Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 1 # Kw¤úDUvi

Kw¤úDUvi
wm‡jevm Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm : Kx †evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi

‡U÷ : 09 (Kw¤úDUvi-01)
fvm©b : b‡f¤^i, 2021 wLª÷vã
cÖkœ we‡kølY
KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43
Kw¤úDUvi
Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm : Kx †evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi
BbcyU wWfvBm 2 1 1 - - - -
AvDUcyU wWfvBm 1 - - - - -
BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm - - - - 1 - 2
IwmAvi - - - - 1 - -
Kw¤úDUv‡ii A½msMVb : wmwcBD, GGjBD, nvW©wW¯‹
mdUIq¨vi - - 1 - - - -
‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU - - 1 - 1 - -
‡WUv evm, K‡›Uªvj evm I A¨v‡Wªm evm - 1 - 1 - - -
Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ - 2 - - - - -
RAM, ROM 2 - - 1 - - -
wW¯‥ d«vM‡g‡›Ukb - - - 1 - - -

Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm : Kx-‡evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi

Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm n‡jv— H mKj nvW©Iq¨vi †h¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©cwiwa I Kvh©ÿgZv
e„w× K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm mg~n—BbcyU wWfvBm, AvDUcyU wWfvBm Ges Kw¤úDUvi †÷v‡iR|
BbcyU Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ‡Kvb KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i DcvË ev Z_¨ BbcyU (Input) w`‡Z nq| GB
wWfvBm Z_¨ BbcyU w`‡Z ‡h mKj hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq, ‡m mKj hš¿‡K ejv nq BbcyU wWfvBm (Input Device)|
AvDUcyU Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU ev wmwcBD cÖvß Z_¨ ev BbcyU‡K e¨enviKvixi ‡`Iqv wb‡`©k Abyhvqx
wWfvBm cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ n‡j Zvi djvdj wn‡m‡e AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| ‡h mKj
h‡š¿i gva¨‡g AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq, ‡m mKj hš¿‡K AvDUcyU wWfvBm (Output Device) e‡j|
BbcyU AvDUcyU Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Ggb wKQy cÖhyw³ Av‡Q hv‡`i‡K BbcyU-AvDUcyU Dfq ai‡bi wWfvB‡mi g‡Zv
wWfvBm KvR Ki‡Z ‡`Lv hvq|
BbcyU gvDm OMR Rqw÷K ¯‥¨vbvi wWwRUvBRvi MICR Barcode Reader
wWfvBm Kx-‡evW© OCR ‡g‡gvwi KvW© ‡mÝi gvB‡µv‡dvb WebCam Magnetic Tape Drive
Smart Card Reader Punch Card Reader jvBU‡cb MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU
AvDUcyU wWfvBm wcÖ›Uvi w¯úKvi cÖ‡R±i †nW‡dvb cøUvi gwbUi
BbcyU AvDUcyU g‡Wg UvP w¯…b VDU wmwW/wWwfwW †Uc †iKW©vi wfwWI K¨v‡giv
wWfvBm n¨vÛ‡mU mvDÛ KvW© Fax wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv wcÖ›Uvi-¯‥¨vbvi ‡bUIqvK© KvW©
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 2 # Kw¤úDUvi

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BbcyU wWfvBm

Kx-‡evW©
 Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) KvR K‡i— Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e| Kx-‡evW©‡K e‡j— Kb‡mvj|
 eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ Kx-‡evW©¸‡jv‡Z †gvU Kx (Key) Gi msL¨v— 102-105 wU|

 Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) web¨vm ev †j AvDU wZb ai‡bi— QWERTY, QWERTZ Ges AZERTY|
 we‡k¦i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Kx-‡evW© †jAvDU— QWERTY | D™¢veK— wµ‡÷vdvi jv_vg †mvjm|
 QWERTZ Layout Gi Kx ‡evW©wU e¨eüZ nq— ga¨ BD‡iv‡c|
 AZERTY Layout Gi Kx-‡evW©wU e¨eüZ nq— BD‡iv‡c| me‡P‡q ‡ewk e¨eüZ nq— ‡ejwRqvg I d«v‡Ý|
 Keyboard Gi Key ¸‡jv— 8 ai‡bi (Kvm©i Kx, UvBwcs Kx, †U·U Kx, dvskb Kx, †¯úkvj Kx, wbD‡gwiK Kx,
K¨v‡i±vi Kx Ges †¯úmevi Kx)|
 Kx-‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Key Gi Abb¨ †KvW‡K e‡j— ¯‥¨vb †KvW|
 MS Word G e¨eüZ Kx †ev‡W©i kU©KvU (Shortcut)
 Ctrl+A = Select All  Ctrl+C = Copy  Ctrl+X = Cut  Ctrl+V = Paste
 Ctrl+Z = Undo  Ctrl+S = Save  Ctrl+P = Print  Ctrl+R = Search
 Ctrl+Y = Redo  Ctrl+M = New Slide  Ctrl+N =New Page  Ctrl+End Key = End
dvskb Kx  dvskb Kx e¨envi Kiv nq— Z_¨ ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev wb‡`©k c«`v‡bi Rb¨|
 ‡gvU dvskb Kx i‡q‡Q— 12wU| ‡hgb : (F1 ‡_‡K F12 ch©š-Í 12wU Key)|
Avjdv-  Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv I MvwYwZK msL¨v wewkó Key n‡jv— AvjdvwbD‡gwiK Key|
wbD‡gwiK Kx  Avjdv wbD‡gwiK Key n‡jv— Kx-‡ev‡W©i eY© ev b¤^i Key ¸‡jv|
 Kx ‡ev‡W©i (Keyboard) G AskwU UvBc ivBUv‡ii gZ eY© (A-Z) Avi AsK (0-9)
wewfbœ w`‡q mvRv‡bv _v‡K| ‡hgb : A, B, C, …..Z, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
ai‡Yi wbD‡gwiK Kx  Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) wbD‡gwiK Key (cÖgvwYK Kx) Av‡Q— 17wU (Kx-‡ev‡W©i Wvb
Kx (Key)
As‡k 0 †_‡K 9 Ges †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` wbD‡gwiK Key)| h_v : 0– 9,
del, Enter, , , , , Num Lock.
gwWdvqvi Kx  Kx-‡ev‡W©i ‡h mKj ‡evZvg ‡P‡c A¶i ev eY© web¨v‡mi KvR Ges Ab¨vb¨ ai‡Yi KvR
Kiv nq, ‡mme ‡evZvg‡K ejv nq— gwWdvBqvi Kx| ‡hgb: Kx- ‡ev‡W© wkdU
(Shift), K‡›U«vj (Ctrl), KgvÛ (Command), Aëvi (Alt), U¨ve (Tab),
K¨vcm jK (Caps Lock), GdGb, DB‡ÛvRmn wewfbœ ai‡bi gwWdvqvi Kx
mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K| h_v- Shift, Tab, Ctrl, Caps Lock, Alt BZ¨vw`|
Kvm©i gyf‡g›U  PviwU Kvm©i gyf‡g›U Kx () Gi gva¨‡g Kvm©i‡K Pviw`‡K miv‡bvi KvR Kiv
Kx hvq| h_v : (Up), (Right), (Down), (Left)|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 3 # Kw¤úDUvi
 Function Key Gi e¨envi
Kx kU©KvU e¨envi
F1 Help SHIFT + F1 Pvc‡j ‡ní Kx (Help key) Pvjy n‡e| CTRL + ALT + F1 Pvc‡j
gvB‡µvmdU wm‡÷g Z_¨ ‡`Lv hv‡e|
F2 Rename GwU e¨envi K‡i ‡h‡Kv‡bv dvBj, ‡dvìv‡ii bvg e`jv‡bv (Rename) hvq|
F3 Search Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq ‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ Lyu‡R wb‡Z n‡j F3 Pvc‡Z n‡e|
F4 Stop/Open ALT + F4 Pvc‡j DB‡Ûv‡R Pvjy _vKv ‡h‡Kv‡bv ‡cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kiv hv‡e|
F5 Slide Show, cvIqvi c‡q‡›U F5 ‡P‡c ¯øvBW †kv (Slide Show) ‡`Lv hvq| Iqv‡W© F5 Kx Pvc‡j
Find, Replace, Find and Replace window Pvjy n‡e| GQvovI Kw¤úDUvi Refresh Kivi Rb¨ F5
Refresh evUb e¨eüZ nq|
F6 Address Bar GB Kx Pvc‡j Kvm©i B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRv‡ii Address Bar G P‡j hv‡e|
F7 Spelling Spelling wVK Kivi kU©KvU Kx| GQvovI gvB‡µvmdU Iqv‡W© SHIFT + F7 Kx
Pvc‡j Gi Awfavb ‡_‡K mgv_©K kã Lyu‡R †bIqv hv‡e|
F8 Safe mood DB‡ÛvR Pvjy nIqvi mgq GB Kx Pvc‡j DB‡ÛvR ‡md gy‡W KvR ïiæ Ki‡e|
F9 System option GwU Pvc‡j DB‡ÛvR wgwWqv †cøqv‡ii (fwjDg) evov‡bv hvq|
F10 Menu Bar F10 Pvc‡j AwaKvsk †cÖvMÖv‡gi †gby evi (Meun Bar) ‡`Lvq|
F11 Full Screen ‡h †Kv‡bv B›Uvi‡bU I‡qe eªvDRv‡i F11 Pvc‡j †mwU c`v©Ry‡o (Full Screen) ‡`Lv‡e|
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡j Shift + F11 Pvc‡j bZzb Spread Sheet ‡Lvjv hv‡e|
F12 Reboot/Save as Aå evsjv Kx-‡evW© evsjv/Bs‡iwR ‡jLv hv‡e F12 Kx ‡P‡c| Shift + F12 Kx Pvc‡j
IqvW© WKz‡g›U †mf (Save) Kiv hv‡e|
 WKz‡g‡›U Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Kx-‡ev‡W©i e¨envi
Enter MS word G bZzb c¨vivMÖvd •Zwi nq GB Kx Gi mvnv‡h¨|
Esc GB Kx Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wb‡`©k evwZj Ki‡Z nq|
Tab w¯…‡b Paragraph, Column, Number, Article G ïiæi ¯’vb cÖ¯‘‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx e¨eüZ nq|
Caps Lock GB Kx e¨envi K‡i Bs‡iwR Small letter I Capital letter UvBc Kiv nq|
Shift GKB Iqv‡W©i g‡a¨ ev ïiæ‡Z eo I ‡QvU eY© UvBc Ki‡Z GB Kx e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡hgb : Dhaka, Khulna
kã `ywU wjL‡Z c«_g `ywU A¶‡i wkdU Kx ‡P‡c a‡i Ges c‡ii A¶i¸‡jv wkdU Kx ‡Q‡o w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|
GQvov Shift Key Gi mv‡_ Function Key ‡P‡c a‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ KgvÛ ‡`Iqv nq|
Ctrl GB Kx Gi mv‡_ we‡kl Kx GK mv‡_ ‡P‡c KgvÛ ‡`Iqv nq| e¨enviKvixi myweavi Rb¨ Kx-‡ev‡W©i Wv‡b I
ev‡g GB Kx 2wU _v‡K| ‡hgb- Ctrl + A = Select All, Ctrl + S = Save, Ctrl + P = Print|
Alt wewfbœ ‡c«vM«v‡g wb‡`©k ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ GB Kx wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges wewfbœ KgvÛ ‣Zwi Kiv hvq|
Pause/Break Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡Kvb ‡jLv hw` `ªæZMwZi Rb¨ co‡Z Amyweav nq Zvn‡j GB Kx ‡P‡c Zv cov hvq|
Print Screen Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vi `„k¨Z hv wKQz _v‡K Zv ¯…xb kU wb‡Z PvB‡j GB Kx e¨envi Kiv nq|
Home GB Kx e¨envi K‡i Kvm©i‡K cvZvi cÖ_‡g Avbv nq|
End Ctrl+End Key Pvc‡j Kvm©i †hLv‡bB _vKzK bv †Kb Text ev Page Gi cvZvi †k‡l P‡j Av‡m|
Page Up GB Kx e¨envi K‡i Kvm©i‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K DVv‡bv nq|
Page ‡Kvb ‡jLvi gv‡S ‡Kvb wKQy wjL‡j Zv mvaviYZ ‡jLvi Wvb w`‡K ‡jLv nq, wKš‘ GB Kx ‡P‡c wjL‡j Zv
Down c~e©eZ©x e‡Y©i Dc‡i Ifvi ivBwUs nq| KvR ‡k‡l Avevi GB Kx Pvc‡j Zv c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m|
Backspace ‡Kvb ‡jLvi wcQ‡bi Ask gy‡Q ‡dj‡Z GB Kx e¨envi Kiv nq|
Space Kx-‡ev‡W©i Kx ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GB Kx wU me‡P‡q j¤^v| ‡Kvb evK¨ ‡jLvi mgq kã ¸‡jvi gv‡S dvuKv Kivi Rb¨
Bar GB Kx e¨envi Kiv nq|
Num Lock GB Kx Pvcv _vK‡j Wvb w`‡Ki Kx¸‡jv (wbD‡gwiK Kx) Pvjy nq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 4 # Kw¤úDUvi
 RbwcÖq `yBwU evsjv Kx †evW©
Aå Kx  cÖwZôvZv— Wv. †g‡nw` nvmvb Lvb (26 gvP© 2003 mv‡j)| evsjvq webvg~‡j¨ gy³ mdUIq¨vi|
†evW©  Aå Kx ‡evW© n‡jv— gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR, g¨vK IGm, Dey›Uz Ges wjbv·-G MÖvwdK¨vj Layout cwieZ©K
Ges BDwb‡KvW G evsjv ‡jLvi webvg~‡j¨i Ges gy³ mdUIq¨vi|
 ‡dv‡bwUK— Bs‡iwR D”PviY K‡i evsjv †jLv hvq|
 F12 dvskb Kx †cÖ‡mi gva¨‡g ch©vqµ‡g evsjv Ges Bs‡iwR †j-AvD‡U hvIqv hvq|
weRq Kx  evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q ‡ewk e¨eüZ GB Kx †ev‡W©i ¯^Z¡vwaKvix— ‡gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi| cÖ_g ms¯‥iY— 16 wW‡m¤^i
†evW© 1988 wLª÷vã| GB Kx †ev‡W© †j AvDU cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ GK‡Î Pvc †`qv Kx-Îq— Alt+Ctrl+B|
 1988 wL«÷v‡ã Avb›` Kw¤úDUvm© bv‡g GKwU ‡emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M ‣Zwi Kiv nq— A¨vcj
g¨vwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Dc‡hvMx cÖ_g B›Uvi‡dm ÔweRqÕ|
 evsjv d›U I evsjv Kx-‡evW©‡K AvBweGg Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ÔgvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvRÕ Gi m‡½
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ B›Uvi‡dm ÔweRqÕ D™¢vweZ nq— 1993 mv‡j|

gvDm
o gvDm Avwe®‥vi K‡ib— ÷¨vb‡dvW© wimvP© BÝwUwUD‡U WMjvm A¨v‡ÄjevU© (1963 mv‡j)| gvDm me©cÖ_g e¨eüZ
nq— †gwK‡›Uvm Kw¤úDUv‡i (1984 mv‡j)| gvDm— `yB ai‡bi (Mechanical Ges Optical).
o c‡qw›Us wWfvBm ejv nq- gvDm‡K (Kx-‡evW© Qvov gvD‡mi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi wbqš¿Y Kiv nq)|
o Gi gva¨‡g gwbU‡ii ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv m¤¢e|
o gvDm Scroll Kiv mnR— PvKvi gva¨‡g (GKwU ÷¨vÛvW© gvD‡m `ywU ev wZbwU evUb _v‡K)|
o gvDm bvov‡j gwbU‡ii Dci †h Zxi wPý †`Lv hvq ‡mwU‡K ejv nq— Kvm©i|
o gvD‡mi cÖavb KvRmg~n— c‡qw›Us (Pointing), wK¬K (Click) Wª¨vM GÛ Wªc (Drag & Drop), wm‡j±
(Select)|
o ‡Kv‡bv Qwe, AvBKb ev DB‡Ûv‡K wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi evg evUb †P‡c a‡i †U‡b Avbv‡K ejv nq— WªvM ev WªvwMs|
evgcv‡ki †evZvg gvDm Øviv †Kvb dvBj ev †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡j H dvBj ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi Dci c‡q›Uvi wb‡q evg
Primary or Left cv‡ki †evZvg w`‡q Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z nq| Pvjy Kiv ‡Kvb †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Ki‡Z ev Minimize Ki‡Z
Button evgcv‡ki †evZvg w`‡q GK evi wK¬K Ki‡j eÜ ev wgwbgvBR n‡q hv‡e|
Wvbcv‡ki †evZvg Wvbcv‡ki †evZvg w`‡q †Kvb dvBj Ô‡mf Kiv, †c÷ Kiv, †K‡U †djvmn †Kvb dvBj ev ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi
Right Button we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbv hvq| Wvb cv‡ki †evZv‡g me mgq GK evi wK¬K Ki‡Z nq| GB evUb w`‡q `yB evi
wK¬K Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
gv‡Si †evZvg gvSLv‡bi †evZvg ev PvKv evUb ïay ‡Kvb eo †cBR Gi Dc‡i I wb‡P †h‡Z Kv‡R jv‡M|

