Communication (Microwave Tower Schematics)

Sariaya, Quezon to Rosario, Batangas
Wireless, Microwave, and Facillity Management System
A Wireless Communication System Design presented to the faculty under the
College of Engineering
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Electronics and Communications Engineering
Submitted By:
Alisangco, Keith Lester

Bancil, John Matthew
Lorenton, Mark Louijay
Malunes, Norielyn
Popelo, Art Ivan Rey
Submitted to:
Engr. Jomar P. Liquido
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering, this research entitled the
“Wireless, Microwave, and Facility Management System Design” has been
prepared and submitted by the following students:
Alisangco, Keith Lester

Bancil, John Matthew
Lorenton, Mark Louijay
Malunes, Norielyn
Popelo, Art Ivan Rey
Approved by:
Engr. Jomar Liquido Mr. Rommel T. Dasalla

Instructor OIC, College of Engineering
Approved and accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Electronics and Communication engineering with a grade of _________.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
An overbearing expression of gratitude to our God Almighty for the immediate

knowledge that he has endowed to all of us to bear great strength for the fulfillment of
this task. And also to extend our greatest thanks to our parents and a favorable juncture
of our circumstances.
Secondly, we would like to express our special appreciativeness to our teacher

Engr. Jomar Liquido as well as our college officer-in-charge Mr. Rommel Dasalla who
gave us to execute this exceptional plan. And to our friends who helped us to have this
project materialized.
DEDICATION
We would like to dedicate this scheme project to our teachers, who guided us along the
way to come up with this ground plan,
And to the rest of the group who had worked full force with amplified skills.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
1. Overview of the Design
II. Project Description
1. Significance of the Study
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Design Objective
4. Scope and Delimitations
5. Design Considerations
5.1 Site Considerations
5.2 Line of Sight Considerations
5.3 Equipment Considerations
5.4 Operating Frequency
III. Microwave Link Profile
1. Location of Site
2. Path Profiling and Reflection Point
IV. Floor Plans and Perspectives
1. Site A
1.1 Floor Plan
1.2 Perspective
2. Site B
2.1 Floor Plan
2.2 Perspective
V. System Layouts
A. Site A (Existing Site)
1. Wireless Technologies
1.1 Existing Site Development Layout
1.2 Existing Room Layout
1.3 Existing Tower Loading/Elevation Layout
1.4 Existing Antenna Layout
1.5 Existing Cable Layout
2. Microwave
3. Facility Management System
B. Site B (Proposed Site)
1. Wireless Technology
1.1 Proposed Site Development Layout
1.2 Proposed Room Layout
1.3 Proposed Tower Loading/Elevation Layout
1.4 Proposed Antenna Layout
1.5 Proposed Cable Layout
2. Microwave
2.3 Proposed Tower Loading/Elevation Layout
2.4 Proposed Antenna Layout
VI. Microwave Path Link Reliability
1. Site Considerations
2. Great Circle Distance
3. Operating Frequency
4. Antenna Height
5. Antenna Orientation
5.1 Planning Angle
5.2 Antenna Tilting
6. Reflection Point
7. Transmission Calculation
7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain
7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Loss
7.2.1 Wave Guide Loss
7.2.2 Free Space Path Loss
7.2.3 Net Path Loss
7.3 Fade Margin
7.4 Reliability of the Main System
7.5 Hot Standby System
7.6 Overall System Reliability (1+1 Redundancy)
7.7 Unavailability Base on radio Frequency propagation
8. Link Budget
9. Tower Layout
10. Design Summary
VII. Occupational Safety
1. Safety Precautions
2. Electrical Safety
3. Power Contact Induction
4. AC and DC Safety
5. Ground
6. Electric Shock
7. Tower Safety
8. Safety Belt and Climbing Accessories
9. Clothing
10. Hard Hats
11. Rope and Pulley
12. Installing Antennas on the Tower
13. Some Tower Climbing Tips
14. Equipment Protection
VIII. Glossary
IX. Technical Reference
1. Formula
2. Reference
3. Specification Sheets
I. Introduction
This design is all about the establishment of Cellular base station interconnected through point-to-point
microwave radio link. This focuses on the theory of how microwave communications are implemented
and what equipments are used in a base station subsystem; namely the Wireless technologies, the
microwave radio system, and the facility management system. The Wireless technologies used in our
design are the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation of mobile networks. Our microwave radio link that will serve as
our point-to-point communication for large distances used is the split design which is composed of an
indoor unit (IDU), an outdoor unit (ODU) and the microwave antenna itself providing easier installation
and higher gain. The facility management system is composed of different types of sensors that will
provide a suitable monitoring system for the equipment involved in operation of the base station
subsystem.
The reason for this design is to provide an efficient and effective cellular communication in rural area.
This means that we are expecting a small number of subscribers compared to those in urban areas. Base
station subsystems occupies only a limited distance range with a limited number of users. Providing
communication is likely expanding a network. We are establishing cellular base stations to cover an
