ghbyl;nl bka;g; ghbld;g~~
? vd;gjw;nfw;g ,g;ghlypy; ``khe;jUf;F ,U fzh ta=;F ed; bkhHpna~~ vd;W
bgUkpjr; Rit kpFe;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.
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mzpeak; :
``gzpapy;yh tdpija[k;
mzpapy;yhr; bra;a[Sk; rpwf;fhJ~~.
vdnt ``nfhtpYf;F kzp mHF~~
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF vd;gJnghy; ,r;bra;a[spy; brhy;yzpeak; kpsph;e;Js;sJ.
(v.fh.) ``thdpDk; X=;fpa tz;lkpH; bkhHpna~~ ? vd;W thdj;ij tpl cah;e;j tsikahd jkpH;
bkhHpna vd;W cah;t[ etpw;rpahf kpifg;gLj;jpg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,g;ghly; rpwf;fpwJ.
Kot[iu :
,t;thW ,g;ghlypy; vJif/ nkhidj; bjhilfSk; brhy;eak;/ bghUs; eak;/
mzpea=;fSk; rpwg;g[w mike;J/ fw;nghiuf; fth;e;J/ tpaf;f itf;fpwJ.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
I. brhw;fis ,izj;Jg; g[jpa brhw;fis cUthf;Ff. PTA - 1
njd;/ tpsf;;F/ kiH/ tpz;/ kzp/ tpy=;F/ bra;/ nkfiy/ thd;/ bghd;/ g{(v.fh) g{kzp
bghd;kzp/ kzpnkfiy/ njd; kiH/ thd; kiH/ bghd; tpsf;F/ g{tpy=;F/ g{kiH/ g{kzp/
bra;thd;/ bra;njd;/ bghd;tpy=;F.
II. Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L tpdhtpnyna tpil ,Ug;gJ nghd;W tpdhj;bjhlh;fs; mikf;f
Fwspd;gk;/ Ritf;fhj ,sePh;/ fhg;gpar; Rit/ kdpjFy nkd;ik/ tpLKiwehs;.
(v.fh.) Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpHd; cz;lh>
1. Ritf;fhj ,sePuhy; gandJk; cz;lh>
2. fhg;gpar; Ritapd; mUikia mwpahjhh; ahh;>
3. kdpj Fy nkd;ikapd; kfj;Jtj;ij mwpahjhh; csnuh>
4. tpLKiw ehs; nghy; kfpH;r;rp jUk; ehs; ntW cz;lh>
III. vz;Qg;bgah;fisf; fz;L/ jkpH; vz;fspy; vGJf.
bra;a[s; mo vz;Qg; bgah; jkpH; vz;
ehw;wpira[k; bry;yhj ehoy;iy ehd;F r
vWk;g[e;jd; ifahy; vz;rhz;; vl;L m
Ie;Jrhy;g[ Cd;wpa J}z; Ie;J U
MYk; ntYk; gy;Yf;FWjp/ ehYk; ,uz;Lk; brhy;Yf;FcWjp ehd;F/ ,uz;L r/ c
PTA - 2
Mid Mapuk; mkhpil btd;w khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp Mapuk; f 000
41
IV. mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.

➢ mltp ? fhL/ jpus;/ nrhiy
➢ mty; ? gs;sk;/ tpisepyk;/ Fsk;
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➢ Rty; ? njhs;/ KJF/ nkL/ Fjpiu/ fGj;Jkaph; (gplhpkaph;)
➢ brW ? bra;/ nfhgp/ tay;/ ghj;jp/ Fsk;
➢ gHdk; ? Fsk;/ tay;/ kUjepyk;
➢ g[wt[ ? fhL/ g[wh/ Ky;iyf;bfho
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V. fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf. PTA - 1
fhijg; bghj;jp ey;yijf; nfl;nghk;

fz;iz @o mHif ,urpg;nghk;
thia @o ey;ytw;iwg; ngRnthk;
@d;Wk; mlf;fp @jwp+h; Mnthk;.
fy;tpawpnt fz;Qf;F xspahFk;.
fw;wtnu Ik;g[yida[k; mlf;Fth;.
glk; czh;j;Jk; fUj;ij Ie;J bjhlh;fspy; tpsf;fp vGJ.