OCR
 OCR— Optical Character Recongnition|
 Bgvby‡qj †MvìevM© me©cÖ_g GB aviYvcÖm~Z GKwU †gwkb D™¢veb K‡ib— 1914 mv‡j|
 KvR ✤ wewfbœ `vM I e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i| •e`y¨wZK ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g †Kvb eY© cov n‡”Q Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i|
✤ ¯‥¨vb †U·U‡K m¤úv`‡bi Dchy³ †U·‡U cwiewZ©Z K‡i|
✤ gyw`ªZ ‡jLv mivmwi BbcyU ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
✤ wPwVi wcb †KvW, B‡jKwUªK wej, BÝy‡iÝ wcÖwgqvg, †bvwUk BZ¨vw` covi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
✤
eZ©gv‡b nv‡Zi ‡jLv‡K Kw¤úDUvi ‡U·‡U cwiYZ Ki‡Z eûj cÖPwjZ wWfvBm|
 e¨envi— cvm‡cvU© WKz‡g›U, Bbf‡qm, e¨vsK †÷U‡g›U, weR‡bm KvW©mn Ab¨vb¨ ÷¨vwUK †WUv wcÖ›U Gi Kv‡R|
OMR (Optical Mark Reader) MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
GKwU hš¿ hv †cwÝj ev Kvwji `vM eyS‡Z cv‡i| MCQ Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb eY© cov n‡”Q Zv †evSv hvq| Zdwmwj
cixÿvi fivU Kiv †MvjK co‡Z cv‡i e‡j GwU OMR e¨vsKmg~‡n †P․¤^K Kvwj‡Z wjwLZ MICR ‡P‡Ki e¨envi †`Lv
Sheet g~j¨vq‡Y e¨eüZ nq| hvq| mKj Zdwmwj e¨vs‡K eva¨Zvg~jK- MICR †PK|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 5 # Kw¤úDUvi
Ab¨vb¨ BbcyU wWfvBm
o Joystick— †Mgm †Ljvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq (Kw¤úDUvi †Mgm †Ljvi wbqš¿K— External Input Device)|
Rqw÷‡Ki mvnv‡h¨— Kvm©i‡K c`©vi Dci B”Qvg‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq miv‡bv hvq|
o ¯‹¨vbvi— d‡UvKwc †gwk‡bi g‡Zv †`L‡Z wWfvBm hvi gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb †jLv, Qwe, Wªwqs, Ae‡R± BZ¨vw` ¯‥¨vb K‡i
Kw¤úDUv‡i wWwRUvj B‡gR (wWwRUvj B‡gR‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv GwWU Kiv hvq) wn‡m‡e KbfvU© Kiv nq|
o MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU— gvD‡mi weKí hš¿| GwU †`L‡Z— †cw݇ji †¯ø‡Ui g‡Zv|
o I‡qeK¨vg— GKwU wfwWI K¨v‡giv| Gi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU wfwWI P¨vwUs Kiv hvq|
o ‡mÝi— GK ai‡bi UªvÝwWDmvi| †hgb— jvBU †mÝi, mvDÛ †mÝi, wnU †mÝi, ev‡qv‡gwUªK UvBg K¬K †mÝi|
o OMR— Optical Mark Recognition/Reader| ‡MvjK fivU Kiv LvZv co‡Z/ eû wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœvewji
†WUv BbcyU w`‡Z/ ‡cwÝj Ges Kvwji `vM eyS‡Z e¨eüZ nq e¨envi Kiv nq— OMR|
o MICR— Magnetic Ink Character Recognition/Reader. MICR g~jZ e¨en©Z nq— e¨vs‡K (`ªæZ †PK
cÖ‡mwms Kiv nq)| MICR ‡jLv nq— †P․¤^K Kvwj ev †d‡iv‡mvwdwiK A·vBWhy³ Kvwji mvnv‡h¨|
o wWwRUvBRvi— MÖvwd·, Wªwqs, g¨vwcs, A¨vwb‡gkb, bKkv BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU †`qv nq| Rwgi †g․Rv g¨vc
msiÿY I m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Rwic Awa`ßi wWwRUvBRvi e¨envi K‡i‡Q|
o evi‡KvW wiWvi— ‡KvW wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ evi‡KvW wiWvi †_‡K †ei nq jvBU (Light)| evi‡KvW wiWvi me‡P‡q †ewk
e¨eüZ nq— mycvi gv‡K©‡U| G‡K universal product code ejv nq|
o OMS (Optical Measurment System), MICR n‡jv— Optical ¯‥¨vbvi|

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AvDUcyU wWfvBm

gwbUi
 gwbU‡ii KvR †jLv I Qwe †`Lv‡bv| gwbUi‡K wfRyq¨vj wWm‡cø BDwbU (Visual Display Unit) ejv n‡q _v‡K|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ cÖ`k©‡bi ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡”Q— wc‡·j| Bs‡iwR Picture Element Gi mswÿß iƒc— wc‡·j|
†WUv cÖ`k©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ gva¨‡gi ÿz`ªZg GjvKv (gwbU‡ii c`©v) Gi eY© I D¾¡jZv ¯^vZš¿¨fv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv‡KB
ejv nq— wc‡·j| gwbU‡ii wc‡·j MwVZ nq— 3wU i‡Oi mgš^‡q (Red, Green & Blue)|
 wc‡·‡ji D¾¡jZv wVK ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û wc‡·j¸‡jv KZevi wiPvR© nq Zvi msL¨v‡K ejv nq— wi‡d«k †iU
(Refresh rate)| c`©vq Qwe `„p nq- Refresh rate Gi msL¨vi Dci| Refresh rate ‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq— nvU©R
GK‡K| wWm‡cø‡Z cÖ`wk©Z Qwei m~²Zv‡K e‡j— Resolution|
 wfwRG (Video Graphics Array-VGA) Kv‡W©i ÿgZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i— gwbU‡i `„k¨gvb Qwei ¸YMZ gvb|
 K‡qKwU RbwcÖq wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi— VGA (Vdeo Graphics Array), SVGA (Super Video Graphics
Array, XGA (Extended Graphics Array)|
 wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi B›Uvi‡d‡mi mvnv‡h¨ gwbU‡i dzwU‡q †Zvjv nq— †jLv, Qwe|
 gwbU‡ii Ae¯’vb me‡P‡q fvj— †Pv‡Li D”PZvi mgvb n‡j| Z‡e †Pv‡Li D”PZv †_‡K 10-150 wb‡P n‡Z cv‡i|
 gwbUi mvaviYZ wZb cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v—
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Light Emitting Diode (LED)
K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ wUDehy³ gwbUi| wfZ‡i mgZj c`©vi (d¬vU c¨v‡bj ejv nq) LCD Gi g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡jI
dmd‡ii cÖ‡jc _v‡K| gwbUi| Zij wµ÷vj e¨envi Kiv nq| e¨vKjvBU wfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
iwOb gwbU‡i wZbwU †g․wjK is (Avmgvwb, meyR, we`y¨r cwievwnZvi gva¨‡g LCD gwbU‡ii gZ cvi` (Hg)
jvj) cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU B‡jKwUªK Mvb _v‡K| ¯^”Q wµ÷vj PvwR©Z n‡q e¨envi Kiv nq bv e‡j GwU
mv`vKv‡jv gwbU‡i B‡jKwUªK Mvb _v‡K GKwU| Qwe dzwU‡q †Zv‡j| cwi‡ekevÜe|
Raster scan c×wZ‡Z B‡gR wWwRUvj Nwo ev K¨vjKz‡jU‡i Kvj‡P †Pv‡Li Rb¨ fv‡jv I ¯’vqxZ¡Kvj †ewk|
•Zwi K‡i| Aby¾j †h ‡jLv dz‡U D‡V Zvi wfwË|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 6 # Kw¤úDUvi
wcÖ›Uvi
‡h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖvß djvdj KvM‡R Qvcv‡bv hvq Zv‡K e‡j— wcÖ›Uvi| wcÖ›Uvi GKwU— AdjvBb wWfvBm|
wcÖ›Uv‡ii †iRy‡jkb cwigvcK GKK— wWwcAvB (Dots Per Inch)| Kvh©cÖYvjx Abymv‡i wcÖ›Uvi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— B¤ú¨v±
wcÖ›Uvi Ges bb B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi| B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— jvBb wcÖ›Uvi Ges wmwiqvj wcÖ›Uvi|
B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi bb-B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi
jvBb wcÖ›Uvi wmwiqvj wcÖ›Uvi D`vniY— †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi, _vg©vj wcÖ›Uvi, w¯’iwe`y¨r wcÖ›Uvi,
†PBb Ges Wªvg wcÖ›Uvi †WBwR ûBj Ges WU g¨vwUª· B¼‡RU wcÖ›Uvi|
 WU g¨vwUª· wcÖ›Uv‡ii MwZ cwigvcK GKK— Characters per second (CPS)|
 WU wcP‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq— wgwjwgUvi GK‡K| wcÖ›Uvi †iRy‡jkb cwigvcK GKK/ GKwU wcÖ›Uv‡ii AvDUcy‡Ui ¸bMZ
gvb cwigvc Kiv nq- Dot Per Inch (DPI)|
 me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ wcÖ›Uvi— †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi| ‡jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡i KvM‡R †jLv dzwU‡q †Zvjv nq— †jRvi iwk¥i
mvnv‡h¨| ‡jRvi wcÖ›Uvi‡K Ab¨ bv‡g ejv nq— ‡cBR wcÖ›Uvi| ‡jRvi wcÖ›Uvi e¨eüZ nq— †W¯‥Uc cvewjwks Gi Kv‡R
Ges Awdm Av`vj‡Z| †jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡ii D`vniY— HP Laserjet, Canon 3500 BZ¨vw`|
 KvM‡Ri Dci Kvwj wb‡ÿc K‡i— Ink Jet wcÖ›Uvi|
Ab¨vb¨ AvDUcyU wWfvBm
o cÖ‡R±i— B‡jK‡Uªv-AcwUK¨vj hš¿ hvi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡Kvb Z_¨, Qwe, wfwWI eo w¯…‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
o cøUvi— cøUv‡i wcÖ›U nq wc‡bi mvnv‡h¨| gvbwP‡Îi m~²vwZm~² †iLvi wcÖ›U †bqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| Plotter- (wcÖ›Uvi)
w`‡q— gvbwPÎ ev bKkv wcÖ›U Kiv nq| cøUvi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— d¬vU‡eW cøUvi I Wªvg cøUvi|
o w¯úKvi— GB h‡š¿ we`y¨r kw³ kã kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq|
o ‡nW‡dvb— GK‡Rvov UªvÝwWDmvi hv •e`y¨wZK Zi½‡K kãZi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
o jvBU‡cb— Kw¤úDUv‡i mshy³ we‡kl ai‡bi Kjg, hvi mvnv‡h¨ wWRvBb Kiv hvq|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm
wWwRUvj  wdj¥ _v‡K bv|
K¨v‡giv  G‡Z _v‡K— CCD- Charge Coupled Device bvgK wPc|
VDU  c~Y©iƒc— Visual Display Unit.
 cÖ`k©b K‡i— Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm Øviv Drcbœ wPÎ|
UvP w¯…b  gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ wbqwš¿Z Kvm©‡ii gva¨‡g KgvÛ †`qvi cwie‡Z© mivmwi Av½y‡ji ¯ú‡k©i gva¨‡g KgvÛ
†`qvi Rb¨ we‡kl c`v©|
g‡Wg  G‡Z GKwU gWz‡jUi Ges GKwU wWgWz‡jUi _v‡K|
 GwU wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj‡K Gb‡KvW K‡i A¨vbvjM wmMb¨v‡j Ges A¨vbvjM wmMb¨vj‡K wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡j
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

