DISEASE AND WILD

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT
Semana 13
Avian Medicine
Sesión 25
Learning outcome
•At the end of the session, the student knows and
applies the concepts of avian medicine and
therapeutics.
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Reflection from experience

Where can we place an IV for fluid

therapy? Is lethargic and anorexic.
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Development of the topic

1. Introduction ………..¿Que le paso?
Dehydration:

• Corneal hydration
• Eyeball
• Skin elasticity
• Cloacal mucus
• Ht%.
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2. FLUIDOTHERAPY
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Tully 2009. Manual of Exotic Pet Practice

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3. NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
• Gavage/sonda 5 ml/ 100 gr PV
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4. CLINICAL SIGNS
¿ What are the most common
problems?

Decay Diarrhea

Feather loss
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Excretas Feces, urates and urine

Abnormalities
ü Diarrhea
ü Undigested food
ü Bulky stools
ü Melena or very dark
ü Stinking
ü Green/red or pink/yellow urates
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Feather loss

boredom and frustration

malnutrition
Mycotic infections

viral infections
Parasitosis

Bacterial infections
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Feather loss: broken feathers, bent and in bad condition.

*In anatomical regions: chest, cranial edge of wings and

legs.

Alopecia, dermatitis, erythema, among others.

- Diagnosis: Scraping and culture.

-Treatment: Antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic, vitamin
supplement,
antiparasitic, vitamin supplementation and
behavior modification.
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https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/polyfolliculosis-in-birds
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Desordenes del cere

Cere abnormalities
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Beakcrecimiento
Sobre abnormalities
del pico
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5. VIRAL DISEASES

1. Beak and feather disease

• Circovirus
• Lesion: invades feather follicles and affects the
lymphoid tissue (Bursa).
• Secondary respiratory infection.
• Transmission: feces and desquamation-feather
dust.
• Signs: feathers fall off, deformed, change color,
beak elongation - necrosis or fracture.
• Treatment: symptomatic
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2. Pacheco's disease

• Herpesvirus.
• Susceptibility: stress and species (Amazona and
Ara).
• Signs: sudden death, respiratory distress, nasal
obstruction, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, sometimes
with blood, lack of appetite, vomiting and decay.
Papillomas.
• Treatment: Acyclovir/commercial or autogenous
vaccination.
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3. Poliomavirosis

• Polyomavirus.
• Juvenile parakeet disease and psittacine
polyomavirus.
• Young birds.
• Signs: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia,
subcutaneous hemorrhages, tremors, etc.
• Lesion: tissue growths (papillomas) in oral
cavity, esophagus, crop, proventriculus and
cloaca, hepatic carcinoma or bile ducts.
• Treatment: support, vaccination
(psittacidae).
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4. Avian pox

• Poxvirus
• Susceptibility: Psittaciformes, Galliformes,
Cuculiformes.
• Entry by skin damage (desquamation) or
mechanical (insects).

• Cutaneous: palpebral lesion

• Diphtheria: respiratory-digestive tract.
• Diphtheric/Systemic Cutaneous Diphtheric
F.F.
• Treatment: non-specific support.
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5. Proventricle Dilatation Syndrome

• Bornavirus.
• Lesion: encephalomyelitis and myenteric
ganglioneuritis. Affects the nerve ganglia of the
myoenteric plexus (especially crop, ventricle and
proventriculus). Bacterial imbalance.
• Signs Swollen proventriculus, delayed emptying.
• Diagnosis: X-ray, biopsy.
• Treatment: symptomatologic, diet management.

https://www.animalgenetics.eu/Avian/avian-disease-testing/avian-borna-virus.html
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6. ENFERMEDADES BACTERIANAS

6. Colibacillosis

• Agent: E. coli
• Susceptibility: Anseriformes, Galliformes and
Psittacidae. Young animals.

• Signs: coliform septicemia (depression, anorexia,

ruffled feathers, diarrhea, polyurea, kidney and
nerve damage (eye damage).
• Granulomatous lesions (E. Hjarre).
• Aerosaculitis, hepatitis, pericaditis, salpingitis,
omphalitis, panophthalmitis, enteritis (mucus).
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7. Salmonellosis

• Agent: Salmonella spp. (S. entiritidis, S.

arizonae).
• Susceptibility: age, virulence, dose,
• Species (Penguins and some
psittacines).