additional area that is occupied by any citizens capable of acquiring connectivity to the mobile network.
Also establishing more base stations actually support a constant availability of network signal. This
applies the concept of handoffs that you are transferred to the nearest cellular base station when you
change your location from one place to another.
These mobile technologies are interconnected to form a network. In rural area with mountainous
terrains, it is favorable to establish a microwave link system. The microwave link system is used to
provide a wireless connectivity between cellular base stations. Microwave frequencies are capable of
carrying large amount of information because of a wider spectral bandwidth. They are also a flexible
network since number of repeaters are minimized with the direct line-of-sight propagation.
Establishment of microwave radio links also reduces system maintenance compared to fiber optic cables
because equipments are installed quickly and efficiently. Another component of the base station
subsystem is the facility monitoring unit. The problem is that when a cellular network fails, subscribers
will be unable to have connectivity. Each equipment inside the cell site is very sensitive in terms of
temperature and improper accessibility. Static discharges are very dangerous to the equipments. And
persons authorized by the network company are allowed to enter and facilitate maintenance since they
know the proper procedures inside the radio room.
Our design is composed of hot-standby systems and techniques involve when a component fails. It
increases its reliability for the users that are connected to the network every time. This following
document is composed of the design proper including the computations and system layouts. The
microwave radio link between the two sites are also presented. We also include the site safety
precautions that must be observed when accessing the base station subsystem.
1. Overview of the Design
The mobile telecommunications design comprises three major parts. The wireless technology used to
provide an access for mobile equipments to the network. Second is the microwave link that connects
base stations to one another. And the facility management system that secures the preceding
equipments to any cause of failure.
The wireless technology is designed to have a fallback mechanism that secures the network connection
by the use of the three available mobile generations namely: 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation of mobile
networks. The equipments used for these mobile technologies are from Huawei Corporation. The
Baseband Units are BBU3900 which is connected to the RRUs that modulates the baseband signal to the
radio frequency carrier. The Remote Radio Units used are the RRU3004, RRU3804, and RRU3203. There
are two panel antennas used in our design to isolate the 2nd and 3rd technologies to the 4th generation
for additional reliability in case of equipment failure. Our network service provider is based on Smart
Communications and the frequency bands that we will implement are the GSM-900, UMTS-850, and
LTE-TDD-700.
The microwave radio used in the design is the Huawei RTN 950. We implemented space diversity to
increase the reliability of our main system when unexpected cases occur. The choice of equipment is
necessary to a particular brand for its compatibility with the other systems. The microwave radio is
connected to the Baseband units through LAN cables. These microwave system is called split design in
which an Indoor unit (IDU 950) is connected to an outdoor unit (ODU XMC-2) through an IF cable
mounted near the microwave antenna. The design contains 4 ODU, in which it is operating in vertical
polarization, 2 ODU’s are for the main system and the other 2 are for the diversity link. We used a
flexible waveguide WR112/WG15/R84 connected from the ODU to the microwave antenna.
The microwave antenna used is from commscope a dual-polarized antenna. The microwave
antenna is capable of operating in 1+1 HSB configuration.
Facility management system comprises of different components used to monitor and secure
the equipments operating in the base station. The monitoring unit we had used is the Huawei
SCC800. The components installed provides a signal when there is an unexpected situation in
the site. A water sensor, smoke sensor, and digital temperature/humidity are used to monitor
the current situation of the site. A siren, infrared sensor, and cameras provide an overall vision
of the site. The network company does not tolerate any unauthorized access to such persons
inside, since most of the equipment are very sensitive to static discharges. The site is privately
owned by the network companies.
The mobile telecommunications design is consisting of two different sites, located in two
different provinces. Site A is located at Sariaya, Quezon. And Site B is located at the province of
Rosario, Batangas. Site A and B are connected with a total of 32.94 km.
II. Project Description
1. Significance of the Study
Like telecommunications itself, the telecommunications industry is broader than it was in the
past. It encompasses multiple service providers, including telephone companies, cable system
operators, Internet service providers, wireless carriers, and satellite operators.
 This Wireless and Communication research is combined by the compiled researches,