01. wb‡Pi ‡Kvb wWfvBmwU wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj‡K A¨vbvjM M. Plotter N. Monitor DËi : K
wmMb¨v‡j cwieZ©‡b e¨eüZ nq? [43Zg wewmGm] 04. Mobile Phone Gi †KvbwU Input Device bq?
(K) Router (L) Switch (36Zg wewmGm)
(M) Modem (N) Hub DËi : M K. Keypad L. Camera DËi : M
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU output device bq? [43Zg wewmGm] M. Power Supply N. Touch Screen
(K) Monitor (L) Micro phone 05. MICR Stands for (35th BCS)
(M) Printer (N) Speaker DËi : L K. Magnetic Ink Code Reader
03. wb‡Pi †KvbwU BbcyU wWfvBm? [37Zg wewmGm] L. Magnetic Ink Cases Reader
K. OMR L. COM M. Mechanic Ink Character Reader
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 7 # Kw¤úDUvi
N. Magnetic Ink Character Reader DËi : N K. Mouse L. Microphone
‡bvU : cÖPwjZ DËi- Magntic Ink Character M. Touch Sreen N. Printer DËi : M
Reader. mwVK DËi- Magnetic Ink Character 05. gyw`ªZ †jLv mivmwi BbcyU †bqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU
Recognition. e¨eüZ nq? (40Zg wewmGm)
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKB mv‡_ BbcyU I AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e K. OMR L. OCR
KvR K‡i? (40Zg wewmGm) M. MICR N. Scanner DËi : L

Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb (wmwcBD, GGjBD, nvW© wW¯‹)

Kw¤úDUvi‡K Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿vsk¸‡jv mwVK Ae¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq Ges hš¿vsk¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM
¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿vsk¸‡jv h_vh_ Ae¯’v‡b ¯’vcb I hš¿vsk¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK ms‡hvM ¯’vcb‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii
msMVb ejv nq| Kw¤úDUvi msMVb— 2 cÖKvi (nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi)|
nvW©Iq¨vi (Hardware)
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii hš¿vsk ev hš¿| গাণিণিক/যু ণি একক

(Hardware)

‡h As‡ki e¯‘MZ AvqZb i‡q‡Q ev `„k¨gvb

nvW©Iq¨vi

Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq|

 Ask— 3wU (BbcyU, wmwcBD I AvDUcyU)| ইিপুট স্মৃণি আউটপুট
ইউণিট ইউণিট
nvW©Iq¨vi ণিয়ন্ত্রি ইউণিট
ণিয়ন্ত্রি ইউণিট ফলাফল
BbcyU ‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY AvDUcyU প্রদর্শন
wmwcBD (‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU)
িথ্য/উপাত্ত
MvwYwZK hyw³ wbqš¿Y ‡iwR÷vi/¯§„wZ প্রবাহ
wbqš¿ পথ্
Y ms‡KZ
cÖevn
‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU
 CPU Gi c~Y©iƒc— ‡m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwbU| CPU- ‡K e‡j— gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi n‡jv— Kw¤úDUv‡ii
†eªBb ev gw¯Í®‥ ev ürwcÐ (ÿz`ª AvqZb wewkó wmwjKb Gi •Zwi nvRvi UªvbwR÷i mwbœ‡ewkZ GKwU hš¿vsk)| e¨enviKvixi
wb‡`©k Abyhvqx Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwb‡U mKj Kv‡Ri cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ nq|
 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib— †UW nd (1971 mv‡j)| cÖ‡mmi •Zwi nq— AmsL¨ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) w`‡q|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi g~j GjvKv ev Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi fv‡Mi cÖavb Ask— CPU|
 ‡h As‡ki gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Ask wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K e‡j— wbqš¿Y BDwbU (Control Unit).
 CPU-‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii wi‡mvm© mg~n‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i— Control Unit (wbqš¿Y BDwbU)|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask MwVZ— Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ, MvwYwZK hyw³ Ask I wbqš¿Y As‡ki mgš^‡q|
 Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb KvR— 4wU| h_v: BbcyU (Input), cÖwµqvKiY (Processing), AvDUcyU (Output) I
†÷v‡iR (Storage)| CPU-‡Z BDwbU _v‡K ev gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii †fZ‡ii msMVb— 3wU| h_v— wbqš¿Y BDwbU
(Control Unit), MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), ‡iwR÷vi ¯§„wZ (Register Memory)|
wbqš¿Y BDwbU MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU ‡iwR÷vi ¯§„wZ
wbqš¿Y BDwbU RAM †_‡K Z_¨¸‡jv ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) n‡”Q ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ †WUv
MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwb‡U †cÖiY K‡i| MvwYwZK Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‥ ev K¨vjKz‡jUi ¯^iƒc| msiÿY K‡i|
Ges hyw³g~jK KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ nIqvi ci GB BDwbK mKj MvwYwZK hyw³ mgvavb I wm×všÍ G‡K gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
wbqš¿Y BDwb‡Ui wb‡`©‡k †m¸‡jv Avevi MÖn‡Yi KvR K‡i _v‡K| †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM †iwR÷vi bv‡gI AwfwnZ
BZ¨vw` n‡”Q MvwYwZK Kv‡Ri D`vniY| Kiv nq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 8 # Kw¤úDUvi
RAM G Rgv nq| wbqš¿Y BDwbU cÖ‡qvRb MvwYwZK hyw³ As‡ki KvR‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv ‡iwR÷v‡i `ªæZ †WUv cVb
n‡j RAM G wd‡i Avmv Z_¨ Avevi hvq| h_v— MvwYwZK KvR, hyw³g~jK KvR, Z_¨ I wjLb m¤¢e nq|
MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwb‡U †cÖiY K‡i cieZ©x cwiPvjbv|
ch©v‡qi Kv‡Ri Rb¨|

