2021 14th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications We6Track A.
A Review of Solar Photovoltaic System
Maintenance Strategies
Ahmad Abubakar Carlos Frederico Meschini Almeida
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
2021 14th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON) | 978-1-6654-4118-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/INDUSCON51756.2021.9529669
and Automation
Escola Politecnica da Universidade de Escola Politecnica da Universidade de
São Paulo, USP
São Paulo, Brazil
namatoyaa@usp.br
Abstract—Generation of energy from renewable energy
sources has been gaining momentum and popularity in recent
years. This is owing to the global commitment to decelerate
global warming, reduce greenhouse gas emission and avoid
environmental pollution by cutting down fossil fuel-based
generation to the barest minimum. Solar energy generation as
an alternative is one of the most common renewable energy
generation technologies in the world today. The technology
however, has its setbacks and requires constant maintenance in
order to maintain high generation efficiency and avoid faults
and generation downtime. This study reviews the strategies
and methods for mitigating the various faults associated with
solar photovoltaic systems. It also attempts examining the
effects of these strategies on the overall performance of
photovoltaic systems.
Keywords—maintenance, fault, PV system,
mitigation, solar, renewable energy, performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
The world has in recent years witnessed higher
consumption of fossil fuel [1] due to higher demand of
energy [2] arising from rapid technological and social
advancements. As a result, some issues gained greater
prominence, such as global warming, GHG emissions,
environmental issues and climate change [3] from the
excessive combustion of fossil fuel to meet high demands
and subsequently the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere [4],
[5]. To mitigate these issues, energy generation from
renewable and clean sources such as solar [6], [7] and wind
are encouraged [8]. These technologies have seen
exponential rise and development over the years, especially
solar energy. More and more residential, commercial and
industrial consumers have, and are adopting solar PV as their
source of power generation because of the growing concern
of oil depletion, environmental concerns, fuel price
dependency and operational complexity associated with
fossil fuel generation [9]–[11].
This technology however is not without its issues. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems over time have often become less
efficient with low productivity. This can be due to
malfunctioning of PV system component parts and especially
the DC section (PV cells and MPPT) which leads to faults
and fluctuations in the system [12]–[18]. Other faults
experienced can be due to soiling, vegetation or shading [19],
PV array faults as open/short circuit and MPPT faults, hot
spots, delamination, junction box faults, module short circuit,
dirt accumulation, corrosion of the connections, cracks in the
cells, module mismatch, and faults from damaged connection
[20], [21].
978-1-6654-4118-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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Matheus Gemignani
Department of Electrical Engineering
and Automation and Automation
Escola Politecnica da Universidade de
São Paulo, USP São Paulo, USP
São Paulo, Brazil São Paulo, Brazil
cfmalmeida@usp.br matheusg@alumni.usp.br
To eliminate or reduce these faults and ensure optimum
operation of solar PV systems, there is the need to adopt
effective operation and maintenance (O&M) strategies as
properly installed solar PV system with proper O&M has an
expected lifetime of more than 25 years whereas poor O&M
practices shortens the expected lifetime [22], [23]. Greater
penetration of PV in the electricity network has naturally led
to greater emphasis on keeping PV systems up and running
and PV segment is trending towards O&M approaches that
promote greater oversight and management capability [24].
There are three main aims of an effective O&M strategies;
cost reduction, availability improvement and productivity
increase [24].
There are several researches, literatures and institutional
body reports (e. g. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
strategies,
NREL and Electric Power Research Institute EPRI) that are
focused on O&M methods adopted for solar PV systems
[20]. Some of these literatures focus on specific fault
detection methods [25]–[28], while others focus on general
O&M strategies [29]–[31]. Experimental investigation of
soiling losses and a novel cost-effective cleaning system for
PV modules is presented in [32]. PV plant inspection
methods using infrared drone are presented in [33] and [34].