knowledge and understanding regarding on how to develop our telecommunication system.
 It will help readers and future researchers to explain the process and technologies involved
in Wireless Communication, the theoretical and actual planning involved in Microwave and
the proper way of identifying the right equipment to be used which is involved in the
Facility Management Systems.
 Furthermore, this will serve as a guide for researchers that might encounter the same case
for future studies. May all future researchers will benefit from this design and to provide
those facts needed to compare their study for the improvement of their draft. May they be
blessed and achieve those goals at the very last.
2. Statement of the Problem
The different factors that will affect the reliability of our whole proposed lay outs are our top
priorities in order to achieve our desired goal, considering of the factors that might affect our
whole proposal.
In order to obtain a reliable proposal, we have to consider and solve different factors:
 Factors and consideration on the proposed design to attain a satisfactory reliability value
 Ways to secure our site from any unauthorized access
 How to lessen errors and failures, and maintain the reliability of the design
 Improvement of speed and service for the network subscribers
 Choosing the proper equipment’s for the proposed design
 Avoiding obstructions to provide the better line of sight
 Expanding the network availability to areas where communication is barely needed

3. Design Objective
 Proper selection of equipment to lessen the probability of failure
 Facility must be secured and safe
 Design a reliable, efficient and functional system that would be used in telecommunication
base stations
 Acquire knowledge, theories and different factors to enhance ideas regarding wireless
communication
 To attain high percentage of reliability that will serve as a basis of a functional microwave
communication
 Hot standby and space diversity technique to support system backup
 To demonstrate and be familiarize to the different types of mobile technologies
 To establish a clear line of sight and to make sure it is free to all known obstructions
 Provide High speed network access to the subscriber of the network
 Station that is composed of three sectors to provide communication around the site
4. Scope and Delimitation
Scope
 Equipment specifications are included
 A microwave design link from Sariaya, Quezon to Rosario, Batangas
 Provided information of the site locations, regarding the climate conditions, populations,
land and coastal areas
 All design information which includes path profile design, link budget analysis, calculations,
formulas, technical specifications of equipment, references and different types of
considerations, trusted software’s, standards recommended, our main objectives and safety
engineering
 Layout of the design of floor plan perspective, tower, and antenna installation
 Facility management System are included
 Actual topographic map from NAMRIA with accurate plotting is to be presented
 Selection of sites will ensure Line of Sight (LOS) condition and the development of path
profile to support the said condition
 The service to be rendered is voice, video, and data
 We used also the space diversity technique and hot-standby to increase the reliability
Delimitations
 The total budget (bill of materials and licenses) required to build this system are not listed
 All materials used for the layouts, construction plan and electrical systems on how it will
work are not included
 National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) licensing is not included
 The tower, floor plan and perspective are designed by nonprofessionals, and the
specification of tower is not complete
 Information about the existing site A is not precise and accurate since authorization is very
restricted
 The link layouts do not include the materials used, plumbing, construction plan, and
electrical layouts
 Topographical map used was outdated
 There is no actual operation had been observed

5. Design Considerations
In designing a wireless technology that uses a microwave link, there are certain design
considerations that should be observed in careful planning of the development activities that
can greatly reduce the time and effort we spend. These considerations provide accurate values
and information including specifications to achieve proper location of the sites.
5.1 Site Considerations
 Site Lot Area