1. mwpt[f;fz; jpwf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;/
2/ fy;tpna ek; mwpahikiaj; jpwf;Fk; jpwt[nfhy;.
3/ fy;tpawpnt +hdk; bgwr; bra;a[k;.
4/ rpe;jpf;fhky; capuw;wtidg; nghy; Mfhky; jLg;gJ Vl;lwpnt.
5/ vjph;fhyj;ijg; bghw;fhyk; Mf;FtJ fy;tpna MFk;/
VI. epw;f mjw;Fj; jf...
,d;brhy; tHp jPa brhy; tHp
gpwh; kdk; kfpGk; gpwh; kdk; thLk;
mwk; tsUk; mwk; nja[k;
g[fH; bgUFk; ,fH; bgUFk;
ey;y ez;gh;fs; nrUth; ey;y ez;gh;fs; tpyFth;
md;g[ epiwa[k; gifik epiwa[k;
,jpy; eP=;fs; bry;Yk; tHp ahJ> c=;fs; ez;gUf;Ff;Ff; fhl;Lk; tHp ahJ>
➢ eh=;fs; ,d;brhy; tHpiana gpd;gw;Wnthk;
➢ v=;fs; ez;giua[k; ,d;brhy; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wpna elf;fr; bra;nthk;.
VII. fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;

Vowel - capbuGj;J PTA - 1 Consonant - bka;baGj;J
Homograph - xg;bgGj;J PTA - 1 Conversation - ciuahly;
Monolingual - xU bkhHp Discussion - fye;Jiuahly;
¼¼ ¼¼
42

10th Tamil Loyola EC Full Guide 2020-21

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www.kaninikkalvi.

,ay; bghUz;ik ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; Mrphpah; bgah; g. v©

2 caphpd; Xir Ky;iyg;ghl;L* eg;g{jdhh; 57

4 ehd;fhk; jkpH; ghpghly; fPue;ijahh; 119

,ay; bghUz;ik ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; Mrphpah; bgah; g. v©

ehfhpfk;/ ehL/ r@fk; Vh; g[jpjh> F.g. uh$nfhghyd; 220

,ay; ftpijg; ngiH

II. nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f. tpilfs;

III. gphpj;J vGJf. IV. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ jUf.

V. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

1) KfpH;j;j ? KfpH; + j; + j; + m 2) Foj;J ? Fo + j;; + j; + c 3) KH=;f ? KH=;F+ m

6. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; ahit>

2. bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; ? Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

,ay; ciueil cyfk;

1 jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; ? k.bgh.rpt+hdk;

III. gphpj;J vGJf. IV. nrh;j;J vGJf.

VI. epWj;jw;Fwpapl;L vGJf.

2. fhybts;sj;jpy; fiue;Jnghd bkhHpfSf;fpilapy; ePe;jp jd;id epiyepWj;jp bfhz;Ls;sJ

IX. FWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)

11. jhtu=;fspd; moapypUe;J gphpe;J bry;Yk; gphpt[fSf;F tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>

➢ gjuha;g; nghd kpsfha; brhz;L vdg;gLk;.

xUbkhHp epiybgw;W ,Uf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mk;bkhHpapy; mjpfr; brhy;tsk;

2. xU bghUs; jUk; gy brhw;fisg;; gl;oaypLf.

,ay; ftpijg; ngiH

1 ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; ? re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhh;

8. jkpHHfdhh;______rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;. gd;dpuz;L

m) fp.th.b$fe;ehjd; mth;fSf;F ez;gh; tPl;ony mUe;Jtjw;fhfg; ghy; je;jhh;fs;. ghypy; vWk;g[

1 ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; ? vHpy;Kjy;td;

ehd; : tzf;fk;. ehd; eykhf cs;nsd;. mg;gh vg;go cs;shh;>

6. cudir, ,jpy; gapd;W tUk; msbgil ______ PTA - 6

III. FWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)

7. xw;wsbgil vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff.

tpidao tpFjp bjhHpw;bgah;

IV. rpWtpdh (ghl E}y; tpdh)

II. bkhHpbgah;g;g[ PTA -2

III. re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiHfisj; jpUj;Jf. PTA - 5

`` njzpny Chpa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit tpil:

gHk; Fiy (gHf;Fiy)

kf;fs; Tl;lk; (kf;fs;Tl;lk;)

V. tpidKw;iw tpidahyiza[k; bgauhf khw;wpj; bjhlh;fis ,izj;J vGJf.

VII. fl;Liu vGJf.

VIII. eak; ghuhl;Lf.

thdpDk; X=;fpa tz;lkpH; bkhHpna

IV. mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.

fhijg; bghj;jp ey;yijf; nfl;nghk;

glk; czh;j;Jk; fUj;ij Ie;J bjhlh;fspy; tpsf;fp vGJ.

VII. fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;

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m) fp.th.b$fe;ehjd; mth;fSf;F ez;gh; tPl;ony mUe;Jtjw;fhfg; ghy; je;jhh;fs;. ghypy; vWk;g[