A study to measure PV system energy losses caused by snow
for two locations in the U.S. was conducted in [35] and a
model was developed for predicting the losses from
snowfall, while the authors in [36] presented a methodology
for measuring the losses of yield of PV solar cells due to
degradation and dirt in large scale PV systems. The effect of
snowfall on solar PV performance is examined in [37], while
[38] presented the effect of dust accumulation on the
performance of evacuated tube solar collectors.
Thermographic inspection was suggested in [39] to be one of
the best instruments to check PV systems. It further stated
that although it permits the detection of common defects on
PV modules and considerable reduction in images post-
processing time, and consequentially increasing cost savings,
thermographic inspection takes longer time for a correct
investigation. Wind speed cooling effect on PV panels in
windy locations is investigated in [40], while study [41] is a
research on the impact of dust on solar PV performance.
Preliminary results of an ongoing study on the application of
aerial infrared thermography (IRT) imaging for diagnosis,
classification and quantification of faults in operating PV
plants is presented in [42]. Fault diagnosis and O&M by the
use of artificial intelligence are presented in [43]–[47].
The present paper focuses on the review of mitigation
strategies and methods for the various types of faults in PV
systems proposed in various literatures and reports.
1400 ISBN 978-1-6654-4118-6
 II. TYPES OF FAULTS IN PV SYSTEMS
This section discusses the various types of faults that
affect the performance of PV systems and phenomena that
causes faults in PV systems.
Snow covering: Snow coverings on PV module in regions
where this phenomenon exists causes the efficiency and
productivity of the system to reduce [48].
Hotspot: Hotspot is a condition that occurs in PV cells and
modules [49] when the electrical characteristics of series
connected modules or cells of PV strings become
mismatched. A sustained hotspot causes hotspot fault [50]–
[53].
Partial shading: The presence of objects such as trees,
nearby buildings and overhead power lines that cast shadow
on PV module constitutes partial shading and any resulting
faults in termed partial shading fault [54], [55].
Uniform irradiance distribution: This refers to the variation
of irradiance intensity during a particular time of day [56].
Soiling: The presence of dirt, dust, and bird droppings on PV
module reduces the productivity and efficiency of the
module, hence soiling fault [57].
Ground fault: Any accidental connection between a current-
carrying conductor and an equipment-grounding conductor
that leads to flow of current to the ground [53] [58]–[60].
Arc fault: This is a fault resulting from a high-power
discharge of electricity across an air gap between conductors
[60]–[62]. There are two types of arc faults; series arc fault
which is due to discontinuity in any of the current carrying
conductors as a result of solder disjoint, corrosion of
connectors, cell damage, rodent damage or abrasion from
different sources [61], [62], and parallel arc faults resulting
from insulation breakdown in current carrying conductors
[61], [62].
Line-to-line faults: Accidental short circuit between any two
points of different voltage potentials in termed line-to-line
fault [58], [63], [64].
Bypass diode faults: This is as a result of overheating,
partially shaded cells [49] or as a result of short-circuit in
case of incorrect connection [52].
Degradation faults: Delamination, cracks in cells, defects in
antireflective coating and delamination over cells and
interconnections lead to degradation and increasing of the
internal series resistance [65].
Bridging fault: Low-resistance connection between two
points of different potential in string of module or cabling is
referred to as a bridging fault [52], [63].
Open-circuit fault: This is caused by the physical breakdown
of panel-panel cables or joints, objects falling on PV panels,
and loose termination of cables, plugging and unplugging
connectors at junction boxes [66].
MPPT faults: The results from a problem in MPPT charge
controllers [67], [68].
Cabling faults: This is as a result of breakage or damage of
connecting cables [69].
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Sudden natural disasters: Total blackout due to Lightning,
storm, and so on and so forth [70].
Inverter faults: Failure of each component of inverter such as
IGBTs, capacitors, and drive circuitry can result in inverter
failure [71].