 Geological Considerations
 Meteorological Considerations
Lot Area
The lot area is the first consideration required in establishing the sites. Each site measures 400
sq. meters with 20 m in each of the sides. It does provide space for the cabin and the backup
power generator. It also includes a storage room and a guard house to serve as the shelter for
the security personnel in protecting the site with unauthorized entry. The area also gives free
space that can be used for future upgrades or modifications intended for the effectiveness and
efficiency of the site.
Geological Considerations
Another important consideration is the geological characteristics of the sites that we want to
link. This information provides environmental aspects that would affect the physical
construction and the signal propagation in the sites.
Landslide Susceptibility
The Landslide susceptibility map shows that both sites are not susceptible to any landslide that
may cause by sudden earthquake intensities. Phivolcs Earthquake Intensity Scale and Modified
Mercalli Scale are measurements of how a distinguished location will have an effect after an
earthquake is experienced prior to that said area.
This consideration is very critical and important in design because the damages will have a
major effect on the physical structure of the site. The location of the sites had a low probability
of serious landslides in case of earthquakes to avoid unnecessary failures that will result
unavailability of our wireless communication system.
Liquefaction Susceptibility
The Liquefaction susceptibility map shows that the location of the sites is not susceptible to any
effects due to occurrence of any earthquake. Liquefaction pertains to a phenomenon where
land takes on the characteristics of a liquid during the intense shaking of an earthquake.
The liquefaction hazard could affect the communications link. It may cause unnecessary failure
and unavailability of wireless communication system for it weakens the strength and stiffness
during shaking. But in the map, it clearly shows that our sites have a low probability of
liquefaction on where they stand.
Earthquake Susceptibility
The location of the sites does not lay above any active faults as shown in the earthquake
susceptibility map. These faults will produce high value of magnitudes that can still gave an
effect in the site but not that much of the intensity.
Earthquake effects are highly considered because it will affect the positioning of the different
components at the site. It also triggers landslides and the liquefaction that is discussed above.
These considerations are observed to the design process to avoid any unnecessary failures
caused by any destruction on any physical components of the site.
Meteorological Considerations
The following tables below will show the climate conditions of both the sites. It is important to
identify them to provide information about the natural conditions that can affect the structure
and operation of the base stations.
Sariaya, Quezon
Rosario, Batangas
5.2 Line of Sight Considerations
Line of Sight Considerations are carefully observed to have a clear microwave communication
link. This link will be achieved if these factors are met carefully, since the signal travels in the
straight path. Some of the signals are refracted by the atmospheric condition and the
obstructions that can result to the deration of the signal at the receiving end.
 The First Fresnel Zone is important and is used to identify how much loss the Line of sight
signals will take. It must be cleared from any obstructions more particularly 60% of that
Fresnel Zone is the most critical part and where the most of the Line of Sight signals are
taken.
 The K factor or earth radius factor determines the highest obstruction to be obtained that
the earth’s curvature as our reference value. In most cases, k factor of 4/3 is used in
planning a microwave link that tends to describe that the refraction of the signal is towards
to the earth. This is also used to know the height of the microwave antenna to avoid any
unnecessary signal refraction.
 Obstructions must be avoided that can cause any failure of the microwave link. It is the
most important consideration because the microwaves propagate line of sight signals. It
includes trees, and buildings or any other obstructions that will interrupt the
communication link.
5.3 Equipment Considerations
Panel Antenna (Commscope EGPX310BD-B2)
Operating Frequency 694 – 862 MHz | 880 – 960 MHz

Antenna Type Sector
Band Multiband
Radome Fiberglass, UV resistant
Wind Speed (maximum) 241 km/h, 150 mph
Net Weight 29.0 kg
Commscope RPX310B-T2
Operating Frequency 694 – 790 MHz | 790 – 890 MHz | 890 – 960 MHz
Antenna Type Sector
Band Single band
Radome Fiberglass, UV resistant
Wind Speed (maximum) 200 km/h, 124 mph
Net Weight 27.0 kg
Microwave Antenna (VHLPX6-7W-2WH/B)
Operating Frequency Band 7.125 GHz – 8.5 GHz

Diameter 1.8 m (6 ft)
Radome Material Polymer
Antenna Input PBR84
Polarization Dual
Beamwidth (Horizontal) 1.5
Beamwidth (Vertical) 1.5
VSWR 1.30
Radome Loss 0.7 dB
Max Wind Velocity Resistivity 150 mph / 241 kph
The Microwave Antenna must have high antenna gain and high directivity. It must also be Light weight
and can resist high wind velocities. This type of antenna we used is high performance parabolic shielded
antenna in dual polarization which operates more in efficient way because two polarizations can exist.
And its diameter is chosen larger because the diameter is directly proportional to the antenna gain.
Microwave Radio (RTN 950)
Specifications RTN950A
Frequency 6/7/8/10/10.5/11/13/15/18/23/26/28/32/38/42 GHz
Channel Space 3.5/7/14/28/40/50/56 MHz
RF Directions 2U/6 RF
Switching Capacity 10 Gbit/s
Temperature: IDU –5℃ to +60℃, ODU –35℃ to +55℃
Environment
Relative humidity: IDU 5% to 95%, ODU 5% to 100%
Power Supply –38.4V to –57.6V
IDU Weight 5.4 kg
Manual Transmitter Power
0-30 dB
Control Range
Receiver Threshold (BER = 10-6 ) -69 dBm
The microwave radio must be compatible with the frequency at which the links are to be operated. It
must have a low receiver sensitivity value and high transmitted power output. An indoor and outdoor
unit installation for eliminating the used of waveguides for transmission and must be a user-friendly
interface for simple maintenance management.
Automatic transfer switch
The ATS must have the ability to switch on and off to different sources that is the main power source
and the backup source.
Tower
Engineering Specifications
Items Symbols Units Parameters
Physical dimension m  Height: 55

 Lower base: 6 × 6
 Upper base: 3 × 3
Cross sectional radius R m  Base: 3.4641
 Top: 1.732
Mass (all legs) mlegs kg 2432.23
Mass (all braces) mbraces kg 10082.13
Total mass (without mtotal kg 12514.36

equipment)
Total density (without ρtotal kg/m3 35.0311
equipment
Yield strength σy MPa 4212.5
Compressive force Fc kN 671.1156
Tensile force Ft kN 8153.2
The tower used must possess the following; the capability of the tower to hold loads such as antennas
and cables prior to construction, the type of soil wherein the tower is raised must also be considered for
any ground movement to prevent the tower from swaying and the height of the tower must be enough
in order to avoid obstructions. The anticipated wind loading must also be identified under harsh
condition and additional loading.
Monitoring Unit (SCC800)
DC Input Voltage Range -36 V to -72 V