Signs
• Acute F.: anorexia, diarrhea, lethargica,
polyurea, polydpsia and death.
• F. Chronic: weight loss.
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• Pericarditis, hepatomegaly, necrotic foci in liver, nephritis and gastroenteritis.

• Treatment: Antibiogram (Clindamycin) + Probiotics.
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8. Staphylococcosis

• Agent: Staphyloccocus spp. (S.

aureus)
• Susceptibility: Geese, raptors and
penguins.
• Vascular problems associated with
pododermatitis or "bumblefoot".

• Signs: necrosis of toes,

gangrenous dermatitis, arthritis,
osteomyelitis and septicemia.
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Pododermatitis
Affects metatarsal pads.
Causes
Perches
Large birds
Problem in capture
Foreign bodies
Hyperkeratosis-Hypo Vit A
Signs Epithelial erosion-tenosynovitis-endocarditis.
Treatment

https://aevaveterinaria.es/index.php/component/k2/9-pododermatitis-en-aves-rapaces
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9. Chlamydiosis/Psittacosis/Ornithosis

• Agent: Chamydophila psittaci

• Transmission: Inhalation, contact and ingestion.
• Predisposition: young animals, stress and species (penguins
and parrots).
• Reservoirs: Gulls, ducks, pigeons.

Signs: asymptomatic.
• Respiratory: anorexia, dyspnea, rales, sinusitis, conjunctivitis
(nasal exudate).
• Enteric: polyuria, yellowish green diarrhea.
• Diagnosis and treatment.
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http://www.infoexoticos.com/la-psitacosis-u-ornitosis-c-psittaci/
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10. Tuberculosis
• Agent: Mycobacterium avium, M. tuberculosis (Psittacidae).
• Signs: Chronic weakness, cachexia, generalized gramulomatous lesions (Pneumonia).
• Treatment.
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7. FUNGAL DISEASES

11. Aspergillus

• Agent: A. spergillus fumigatus (A. flavus, A.

niger, A. nidularis, A. terreus).

• Acute form: * Anorexia, weight loss, polydipsia,

polyuria and dyspnea. * Granulomatous
aerosaculitis and pneumonia.

• Chronic form: * Anorexia * Weight loss and

dyspnea.
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• Diagnosis: X-ray, culture, cytology,

laparoscopy, biopsy, serology.

• Treatment: Rinfampicin, Fluconazole,

nebulizations and surgery.
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12. Candidiasis

• Agent: Candida albicans

• Pseudomembranous forms of necrotic
material (tongue and pharynx).
• Gastrointestinal infection.

• Signs: anorexia, vomiting, dehydration,

depression.

• Treatment: ketoconazole.
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8. PARASITIC DISEASES

13. Trichonomiasis

• Agent: Trichomona gallinae

• Signs: Salivation and mucosal inflammation.
Yellowish plaques and caseous material.
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14. Cestodes 16. Dermanyssus spp.

-Rallietina and “Red mite.
Hymenolepis: clinically It can be fatal in young birds.
inapparent

15. Nematodes
-Ascaridia and Heterakis.
-Capillaria and
Syngamus
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17. Cnemidocoptic mange

Agent: Knemidocoptes spp.

Invades follicles and stratum corneum.

Signs: pruritus, crusty lesions (beak,
wax, eyelids and legs).

Lesions: hyperplasia and

hyperkeratosis.

Diagnosis: scraping.

Treatment
http://periquitosaustralianosbrasil.blogspot.com/2013/09/sarna-sintomas-e-tratamento.html
Let's apply what we have learned

Collaborative work:

Clincal Case
Integramos lo aprendido

What did we learn today?

From the previous dynamics:

what aspects are important for the diagnosis of

diseases?
Bibliographic sources

• Tully T. (2009). Tully, Thomas N. (2009). Manual of Exotic Pet Practice ||

BIRDS. , (), 250–298. doi:10.1016/B978-141600119-5.50013-5

• Harrison G. Clinical Avian Medicine. Raptor medicine.

http://avianmedicine.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/40_raptorsb2.pdf

• Harrison G. Clinical Avian Medicine . Emergancy care.

http://avianmedicine.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/40_raptorsb2.pdf
THANK YOU VERY MUCH