III. O&M TYPES
Maintenance in solar PV systems is aptly defined in [72]
as a set of actions focused on the preservation of the PV
plant in good operation conditions, avoiding its degradation.
In this section, this study discusses three types of
maintenance; preventive, corrective and predictive
maintenance, which according to EPRI, are the three general
categories of all solar maintenance strategies [73].
A. Preventive Maintenance
This type of maintenance is carried out periodically and
according to specific maintenance guidelines and schedules
to minimize operation downtime [74]. It is done to ensure
optimal operating conditions of equipment and the whole
plant at large, and to prevent component defects and failures
[74]. It includes routine inspections, servicing and cleaning
at scheduled intervals to minimize unnecessary production
losses, and although it can help improve maintenance and
avoid component failures, this type of maintenance strategy
may incur avoidable expenses from inefficient and
unnecessary site visits resulting in higher maintenance costs
[73]. Scheduling of this type of maintenance and its
frequency depends on factors such as equipment type, site
environmental conditions, manufacturers’ recommendations
and warranty terms [75]. Panel cleaning, vegetation
management, wildlife prevention, water drainage, and
upkeep of system components are some examples of
preventive maintenance [24].
B. Corrective Maintenance
Corrective maintenance is carried out after system or
component failure has occurred. It may be done immediately
or deferred to correct failures, anomalies, malfunctions,
breakdowns or damages detected during routine inspections
or through remote monitoring systems, alarms and other
sources [74]. Urgent corrective maintenance are carried out
the moment they are detected, while less urgent ones can be
combined with scheduled preventive maintenance [75].
Corrective maintenance analyzes the prospect of lower labor
and maintenance cost for reduced energy production
resulting from component/system failure [73]. On-site
monitoring/mitigation, warranty enforcement, and critical
and non-critical reactive repairs are some examples of
corrective maintenance [24].
C. Predictive Maintenance
Also referred to as condition-based maintenance,
predictive maintenance is carried out in order to assess the
PV system condition and use real-time system performance
information to evaluate and determine when to schedule
preventive maintenance and anticipate corrective
maintenance, and catching them early [73]–[75]. This type of
maintenance helps lower the frequency of preventive
measures and reduce the impacts and costs of corrective
measures [74]. Planned and unplanned equipment
replacement and warranty enforcement, and remote and on-
site active monitoring are some examples of condition-based
maintenance and actions [24].
IV. O&M STRATEGIES IN PV SYSTEMS
This section reviews various O&M strategies/methods in
PV systems. The primary aim of these methods is
monitoring PV systems and the detection and diagnosis of
faults in the system [49]. The quality and effectiveness of a
method depends on its ability to detect a fault and pinpoint
its location in the shortest possible time to avoid
unnecessary generation downtime [76].
A. Monitoring-based Strategies
Monitoring-based methods of fault detection in PV
systems are based on analytical comparison between
measured electrical parameters (such as output power,
current and voltage) and parameters obtained from a standard
referenced model [77]–[80]. Although monitoring-based
methods permits effective detection of faults, their major
drawback is the inability to locate faulted components [81].
Advanced surveillance systems are economically
unrealistic for small-scale PV systems and therefore some
partial energy loss system failures go unnoticed for long
periods. In a bid to tackle this issue, a fully automated
performance check for these types of systems has been
developed and presented in [79]. These performance check
guarantees maximum energy yields and optimizes system
maintenance by detecting system malfunction early and
changing operating conditions to prevent both energy and
financial losses. The monitoring procedure could detect
system failures in a short period of time but identification of
failure source which takes longer time limits its
effectiveness.
Another system diagnosis and fault detection in PV
systems based, on continuous check of measured thermal and
miscellaneous capture losses [78], [82], [83] (power losses
indicators), is proposed in [81]. It is an automated
supervision system developed to analyze power losses
present in the DC side of the PV generator and capture
losses. This method detects, isolates and determines failure
types utilizing current and voltage ratio indicator types.