Operating Temperature -40°C to +70°C
Storage Temperature -40°C to +70°C
Reliability (MTBF) 200, 000 hours (25°C)
Dimensions (H x W x D) 43.6 mm x 482.6 mm x 330 mm
A monitoring unit that is a centralized system compatible with the other monitoring sensors to carefully
manage the site environment.
EMUB
DC Input Voltage Range -36 V to -72 V

Rated Operating Voltage -48 V
Dimensions (H x W x D) 442 mm x 110 mm x 41.6 mm
Smart ETH Gateway
DC Input Voltage Range 42.5 V to 57 V

Reliability (MTBF) 20, 000 hours
A Smart ETH Gateway must have a high value of MTBF to ensure the capability of operation to
synchronize the different monitoring cameras installed in the site.
Digital T/H Sensor
DC Input Voltage Range 12 V to 24 V

Measurement Range (Temperature) -20°C to +80°C
Measurement Range (Humidity) 0% - 100%
Surge Voltage Protection 1000 V
A digital temperature and humidity sensor must be an equipment that is very sensitive and accurate in
terms of environmental measurements.
Indoor Camera (IPC6324)
Image Sensor 1/2.7" 2.0 megapixel progressive scan CMOS

Effective Pixels 1920(H) x 1080(V)
Resolution 1920×1080, 1280×720, 720×576, 720×480,
352×288, 352×240
Frame Rate 60Hz:30/20~1fps / 50Hz:25/20~1fps
Operating Voltage DC 12 V
IP Outdoor Camera
Image Sensor 1/2.7" 2.0 megapixel progressive scan CMOS

Effective Pixels 1920(H) x 1080(V)
Resolution 1920×1080, 1280×720, 720×576, 720×480, 352×288,
352×240
Frame Rate 60Hz:30/20~1fps / 50Hz:25/20~1fps
Operating Voltage DC 12 V
Infrared Sensor
Voltage Range 10 V – 16 V
Operating Current ≤ 35 mA (12 V)
Detection Distance 8m
Detection Angle 90°

Water Sensor
Operating Voltage 12 V
Operating Current ≤ 10 mA (monitoring state)
≤ 25 mA (alarm state)
Dimensions 32 mm x 64 mm
Siren
Weight 0.5 kg
Voltage 24 V – 240 V AC
Power 10 W
Frequency 50-60 Hz
RRU3004
RX/TX Channels 2T2R

Capacity 2 TRXs
Receiver Sensitivity with one antenna (dbm) -113
RX Frequency Band (MHz) 880 to 915
TX Frequency Band (MHz) 925 to 960
RRU3804
RX/TX Channels 1T2R

Capacity 4 carriers
Receiver Sensitivity with one antenna (dbm) -125.3
RRU3203
RX/TX Channels 2T2R

Capacity One carrier with a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, or
15 MHz
Receiver Sensitivity with one antenna (dbm) 1T1R: -105.8
1T2R: -108.6
Rectifier
AC Input Voltage Range: 85-300 VAC

Nominal: 185-275 VAC
Maximum AC Current 12.5 Arms
DC Output Voltage 43.5-57.6 VDC
Maximum DC Current 41.7A
Typical Efficiency 92%
Smoke sensor
Working voltage DC12V

Working current: Power on <250μA
Environment temperature -10℃ - +55℃
Relative humidity ≤95%
Altitude ≤12 m
Fuel level sensor

Operating Voltage 12 V
Measurement Precision 2%
ODU
An ODU XMC-2 is an outdoor radio unit that has a high transmitting power to increase the reliability of
signal reception at the other end of the communications link.
Working formats of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)
Item Specification
Modulation format QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM
Channel spacing 7 MHz, 14 MHz, 28 MHz, 40 MHz, and 56 MHz
Working frequency bands of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)
Interval Between Center RX and TX

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz) Frequencies in a Channel (MHz)
7 GHz From 7.093 to 7.897 154, 161, 168, 196, and 245
119/126, 151.614, 208, 266, and
8 GHz From 7.731 to 8.497 311.32
11 GHz From 10.675 to 11.745 500/490, 530/520
13 GHz From 12.751 to 13.248 266
15 GHz From 14.400 to 15.358 315/322, 420, 490, 644, and 728
18 GHz From 17.685 to 19.710 1010/1008, 1092.5, 1560
23 GHz From 21.200 to 23.618 1008, 1200, and 1232
26 GHz From 24.250 to 26.453 1008
28 GHz From 27.520 to 29.481 1008
32 GHz From 31.815 to 33.383 812