mdUIq¨vi Software)
Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z †evSvq GK¸”Q Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvg, Kvh©c×wZ I e¨enviwewa hvi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbw`©ó
cÖKv‡ii KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi wdwRK¨vj bq (¯úk© Kiv hvq bv), jwRK¨vj| Kw¤úDUvi
mdUIq¨vi‡K cÖavbZ— `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v— wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Ges A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev e¨envwiK mdUIq¨vi|
wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev e¨envwiK mdUIq¨vi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©ÿgZv e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h me †cÖvMÖvg •`bw›`b e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvRb
m¤^wjZ †cÖvMÖvgmg~n‡K wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi e‡j| GB †gUv‡Z e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev e¨envwiK
mdUIq¨vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri mgš^q mdUIq¨vi ejv nq| e¨envwiK mdUIq¨vi `yB ai‡bi| h_v—
iÿv K‡i| wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi 2 ai‡bi| h_v— Acv‡iwUs K. Kv÷gvBRW Ges
wm‡÷g, wWfvBm WªvBfvi, BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg| L. c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi|
Acv‡iwUs KZK¸‡jv ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó hv nvW©Iq¨vi I
wm‡÷g e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi
mdUIq¨vi‡K Kvh©ÿg iv‡L|
wWfvBm ‡Kvb nvW©Iq¨vi wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ DfqgyLx wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi
WªvBfvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges
Zvi mvg_©¨‡K e¨envi Kiv Rb¨ e¨eüZ wm‡÷g Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kv÷gvBRW
mdUIq¨vi|
BDwUwjwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii iÿYv‡eÿY, †WUv I †cÖvMÖv‡gi wWfvBm WªvBfvi c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi
‡cÖvMÖvg e¨vKAvc I myiÿv cÖf…wZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ‣Zwi
mdUIq¨vi n‡jv BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg| BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg
Kv÷gvBRW e¨enviKvix KZ…©K GK ev GKvwaK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q †h A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg cÖ¯‘Z K‡i _v‡Kb,
mdUIq¨vi Zv‡K Kv÷gvBRW ev e¨enviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| D`vniY— ‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e cÖ¯‘ZK…Z
mdUIq¨vi|
c¨v‡KR wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb KZ©„K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z mdUIq¨vi| c¨v‡KR
mdUIq¨vi mdUIq¨vi‡K ejv nq— evwYwR¨K mdUIq¨vi (Commerical Software)|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi
‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ইল঱ক্ট্রণিক ণবণিন্ন স্লাইড শলা উপস্থাপি করার জিয বযবহার করা হয়। h_v— Microsoft
mdUIq¨vi PowerPoint, Macromedia flash, Corel Presentations, Harvard Graphics,
Impress, Freelance Graphics.
gvwëwgwWqv wWwRUvj gywf •Zwi K‡i Zv‡Z mvDÛ, A¨vwb‡gkb BZ¨vw` B‡d± †`Iqvi Rb¨ gvwëwgwWqv
mdUIq¨vi mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v— KMP, VLC, Jet Audio Player, Adobe Flash,
Windows Media Player cªf…wZ|
dvBj K‡¤úªkb WinZip, WinAce, MCH Express Zip, WinRAR, ALZip, Stuffit, TurboZip
mdUIq¨vi Express, BitZipper cÖf…wZ|
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms ‡jLv‡jwLi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| h_v— MS Word (me‡P‡q RbwcÖq), Word Pad, Note Pad,
mdUIq¨vi Open Office, Lotus Wordpro etc.
‡WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U eo eo †Kv¤úvwb ev wkí cÖwZôv‡b ‡WUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| h_v— Microsoft Access,
mdUIq¨vi ORACLE, Foxpro, Microsoft SQL Server, Corel Paradox, Lotus Approach,
File Maker Pro cÖf…wZ|
‡W¯‥Uc cvewj‡Kkb mvaviYZ c„ôvi †j-AvDU I wWRvBbmn `„k¨gvb mvgMÖx cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 9 # Kw¤úDUvi
mdUIq¨vi h_v— Adobe Reader, Adobe Page Maker, Quark Xpress cÖf…wZ|
‡¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi wnmve-wbKv‡ki KvR Kivi mdUIq¨vi| h_v— MS Excel (me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †¯úªWwkU
mdUIq¨vi), NeoOffice, Calc, OpenOffice.org Calc, Corel Quatropro, Super
Calc, Lotus- 1, 2, 3, Visi Calc (cÖ_g †¯úªWwkU †cÖvMÖvg), Multiplan, Symphony,
Sorcim cÖf…wZ|
I‡qe eªvDwRs GB mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i I‡qe mvB‡U cÖ‡ek K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kiv nq| h_v—
mdUIq¨vi Mozilla Firefox, Interner Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera, UC Bowser cÖf…wZ|
MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi mvaviYZ Qwe I cÖ”Q` •Zwi‡Z MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi e¨eüZ nq| h_v— Adobe Photoshop,
Corel DRAW, AutoCAD, TurboCAD cÖf…wZ|
 Adobe Photoshop Gi KvR— wWwRUvj B‡gR‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv BwWU Kiv|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ (Memory)
‡WUv I †cÖvMÖvg msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ gva¨g ev aviK‡K e‡j— ¯§„wZ (Memory)| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi BDwbU e¨eüZ
nq— †cÖvMÖvg msiÿY, wnmve I djvd‡ji Rb¨| Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖavb †g‡gvwi _v‡K— gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi Ges wmwcBD Gi
gvSLv‡b| gvB‡µv‡cÖv‡mmi †iwR÷vi GK ai‡bi— †g‡gvwi| Kw¤úDUv‡i mKj †cÖvMÖvg I †WUv msiÿY K‡i— †g‡gvwi|

cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ Static RAM

nvW©wW¯‥, d¬wc wW¯‥, †P․¤^K
RAM Dynamic RAM Wªvg, d¬vk wW¯‥, wmwW,
Kw¤úDUv‡ii
wWwfwW, ‡cb WªvBf cÖf…wZ|
¯§„wZi
cÖKvi‡f` ROM MROM, PROM,
EPROM, Flash
mnvqK ¯§„wZ ROM

cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ

eûj e¨eüZ Aa©-cwievnx ev †mwgKÛv±i †g‡gvwi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— RAM Ges ROM|
RAM ROM
c~Y©iƒc— Random Access Memory c~Y©iƒc— Read Only Memory
Volatile Memory (A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi) Non Volatile Storage (¯’vqx †g‡gvwi)
we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ RAM Gi Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ROM Gi Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv|
D`vniY— WvBbvwgK, ÷¨vwUK D`vniY— MROM, PROM, EPROM, Flash ROM
 Volatile ev DØvqx †g‡gvwi— we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q †M‡j †h mKj †g‡gvwi‡Z msiwÿZ †WUv gy‡Q hvq (‡hgb-
DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM)|
 Non volatile ev AbyØvqx †g‡gvwi— we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q †M‡j †h mKj †g‡gvwi‡Z msiwÿZ †WUv gy‡Q hvq bv
(ROM AbyØqx †g‡gvwi)|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j mvwK©U ‡evW© ev gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ GKvwaK wP‡ci mgš^‡q RAM GjvKv MwVZ|
 Microprocessor mivmwi RAM Gi Rvbv Ae¯’vb/wVKvbv (Location/Address) ‡_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i
ev Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i| GLv‡b mivmwi (Random) Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ hvIqv hvq (Access) e‡j
G‡K Random Access Memory e‡j| GK Read Write Memory I ejv nq|
 RAM Cache— Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| wbqgvbyhvqx †gvU RAM Gi GK PZz_©vs‡ki
‡ewk RAM Chache e¨envi Kiv wVK bq|
 Kx ai‡bi A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg wb‡q KvR Kiv n‡e Ges Kx cwigvY KvR Kiv hv‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i RAM Gi
RAM GKKvjxb aviY ¶gZvi Ici| RAM ‡K †gBb †÷v‡iR Ges †Kvi †÷v‡iR e‡j|
 RAM Chip ‡hvM K‡i RAM Gi aviY ¶gZv m¤úªmviY Kiv hvq| cÖvq mKj Kw¤úDUv‡iB RAM Gi
¶gZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ ¯øU we`¨gvb _v‡K|
 we`y¨r ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ n‡j ev P‡j †M‡j RAM-G msiwÿZ †WUv I †cÖvMÖvg— gy‡Q hvq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 10 # Kw¤úDUvi
DRAM o c~Y©iƒc— Dynamic Random Access Memory| G‡K e‡j— ‡g‡gvwi wi‡d«wsk RAM
o cÖ‡Z¨K †g‡gvwi †Kv‡l †jLv Z_¨ bZzb K‡i wjL‡Z nq|
SRAM o c~Y©iƒc— Static Random Access Memory| †gUvj A·vBW †mwgKÛv±i w`‡q •Zix|
Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z †evSvq GK¸”Q Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvg, Kvh©c×wZ I e¨enviwewa hvi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
wbw`©ó cÖKv‡ii KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi wdwRK¨vj bq (¯úk© Kiv hvq bv), jwRK¨vj|
Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi¸‡jv mPj ivLvi Rb¨ ROM G wKQz AZ¨vek¨Kxq I Riæwi wb‡`©k _v‡K| G wb‡`©k¸‡jv gy‡Q
†M‡j Kw¤úDUvi P‡j bv| G ai‡bi wb‡`©kgvjv msiw¶Z _v‡K ROM G| Kv‡RB, e¨enviKvix B”QvK…Z ev
Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e G me wb‡`©kgvjv gy‡Q †dj‡Z cv‡i bv| G me wb‡`©kgvjv ïay cvV Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K Read
Only Memory ejv nq| †h‡nZz we‡kl e¨e¯’v Qvov GB ¯§…wZi Z_¨ gy‡Q †djv hvq bv †m‡nZz G ¯§…wZ‡K ¯’vqx ¯§…wZ
ejv nq| ROM Gi wb‡`©kgvjv‡K A‡bK mgq Firmware wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
EPROM o c~Y©iƒc— Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory|
o ‡cÖvMÖvg Kiv hvq Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b gy‡Q †djv hvq| we‡kl †ÿ‡Î GKevi †cÖvMÖvg Ki‡j †gvQv hvq
bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î EPROM ‡_‡K †cÖvMÖvg gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ we‡kl e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr
ROM EPROM wP‡c— evi evi †cÖvMÖvg †jLv Ges Zv gy‡Q †djv hvq|
EEPROM o c~Y©iƒc— Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM|
o msiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cy‡ivcywi ev AvswkK we`y¨r cªevn Øviv gy‡Q cybtcyb †cÖvMÖvg
Kiv hvq| ‡cbWªvB‡f e¨eüZ ROM— EEPROM.
MROM o c~Y©iƒc— Mask Read Only Memory.
EAPROM o c~Y©iƒc— Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory.
PROM o Programmable Read Only Memory wP‡c— †KvbwKQz †iKW© Kiv _v‡K bv|
EEPROM o c~Y©iƒc— Electrically Eraseable Programmable ROM|