Web-based monitoring systems are also attractive
monitoring methods due to the ability to distribute data and
information among remote users and this data can be viewed
on any device with connectivity around the world [84]–[86].
Zigbee-based data acquisition system for online monitoring
of grid-connected PV system is developed in [84]. The
authors proposed an online monitoring of grid-connected PV
systems where parameters such as temperature, irradiation,
and PV and inverter power outputs are monitored and easily
accessed via web. As the method was applied to a specific
location, using specific software and programming language,
the authors noted that results may differ if the same method
is utilized in a different location, using different software and
programming language.
B. Artificial Intelligence-based Strategies
Artificial intelligence (AI) methods use machine
learning (ML) algorithms that are thought through training
with data [53]. ML entails the use of data for training,
evaluation, parameter tuning and prediction in order to teach
an algorithm to solve problems. ML algorithms are
advanced and are being increasingly used in real life day to
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day applications such as healthcare [87], language
processing [88], self-driving cars [89] etc. In PV
applications, ML is also used for fault detection and
diagnosis. The major drawback of these types of methods is
that they often require high computing power and high
computing knowledge to operate. To train the algorithms, it
is also required a large amount of data.
In [90], an algorithm for intelligent PV panel fault
diagnosis is proposed based on nonlinear autoregressive
exogenous (NARX) network and linguistic fuzzy rule-based
system. The algorithm developed by the authors require the
actual and predicted PV system output power, and
surrounding conditions to isolate and classify faults that may
occur in PV systems. According to obtained results, the
algorithm is able to detect multiple faults, such as open and
short circuit degradation, faulty maximum power point
tracking (MPPT), and conditions of partial shading (PS) that
may affect the PV system. In addition, the algorithm is able
to capture radiation and temperature, among other non-
linear associations of patterns between predictors, in order
to determine the accurate point of the maximum power for
the PV system.
Daniel Riley and Jay Johnson in [91] proposed an ANN
model-based prognostics and health management system
developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) in order to monitor the health of a PV system,
measure degradation, and indicate maintenance schedule.
By teaching the algorithm the good performance behavior
based on array performance, the method eliminates the need
for prior information, in order to monitor PV systems. Other
ANN-based methods are found in [92], where a less
sophisticated ANN-based method is proposed for fault
diagnosis in complex and critical PV systems. And, in [47],
two different algorithms are developed in order to isolate
and identify eight different faults in PV systems.
The AI-based method proposed in [93] is based on a
hierarchical context-aware anomaly detection method using
unsupervised learning and a multimodal anomaly
classification method, while the method proposed in [94]
monitors the state of PV power stations using a generated
semi-supervised support vector machines (SVM) classifier
from historical monitoring sunlight intensity data, and then
employed in outlier detection algorithm and solar power
prediction algorithm. The outliers considered in the
methodology are the current, voltage and temperature of the
PV modules in the power station. Other AI-based methods
that use ML for fault detection and diagnosis in PV systems
are presented in [95]–[102].
C. Statistical and Signal Processing-based Strategies
In statistical and signal processing-based techniques, the
influence of PV system faults in the output characteristics of
PV arrays is explored for fault detection and diagnosis.
Analysis of wavelet signals utilizing the principles of time
domain reflectometry (TDR) and spread-spectrum TDR
(SSTDR), where uniform impedance and properly
terminated electric transmission line has no reflections of its
injected signal as the signal is absorbed in the termination
end [53], is also applied as a statistical and signal processing
technique for fault detection in PV modules [49]. TDR and
SSTDR do not require measurement of PV parameters, such
as current and voltage, and problems detection is possible
even in the absence of solar irradiance [53].