38 GHz From 37.044 to 40.105 1260
42 GHz From 40.522 to 43.464 1500
Transceiver specifications of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)
Specification
Item QPSK 16 QAM/ 64 QAM/ 256 QAM
32 QAM 128 QAM
Rated 7 GHz 29.5 dBm 28.5 dBm 28 dBm 26dBm
Maximum TX
Power
Generator set
Power Consumption
Fuel Consumption Rates

Flexible Waveguide
Lightning Arrester
Protection Level 99%, D = 20 m

Protection Radius 32 m
It is used for lightning protection, it can withstand lightning and switching surges, as the
lightning strikes at the tower the arrester will flow the lightning directly to the ground. Also we
consider a larger area of protection.
Beacon
Operating Voltage 120/240 Vac, 50/60 Hz

Wattage 12.5 Watts
Candela 2000cd at Red Light
5.4 Operating Frequency Considerations
In choosing the operating frequency of the microwave link, there are some considerations that
are needed to have a better communication link. The frequency must be chosen carefully to
minimize the problems that can occur.
The frequency must not be high enough to avoid rain attenuation or rain absorption.
Frequencies from 1 to 10 GHz are typically unaffected by these factors. It’s because that the
wavelengths are smaller compared to the size of the particles that they are more prone to fade.
But the lower the frequency, it is more prone to multipath fading which corresponds to the
reflections of the signal through the obstructions.
Distance between the links must also be considered for higher the operating frequency, the less
distance it can travel due to signal strength attenuation. The greater the distance with respect
to the operating frequency the signal is decreased it will reach in the receiver.
Another thing to consider is that the operating frequency affects the Fresnel zone radius. The
lower the frequency can increase the Fresnel radius; thus it can be obstructed by some high
structures between those links.
The operating frequency is also standardized by the ITU which declares what band of
frequencies is to be used in some certain applications. Microwave links are commonly operated
in the C band which is 4 to 8 GHz. And 7 GHz are used to microwave links that are separated of
more than 30 km.
Frequency Link Band
Band Designation Frequency Link Band (GHz)

L 1-2
S 2-4
C 4-8
X 8-12
Ku 12-18
K 18-27
Ka 27-40
U 40-60
V 60-80
W 80-100
Frequency Link Length Guideline (According to Manning, 2010)
Frequency Link Band Approximated Distance

7 GHz > 30 km
13/15/18 GHz 15 to 30 km
23/26 GHz 5 to 15 km
28 GHz Up to 5 km
III. Microwave Link Profile
1. Location of Site
Site A
(Sariaya, Quezon)
Coordinates of site A based on Google Earth Elevation above mean sea level
Latitude = 13° 57' 6.51" N 172m (According to Google Earth)
Longitude = 121° 30' 21.57" E Distance to Site B
32.93998378 km
Site B
(Rosario, Batangas)
Coordinates of site A based on Google Earth Elevation above mean sea level
Latitude = 13° 52' 30.54" N 171m (According to Google Earth)