K¨vk †g‡gvwi
K¨vk †g‡gvwi— cÖ‡mmi I cÖavb †g‡gvwii ga¨eZ©x we‡kl †g‡gvwi hv Kv‡Ri MwZ e„w× K‡i| K¨vk †g‡gvwi cÖavb †g‡gvwii
Zzjbvq `ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR K‡i| me‡P‡q Kg mg‡q A¨vK‡mm Kiv hvq— K¨vk †g‡gvwi‡Z| ‡Kvb A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR
Kivi Rb¨ †h Z_¨¸‡jv evievi e¨eüZ nq, †mB Z_¨¸‡jv‡K K¨vk ‡g‡gvwi‡Z Rwg‡q ivLv nq| d‡j H Z_¨¸‡jv A‡š^lY
Kivi Rb¨ A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg‡K evisevi wW‡¯‥ †h‡Z nq bv|
mnvqK †g‡gvwi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ ¯’vqxfv‡e msiÿY Kiv nq mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z
d¬wc wW¯‥  d¬wc wW‡¯‥i cÖPjb ïiæ nq— 1973 mv‡j| d¬wc wW‡¯‥i Aci bvg— wWm‡KU (Diskette)|
(Floppy  Mv‡bi †iK‡W©i g‡Zv †`L‡Z GB ¯§…wZ cøvw÷‡Ki Dci †P․¤^K c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc w`‡q ‣Zwi Kiv nq|
Disk)  nvW©wW‡¯‥i †P‡q AvKv‡i †QvU GB †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwii e¨envi GLb bvB ej‡jB P‡j| aviY ÿgZv 1.44 MB|
nvW©wW¯‥  D™¢veb K‡i— AvBweGg (1957)| Hard Disk AmsL¨ d¬wc wW‡¯‥i ÿgZvm¤úbœ GKwU eo AvKv‡ii
(Hard Disk) wW¯‥| nvW©wW¯‥ gvcvi GKK— wMMvevBU| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ nvW©wW¯‥— 500 wMMvevBU I 1 †UivevBU|
 AcmviY‡hvM¨ bq— nvW©wW¯‥| Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi ¯’vqx (non-volatile) e¨e¯’v|
 nvW©wW‡¯‥i avZe cv‡Zi Dfqc„‡ô Py¤^Kxq c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc _v‡K| ‡MvjvKvi avZe cvZ¸‡jvi GKwUi
Dc‡i GKwU ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i emv‡bv _v‡K| cvZ¸‡jvi c„‡ô A‡bK¸‡jv GK‡Kw›`«K e„‡Ë †WUv msi¶Y Kiv
nq| Gme e„ˇK ejv nq— Uª¨vK (Track)|
 cÖwZwU Uª¨vK Gi mgvb mgvb fv‡Mi cÖwZwU fvMB n‡jv— Sector| nvW© wW¯‥ e„ËvKv‡i wef³ _v‡K—
†m±‡i| cÖwZwU Sector Gi aviY ÿgZv— 512 evBU|
 wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb— I†q÷vb© wWwRUvj, wm†MU †UK†bvjwR, †Zvwkev K†cv©†ikb cÖf…wZ|
wmwW ig  c~Y©iƒc— Compact Disc ROM| CD ROM— AcwUK¨vj †÷v‡iR wWfvBm|
(CD ROM)  GKwU wmwW i‡gi aviY ÿgZv— 700 †gMvevBU| GwU enb‡hvM¨ †÷v‡iR wWfvBm|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 11 # Kw¤úDUvi
 CD ROM `y&B cÖKvi| h_v— CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) Ges CD-RW
(Compact Disc Re-Writable)| CD-R GKeviB †iKW© Kiv hvq Ab¨w`‡K CD-RW
GKvwaKevi †jLv I †gvQv hvq|
wWwfwW ig  c~Y©iƒc— Digital Versatile Disc ROM ev Digital Video Disc|
(DVD ROM)
 wmwWi †P‡q †ewk aviY ÿgZv m¤úbœ| aviY ÿgZv— 4.7 †_‡K 17 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ|
 17 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ †WUv aviY Ki‡Z mÿg— DVD.
 DVD `yB ai‡bi| h_v— DVD Recordable Ges DVD Re-Writable.
 DVD GKwU— Read Only Memory hvi `yBc‡_ WvUv ivLv hvq|
Blue Ray  aviYÿgZv— 100 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
DVD  Blue Ray bvgKi‡Yi KviY— 405 b¨v‡bvwgUvi Zi½‣`‡N©¨i eøy i‡Oi †jRvi iwk¥ e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡cb WªvBf  RbK— cyqv †KBb †ms (ZvBIqvb)| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W©i USB †cv‡U© jvwM‡q mn‡R Z_¨
avi‡Yi mnvqK ¯§„wZ| ‡cb WªvB‡f e¨eüZ nq— EEPROM|
mwjW †÷W  nvW©wW‡¯‥i weKí— Solid State Device. nvjKv n‡jI AwaK ÿgZv m¤úbœ †÷v‡iW wWfvBm|
wWfvBm  ‡WUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ SSD ‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq— SSD|
(SSD)
Removable Hard Disc— ¯§„wZ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi e¨envi †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
 ‡cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Kwc Kiv WvUv msiwÿZ _v‡K— Clipboard G|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h wW‡¯‥ wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi _v‡K— Start Up Disk|
 WORM (Write Once Read Memory) n‡jv— wjLb‡hvM¨ AcwUK¨vj wW¯‥ (GKeviB †iKW© nq Ges aviYK…Z
†WUv cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ bq)|
 eûj e¨eüZ †÷v‡iR wgwWqv— Discs and tapes| eûj e¨eüZ †÷v‡iR wWfvBm— Magnetic storage device|
mnvqK ¯§„wZ m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Uvwg©‡bvjwR
wW¯‥  Kw¤úDUvi nvW© wW‡¯‥i Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv †jLv¸‡jv‡K nvW© wW¯‥ Amw¾Z (Defrag) e‡j|
d«vM‡g‡›Ukb  wW¯‥ d«vM†g†›Ukb e¨eüZ nq— wW‡¯‥i dvBj¸‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨¯Í Ki‡Z|
cvwU©kwbs  dvBj ivLvi mxgv I Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ cvwU©kb Kiv nq|
(Partitioning)  cvwU©kb `yB ai‡bi: cÖvBgvwi Ges G·‡Ub‡WW|
 cÖvBgvwi cvwU©k‡b hv‡Z Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g _v‡K| GKUv wW‡¯‥ m‡e©v”P 4 Uv cÖvBgvwi cvwU©kb _v‡K|
 G·‡Ub‡WW cvwU©kb n‡jv— A‡bK¸‡jv jwRK¨vj cvwU©kb wb‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU cvwU©kb|
dig¨vU  dig¨vU ej‡Z †evSvq †Kvb cvwU©kb ev mg¯Í nvW©wW¯‥‡K gy‡Q †djv|
(Format)  dig¨vU `yB ai‡bi| h_v— K. †jv-‡j‡fj dig¨vU Ges L. nvB-‡j‡fj dig¨vU|
 ‡jv †j‡fj dig¨vU— nvW©wW‡¯‥i mKj †cøUv‡ii Uª¨vK Avi †m±i gy‡Q †djv nq| d‡j Z_¨ wd‡i
cvIqvi †Kvb m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| dig¨vU Kivi ci bZyb K‡i Uª¨vK Avi †m±i evbv‡bv nq|
 nvB †j‡fj dig¨vU— †Kvb wbw`©ó cvwU©kb ev mg¯Í nvW©wW‡¯‥i †m±i Avi Uª¨v‡Ki Z_¨ gy‡Q †djv|
G‡Z byZb K‡i †m±i Avi Uª¨vK evbv‡bv nq bv|
dvBj wm‡÷g  nvW©wW‡¯‥ Z_¨ ivL‡Z n‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B wbw`©ó dvBj wm‡÷‡gi AvIZvq Avb‡Z nq hv‡Z Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g †mLvb †_‡K Z_¨ co‡Z cvi‡ebv| dvBj ivLvi c×wZ nj dvBj wm‡÷g|