A detection algorithm developed in [103] uses current
change from time domain analysis and normalized root
mean square values from wavelet transformations as inputs
to differentiate between normal and arc fault conditions. An
improved TDR, SSTDR is used in [104] for the detection of
ground faults, while in [105] it is used for not only detection
but also prediction of parallel and series arc faults. A
method for locating faults in PV modules/array based on
TDR technique is also proposed in [106], where the authors
suggested that, although the method can be used for the
detection of faults, it is easily affected by installation
conditions, such as wiring and other PV array component
materials. Other methods that utilize the reflectometry
technique are presented in [107]–[109].
D. Comparison-based Strategies
Comparison-based technique is another method of fault
detection and diagnosis in PV systems utilized by O&M
methods, where quantities are compared. Comparison could
be between a measured quantity and a predicted quantity of
PV array, between measured quantities or between derived
quantities from either measured or predicted quantities [53].
The accuracy of this technique is heavily dependent upon
the quality of model used for the predicted quantity [53].
Example of fault detection and diagnosis method that uses
this technique can be found in [25], where a model that
introduced two new parameters; gamma and array losses is
used for detecting PV array faults and partial shading.
Another example can be found in [110], where fault
detection was done based on compared quantities of AC
power production results. Other examples can be found in
[81], [111]–[116].
E. Other strategies
There are other fault detection and diagnosis techniques
that do not fall into any of the categories above.
The use of wearable smart glasses for solar PV O&M is
an O&M strategy proposed in [117]. Some of the features of
the smart glass makes it ideal for O&M practices in solar
PV systems as proposed in the literature. These features
include camera for image and video capturing [118], [119];
microphone for speech recognition and documentation
[120]; GPS for positioning [121]; magnetometer for
navigation services based on magnetic field intensity, and
direction and measurement [122], [123]; and light sensor for
readability and enhancing visual display [124]. The
limitation of the strategy is that it is only effective in small-
scale PV systems [117].
Another O&M strategy is the hybrid hydrophobic-
hydrophilic coating with an array of isolated hydrophilic
circular rings that is proposed in [125] to efficiently use
condensation to create a self-cleaning glass surface for the
purpose of tackling soiling losses in solar PV systems. To
achieve the hybrid self-cleaning glass, hydrophilic patterns
are fabricated on hydrophobic coated solar cover glass in
order to increase dew collection efficiency thereby reducing
soiling rates. The limitation of this strategy of creating self-
cleaning glass is the drilling process used in the experiment.
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The drilling is expensive and it causes the scattering of light
and potential for initiating cracks.
A generic model for the evaluation of different
maintenance strategies that are applied to PV plants
configured is various ways and their effects on O&M and
opportunity costs is developed in [126]. In the model,
present value of all maintenance actions such as costs
associated with service team operations and costs of buying
new component parts determines the O&M costs, while
present value of all lost electricity revenues because of
offline arrays, determines opportunity costs. The limitation
of the model is that the possibility of repairing components
is neglected. A component that can be repaired with little
cost is replaced, incurring higher maintenance costs.
V. CONCLUSION & REMARKS
This study presents the review of various fault detection
and diagnosis strategies/methods in solar PV systems. The
various types of faults that occur in PV systems such as
inverter, partial shading, cabling, MPPT, open circuit,
bridging, degradation, bypass diode, line-to-line, arc, ground,
soiling, faults, faults due to snow covering and hotspot,
uniform irradiance distribution and sudden natural disasters
were presented. Preventive, corrective and predictive
maintenance types as the three general categories of all
maintenance strategies were also presented. In the present
study, all reviewed fault detection and diagnosis methods in
PV systems were classified under four categories. The
methods are either monitoring-based, AI-based, comparison-
based or statistical and signal processing-based. Strategies
and methods that do not fall under the four categories were
classified as others. These mitigation methods are very
important as PV systems require constant maintenance in
order to maintain high generation efficiency and avoid faults
and generation downtime. The quality and effectiveness of a
fault detection and diagnosis method depends on; its ability
to detect a fault and pinpoint its location in the shortest
possible time; its relative affordability; and ease of use.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Ahmad Abubakar thanks Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for
the financial support and scholarship.
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