Longitude = 121° 12' 39.54" E Distance to Site B
32.93998378 km
2. Path Profiling and Reflection Point
Distance Distance
Earth Path Obstruction Fresnel Trees and 1st Fresnel
from tower from tower Terrain Line Of Sight
Curvature (m) Elevation (m) Height (m) Clearance Building (m) Zone
A (dA, m) B (dB, m)
0 32.94 0 172 187 0 15 0 199
0.5 32.44 0.954117647 171 186 2.677596435 Built up area 15 4.462660725 199.0097146
Tropical grass;coconut
1 31.94 1.878823529 166 181 3.757397587 grove
15 6.262329312 199.0194293
1.5 31.44 2.774117647 165 180 4.565691828 grove
15 7.60948638 199.0291439
2 30.94 3.64 161 176 5.229917628 grove
15 8.716529381 199.0388585
2.5 30.44 4.476470588 156 171 5.799786739 grove
15 9.666311231 199.0485732
3 29.94 5.283529412 154 169 6.300952731 grove
15 10.50158788 199.0582878
3.5 29.44 6.061176471 149 164 6.748738823 grove
15 11.24789804 199.0680024
4 28.94 6.809411765 142 157 7.153176733 grove
15 11.92196122 199.0777171
4.5 28.44 7.528235294 129 144 7.52126255 grove
15 12.53543758 199.0874317
5 27.94 8.217647059 124 139 7.858106298 grove
15 13.09684383 199.0971463
5.5 27.44 8.877647059 124 139 8.167574311 grove
15 13.61262385 199.106861
6 26.94 9.508235294 111 126 8.452673952 grove
15 14.08778992 199.1165756
6.5 26.44 10.10941176 107 122 8.715796868 grove
15 14.52632811 199.1262902
7 25.94 10.68117647 100 115 8.958879642 grove
15 14.93146607 199.1360049
7.5 25.44 11.22352941 93 108 9.183513768 grove
15 15.30585628 199.1457195
8 24.94 11.73647059 86 101 9.391023218 grove
15 15.65170536 199.1554341
8.5 24.44 12.22 75 90 9.582520563 grove
15 15.9708676 199.1651488
9 23.94 12.67411765 69 84 9.758948451 Built up area 15 16.26491409 199.1748634
9.5 23.44 13.09882353 67 82 9.92111086 Built up area 15 16.53518477 199.184578
10 22.94 13.49411765 63 78 10.06969701 grove
15 16.78282835 199.1942927
10.5 22.44 13.86 67 82 10.20529991 grove
15 17.00883318 199.2040073
11 21.94 14.19647059 75 90 10.32843095 grove
15 17.21405158 199.2137219
11.5 21.44 14.50352941 71 86 10.43953145 grove
15 17.39921908 199.2234366
12 20.94 14.78117647 85 100 10.53898188 grove
15 17.5649698 199.2331512
12.5 20.44 15.02941176 80 95 10.62710933 grove
15 17.71184888 199.2428658
13 19.94 15.24823529 72 87 10.70419345 grove
15 17.84032242 199.2525804
13.5 19.44 15.43764706 60 75 10.77047137 grove
15 17.95078562 199.2622951
14 18.94 15.59764706 47 62 10.82614156 grove
15 18.04356926 199.2720097
14.5 18.44 15.72823529 36 51 10.87136697 grove
15 18.11894494 199.2817243
15 17.94 15.82941176 41 56 10.90627754 grove
15 18.17712923 199.291439
15.5 17.44 15.90117647 35 50 10.93097209 grove
15 18.21828682 199.3011536
16 16.94 15.94352941 37 52 10.94551979 Built up area 15 18.24253298 199.3108682
16.5 16.44 15.95647059 33 48 10.94996106 Built up area 15 18.24993511 199.3205829
17 15.94 15.94 37 52 10.94430822 Built up area 15 18.2405137 199.3302975
17.5 15.44 15.89411765 38 53 10.9285456 Rice paddy; Mash 15 18.21424266 199.3400121
18 14.94 15.81882353 42 57 10.90262934 grove
15 18.1710489 199.3497268
18.5 14.44 15.71411765 42 57 10.86648681 grove
15 18.11081134 199.3594414
19 13.94 15.58 45 60 10.82001552 grove
15 18.03335919 199.369156
19.5 13.44 15.41647059 42 57 10.76308168 grove
15 17.93846947 199.3788707
20 12.94 15.22352941 47 62 10.69551823 grove
15 17.82586371 199.3885853
20.5 12.44 15.00117647 47 62 10.61712222 grove
15 17.69520371 199.3982999
21 11.94 14.74941176 50 65 10.52765167 grove
15 17.54608612 199.4080146
21.5 11.44 14.46823529 48 63 10.42682149 Lake Pagatan 15 17.37803582 199.4177292
22 10.94 14.15764706 53 68 10.31429854 Built up area 15 17.19049757 199.4274438
22.5 10.44 13.81764706 61 76 10.18969546 grove
15 16.98282577 199.4371585
23 9.94 13.44823529 69 84 10.05256307 grove
15 16.75427178 199.4468731
23.5 9.44 13.04941176 69 84 9.902380828 grove
15 16.50396805 199.4565877
24 8.94 12.62117647 74 89 9.738545024 Built up area 15 16.23090837 199.4663024
24.5 8.44 12.16352941 78 93 9.560353739 Built up area 15 15.9339229 199.476017
25 7.94 11.67647059 83 98 9.366987739 Malitlit River 15 15.61164623 199.4857316
25.5 7.44 11.16 92 107 9.157485807 Malitlit River 15 15.26247634 199.4954463
26 6.94 10.61411765 99 114 8.930712434 grove
15 14.88452072 199.5051609
26.5 6.44 10.03882353 105 120 8.685314855 Built up area 15 14.47552476 199.5148755
27 5.94 9.434117647 110 125 8.419664779 grove
15 14.03277463 199.5245902
27.5 5.44 8.8 116 131 8.131777611 grove
15 13.55296269 199.5343048
28 4.94 8.136470588 118 133 7.819197564 Built up area 15 13.03199594 199.5440194
28.5 4.44 7.443529412 127 142 7.478829136 Built up area 15 12.46471523 199.5537341
29 3.94 6.721176471 132 147 7.106680747 Built up area 15 11.84446791 199.5634487
29.5 3.44 5.969411765 137 152 6.697456869 Built up area 15 11.16242812 199.5731633
30 2.94 5.188235294 143 158 6.243871963 Built up area 15 10.40645327 199.582878
30.5 2.44 4.377647059 152 167 5.735410791 Built up area 15 9.559017984 199.5925926
31 1.94 3.537647059 157 172 5.155863466 Rice paddy; Mash 15 8.593105776 199.6023072
31.5 1.44 2.668235294 161 176 4.477712642 Rice paddy; Mash 15 7.462854403 199.6120219
32 0.94 1.769411765 164 179 3.646352179 Rice paddy; Mash 15 6.077253631 199.6217365
32.5 0.44 0.841176471 170 185 2.514129911 Rice paddy; Mash 15 4.190216518 199.6314511
32.94 0 0 171 186 0 15 0 199.64
Legend:
Highest Obstruction
Reflection Point
Microwave Link Path Profile
250
200
150 Trees and Building (m)