‡g‡gvwii cwigvc
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi‡Z †WUv msi¶‡Yi cwigvY‡K †g‡gvwii aviY¶gZv e‡j| G‡K c«Kvk Kiv nq evBU, wK‡jvevBU,
†gMvevBU, wMMvevBU BZ¨vw` Øviv|
1 evBU 8 weU (Smallest Unit of Storage) 1 wMMvevBU 230 বাইট বা 1024 †gMvevBU
1 wbej ev Aa© evBU 4 weU 1 †UivevBU 240 বাইট বা 1024 wMMvevBU
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 12 # Kw¤úDUvi
1 wK‡jvevBU 210 evBU বা 1024 evBU 1 wcUvevBU 250 বাইট বা 1024 †UivevBU
1 †gMvevBU 220 বাইট বা 1024 ণকল঱াবাইট 1 এক্সাবাইট 260 বাইট বা 1024 wcUvevBU
 evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †g․wjK GKK— evBU|
wm‡÷g BDwbU (System Unit)
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡mwms Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ B‡j±ªwbK mvwK©U, cÖ‡mmi, †g‡gvwi, †÷v‡iR I cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU BZ¨vw`
wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui wfZ‡i hy³ _v‡K| GK cÖ‡mwms BDwbU ejv nq|
wm‡÷g wmwcBD Power Supply Unit gv`vi‡evW© wewfbœ ai‡bi KvW©
BDwb‡Ui Ask gv`vi‡evW© Microprocessor RAN I ROM mnvqK ¯§„wZ K¨vwms

gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi •Zwi nq— AmsL¨ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) w`‡q| cÖ‡mm‡ii MwZ cwigvc Kiv nq— nvR© (Hz) GK‡K
(eZ©gv‡b B‡›Uj †Kvi i7 Ges i5 cÖ‡mmi e¨eüZ nq)| 1MHz = 106 Hz|
 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi— 3 ai‡bi (wm¯‥ cÖ‡mmi, wi¯‥ cÖ‡mmi I we‡kl e¨envi Kv‡h©i cÖ‡mmi)|
wm¯‥ (CISC)  c~Y©iƒc— Complex Instruction Set Computer. D`vniY— Intel Pentium,
cÖ‡mmi Motorola-6800, ADM- Athlon, IBM- Blue Lighting, AMD-K6 Etc.
 RwUj Bb÷ªvKkb e¨envi Kiv nq|
wi¯‥ (RISC)  c~Y©iƒc— Reduced Instruction Set Computer. D`vniY— Motorola power Pc 601,
cÖ‡mmi DEC Alpha 21064, MIPSR 10000, SPARC TMS 390S10.
 mij Bb÷ªvKkb e¨envi Kiv nq|
we‡kl e¨envi  c~Y©iƒc— Special Purpose Processor n‡jv— †Kv-cÖ‡mmi|
Kv‡h©i cÖ‡mmi  we‡kl Kv‡Ri D‡Ï‡k¨ A_ev cÖavb cÖ‡mm‡ii Kvh©ÿgZv e„w×i Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
 wewfbœ we‡Ui cÖ‡mmi
cÖ¯’ wewkó gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi cÖ¯’ wewkó gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
4 weU 4004, 4040 32 weU 80386, 80376, 80386DX, 80486
8 weU 8008, 8080, 8085, Z80, 6800 64 weU Intel Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Xeno,
16 weU 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, 80286, Z8000 Intel ITANIUM

gv`vi‡evW©
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U †evW©‡K (PCB) e‡j— gv`vi‡evW©| GwU‡K AviI ejv nq— System Board.
 Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi mKj Dcv`vb cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e †h me©©e„nr mvwK©U‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K ZvB— gv`vi‡evW©
(G‡K wm‡÷g †evW© e‡j)| gv`vi †ev‡W© wewfbœ ai‡bi Connector Ges Expansion Port _v‡K|
 eZ©gvb evRv‡i cvIqv K‡qKwU gv`vi‡evW©— Intel, Asus, GIGABYTE, MSI BZ¨vw`|
 gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ USB ‡cvU© _v‡K— 2/4 wU| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i Ask— wmwcBD, †g‡gvwi, cvIqvi mvcøvB, nvW© wW¯‥
WªvBf, wWwfwW WªvBf, wfwWI KvW©, mvDÛ KvW© I Ab¨vb¨ BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
B›Uvi‡dm (Interface)
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †cwi‡divj wWfvBm¸‡jvi ms‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq— B›Uvi‡dm| †h cÖwµqvq MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i mv‡_
†cwi‡divj gwbU‡ii ms‡hvM c‡q›U mshy&³ nq ZvB n‡jv B›Uvi‡dm| B›Uvi‡dm wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| h_v—
Paraller Interface Serial Interface Firewae Interface
SCSI or Small Computer System Interface USB of Universal Serial Bus Interface
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 13 # Kw¤úDUvi

Kw¤úDUvi evm (Computer Bus)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwcBD (CPU) A‡bK wKQy wb‡q KvR K‡i| G‡Z Z_¨ ev DcvË, wb‡`©k _v‡K Avevi Z_¨, DcvË ev wb‡`©‡ki
wVKvbv _v‡K| GZ wKQyi PjvP‡ji Rb¨ cwienb e¨e¯’v _vKv `iKvi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB cwienb e¨e¯’ vwU evm (BUS) bv‡g
cwiwPZ| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ cwien‡bi A_ev wWwRUvj ms‡KZ (0 ev 1) PjvPj Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cwievnx c_B—
Kw¤úDUvi evm| Kw¤úDUv‡i A‡bK¸‡jv evm Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
 ev‡mi MwZ ej‡Z ‡evSvq †WUv PjvP‡ji MwZ‡K| A_©vr evm w`‡q KZ `ªæZ MwZ‡Z †WUv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i †mwU‡K
eySvq| ev‡mi MwZ cwigvc Kiv nq— ‡gMvnvU©R GK‡K| mvaviYZ ev‡mi MwZ n‡Z cv‡i— 8-400 †gMvnvU©R ch©šÍ|
 Kw¤úDUvi evm cÖavbZ— `yB cÖKvi| h_v- wm‡÷g evm Ges G·cvbkb evm|
 wm‡÷g evm : †h ev‡mi gva¨‡g CPU Gi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K wm‡÷g evm e‡j| Kw¤úDUvi
evm ej‡Z mvaviYZ eySv‡bv nq— wm‡÷g evm‡K|
 G·cvbkb evm : †h ev‡mi mvnv‡h¨ CPU, Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU/AvDUcyU I Ab¨vb¨ †cwi‡divj wWfvB‡mi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zv‡K G·cvbkb evm e‡j|
wm‡÷g ‡WUv evm  ‡WUv evm wØgyLx| GwU‡K Bi-directional evm ejv nq|
evm  Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cwievnx c_‡K e‡j— ‡WUv evm|
(3 cÖKvi)  ‡WUv ev‡mi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Avbylw½K h‡š¿i gva¨‡g †WUv cvivcvi
nq| †hgb : Kw¤úDUvi BbcyU/AvDUcyU  wmwcBD  †g‡gvwi  wmwcBD ev
BbcyU/AvDUcyU wWfvBm| A_©vr GwU DcvË MÖnY I wbM©gb evm|
 ‡WUv ev‡mi cÖk¯ÍZv gvcv nq— evBUm (Bits) G|
 ‡WUv ev‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ‡mmi‡K 4 (Pvi) fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v— 8 weU
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, 16 weU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, 32 weU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, 64 weU
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi|
K‡›Uªvj  Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Kv‡Ri wbqš¿Y/ †hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿YKvix evm— K‡›Uªvj evm|
evm  K‡›Uªvj evm wØgyLx| GwU‡K Bi-directional evm ejv nq|
 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi †_‡K ms‡KZ ev wb‡`©k enb K‡i mswkøó As‡k †cÖiY K‡i|
 GB ev‡mi ga¨ w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii wfZ‡i CPU I Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨
K‡›Uªvj wmMb¨vj Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq|
A¨v‡Wªm  ‡WUvi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Kiv Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq— A¨v‡Wªm evm|
evm  GwU‡K Unidirectional evm ejv nq|
 A¨v‡Wªm ev‡mi mvnv‡h¨ CPU ‡g‡gvwii we‡kl wVKvbvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|
BUS
A_©vr Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb †WUv hvIqv-Avm K‡i bv, eis †g‡gvwi A¨v‡Wªm Avmv-
hvIqv K‡i|
G·cvbkb VESA  c~Y©iƒc— Video Electronic Standard Architecture.
evm  VESA- 32 weU MwZ wewkó| A_©vr 32 weU MwZ‡Z †WUv cwienb K‡i|
 VESA evm MÖvwd‡·i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eûj e¨eüZ nq|
ISA  c~Y©iƒc— Industry Standard Architecture.
 GwU 16 weU MwZ‡Z †WUv cwienb K‡i| GwU axi MwZi evm|
 1981 mv‡j B‡›U‡ji 8088 cÖ‡mm‡i cÖ_g ISA evm e¨envi Kiv nq|
PCI  c~Y©iƒc— Peripheral Component Interconnect.
 GwU 32 weU MwZ‡Z †WUv cwienb K‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b 64 ev 128 we‡Ui
Dc‡hvMx Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 PSI evm Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ `ªæZ †WUv cwienb K‡i|
USB  c~Y©iƒc— Universal Serial Bus.
 Mv‡bi B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †cvU©|
 USB ev‡mi wfwˇZ eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ wWfvBm †hgb- Kx‡evW©, gvDm, wcÖ›Uvi,
¯‥¨vbvi, g‡Wg, ¯‥¨vbvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, nvW©wW¯‥, wmwW WªvBf Kw¤úDUv‡ii
mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡”Q| Gi e¨eK e¨envi ïiæ nq— 1998 mvj †_‡K|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 14 # Kw¤úDUvi
AGP  c~Y©iƒc— Accelerated Graphics Port.
 e¨envi— DbœZgv‡bi MÖvwd·, wfwWI, †Mg BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©‡b|
 eZ©gv‡b mKj gv`vi‡ev‡W© AGP ‡cvU© _v‡K|
EISA  c~Y©iƒc— Enhanced Industry Standard Architechture.
 GwU ISA ev‡mi ms¯‥iY Ges ISA ev‡mi †P‡q `ªæZ|
Fireware  me‡P‡q `ªæZ MwZi BUS| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 400 MB ch©šÍ †WUv UªvÝdvi m¤¢e|
 Lye `ªæZ RbwcÖq n‡q DV‡Q— USB, FIRMWARE.
‡jvKvj  evB‡ii wKQz ‡evW©‡K CPU Gi mv‡_ mivmwi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ mshy³ K‡i|
evm  cÖavb ev‡mi †WUv cwien‡bi Pvc Kwg‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR `ªæZMwZ‡Z Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Kw¤úDUvi †cvU© (Computer Port)

Kw¤úDUvi †cvU© n‡jv GK ai‡bi c‡q›U ev ms‡hvMgyL| wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui mv‡_ wewfbœ BbcyU -AvDUcyU hš¿vs‡k ms‡hvM c‡q›U
_v‡K, hv †cvU© bv‡g cwiwPZ| †cvU© wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb—
‡cv‡U©i bvg cÖvmw½K Z_¨
Parallel  Ab¨ bvg— wcÖ›Uvi †cvU©| Gi jwRK¨vj bvg— LPT (Line Print Terminal)|
Port  G †cv‡U© †WUv mgvšÍiv‡j Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq| `ªæZMwZ‡Z Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
 GB ai‡bi †cv‡U© wZbwU c„_K †iwR÷vi _v‡K| h_v- †WUv †iwR÷vi, ÷¨vUvm †iwR÷vi Ges K‡›Uªvj
†iwR÷vi|
Serial  wmwiqvj KwgDwb‡Kkb wWfvBm ms‡hvM †`Iqvi †cvU©‡K ejv nq— wmwiqvj †cvU©|
Port  G‡Z ‡gvU 9wU wcb _v‡K| D`vniY- g‡Wg Ges gvDm wmwiqvj KwgDwb‡Kkb wWfvBm|
USB Port  wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui mv‡_ BDGmwe evm I BDGmwe mgw_©Z wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM iÿvi Rb¨
gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ e¨eüZ †cv©U|
Monitor  g‡bvµg gwbU‡ii Rb¨ 9 wc‡bi †evW© e¨envi Kiv nq|
Port  wfwRG (wfwWI MÖvwd· A¨v‡i) gwbU‡ii ms‡hvM‡ÿ‡Î wcb msL¨v— 15|
Keyborad  Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Kx‡evW©‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi Kv‡b±i e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| h_v- AT
Port keyboard connector, PS/2 keyboard connector, USB connector.
MIDI  c~Y©iƒc— Musical Instrumental Digital Interface.
Port  Kw¤úDUv‡i Mv‡bi B‡j±ªwbK hš¿cvwZ ms‡hvM w`‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
Audio  AwWI Bb I AvDU Kivi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g AwWI Bb ev gvB‡µv‡dvb ‡cvU© I AwWI AvDU ev w¯úKvi †cvU©
Port e¨eüZ nq|
Video Port  wfwWI Bb I AvDU Kivi Rb¨ wfwWI †cvU© e¨eüZ nq|
Game  Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡Mg †Ljvi Rb¨ Avjv`v †h wWfvBm e¨envi Ki‡Z nq †mwU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨
Port gv`vi‡ev‡W©i ymv‡_ mvaviYZ 15 wc‡bi †Mg †cvU© e¨eüZ nq|

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU BbcyU wWfvBm (৩৭তম বিবিএি) 03. cøUvi (Plotter) ‡Kvb ai‡bi wWfvBm? (৩৬তম বিবিএি)
K. OMR L. COM K. BbcyU L. †g‡gvwi DËi : M
M. Plotter N. Monitor DËi : K M. AvDUcyU N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq
02. Mobile Phone Gi BbcyU wWfvBm bq- 04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖvBgvix †g‡gvwi?(৩৬তম
বিবিএি)
K. Keypad L. Touch screen
K. RAM L. Hard Disk
M. Camera N. Power supply D : N
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (44Zg wewmGm js †Kvm©) # 15 # Kw¤úDUvi
M. Pen Drive N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K K. A¨vjywgwbqvg L. cøvw÷K
05. Kw¤úDUvi (CPU) Gi †Kvb Ask MvwYwZK wm×všÍ M. wmwjKb N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
MÖn‡Yi KvR K‡i? (৩৭তম বিবিএি) 11. Kw¤úDUvi ‡g‡gvwi †_‡K ‡WUv D‡Ëvj‡bi c×wZ‡K Kx
K. GGjBD (ALU) e‡j? (৩৫তম বিবিএি)
L. K‡›Uªvj BDwbU (Control Unit) K. Read-out L. Read from DËi : N
M. †iwR÷ªvi BDwbU (Registrer Unit) M. Read N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jvB
N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K 12. Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯’vqx ¯§„wZkw³‡K wK e‡j?(২৯তম বিবিএি)

06. wW¯‥ d«vM‡g‡›Ukb e¨eüZ nq- (৩৮তম বিবিএি) K. RAM L. ROM

K. fvBivm aŸs‡mi Rb¨ M. nvW©Iq¨vi N. mdUIq¨vi DËi : L
L. wW¯‥ dig¨vU Ki‡Z 13. Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq- (১১তম বিবিএি)
M. Lvivc †m±img~n cixÿv Ki‡Z K. Gi †cÖvMÖvg ev Kg©cwiKíbv †K․kj
N. wW‡¯‥i dvBj¸‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨¯Í Ki‡Z DËi : N L. †h Ask gy`ªvwqZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K
07. ROM wfwËK †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg Kx? [38Zg wewmGm] M. Z_¨ †`qv I Z_¨ †bqvi Ask we‡kl
K. Malware L. firmware N. Kw¤úDUvi •Zwii bKkv DËi : K
M. VIRUS N. lip-lop DËi : L 14. ‡Kvb ai‡bi bus e¨eüZ nq bv? (৩৮তম বিবিএি)
08. wb‡Pi †Kvb †g‡gvwiwU Non-volatile? (36Zg wewmGm) K. Address bus L. Input-reader bus
K. SRAM L. DRAM M. Data bus N. Control bus DËi : L
M. ROM N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M 15. CPU Gi Address generate K‡i- (40Zg wewmGm)
09. Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g Scanner GKwU †Kvb ai‡bi hš¿? K. Physical address L. Logical address
(৩৫তম বিবিএি)
M. Both physical & logical address
K. BbcyU L. AvDUcyU N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq DËi L
M. DfqB N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
10. Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j †g‡gvwi •Zwi nq wK w`‡q? [35Zg wewmGm]

wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi I wjwLZ cixÿvi †bvU cÖvwßi Rb¨ WvDb‡jvW Kiæb:

Inception Online Exam App A_ev wb‡Pi wj‡¼ †iwR‡÷ªkb Kiæb :
www.inceptionexam.com