AMSL
Path Elevation (m)

Earth Curvature (m)
100
Line Of Sight
Optimum Fresnel Clearance
1st Fresnel Zone
50
26
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
32.94
DISTANCE (KM)
IV. Floor Plans and Perspectives
1. Site A
1.1 Floor Plan
1.2 Perspective
2. Site B
2.1 Floor Plan
2.2 Perspective
V. System Layouts
C. Site A (Existing Site)
1.5 Cable Layout
2. Microwave
2.5 Cable Layout
3.3 Cable Layout
D. Site B (Proposed Site)
1.1 Site Development Layout
1.2 Room Layout
1.3 Tower Loading/Elevation Layout
1.4 Antenna Layout
1.5 Cable Layout
2. Microwave
2.3 Tower Loading/Elevation Layout
2.4 Antenna Layout
2.5 Cable Layout
3.1 Site Development Layout
3.2 Room Layout
3.3 Cable Layout
VI. Microwave Path Link Reliability
1. Site Considerations
SITE A ( Sariaya, Quezon )
Latitude : 13° 57' 6.51" N

Longitude : 121° 30' 21.57" E
SITE B ( Rosario, Batangas )
Latitude : 13° 52' 30.54" N

Longitude : 121° 12' 39.54" E
2. Great Circle Distance
Given Parameters:
Longitude at side A 121° 30' 21.57" E

Longitude at side B 121° 12' 39.54" E
Latitude at side A 13° 57' 6.51" N
Latitude at side B 13° 52' 30.54" N
Unknown Parameters:
DGC = Great Circle Distance

𝜃 = Included Angle
𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1[( sin(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐴 )) (sin(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐵 )) + (cos(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐴 ))

(𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐵 )) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔. (𝐴 − 𝐵))]
𝜃 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐴 − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐵
𝜃 = 121° 30′ 21.57" − 121° 12′ 39.54"
𝜃 = 0°17′ 42.03"
𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [(sin(13° 57′ 6.51" ”) (sin (13° 52′ 30.54
+ (cos (13° 57′ 6.51") (cos (13° 52′ 30.54") (cos(0°17′ 42.03")]
𝐷𝐺𝐶 ≈ 0.2964361391°
60 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 1°
1.852𝑘𝑚 = 1 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
60 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 1.852𝑘𝑚

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = (0.2964361391°) [( )( )]
1° 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝐺𝐶 ≈ 32.93998378 𝑘𝑚
3. Operating Frequency
Given Parameters:
Upper Frequency (fu) 7.55 GHz
Lower Frequency (fl) 7.25 GHz
Unknown Parameters:
𝑓𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑓𝑈 + 𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝑐 =
2
7.550 + 7.25
𝑓𝑐 =
2
𝑓𝑐 = 7. 4𝐺𝐻𝑧
4. Antenna Height
Given Parameters:
DGC Total distance (km) 32.93998378
F Operating Frequency(GHz) 7.4
T.G Tree Growth(m) 15
Ea Elevation at site A (m, AMSL) 172
Eb Elevation at site B (m, AMSL) 171
Elevation at point of obstruction

Eo 171
(m, AMSL)
Distance between the point of
Da 0.5
obstruction and site A (km)
Distance between the point of
Db 32.44
obstruction and site B (km)
Unknown Parameters:
eb=Earth bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)

F1=First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction
H=Optimum fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
Aa=Antenna height at site A (AGL)
Ab= Antenna height at site B (AGL)
Ha= Antenna height at site A (AMSL)
Hb= Antenna height at site B (AMSL)
Ho=Total height of obstruction (m, AMSL)
4
k=3 For dry, mountains, typical inland, humid and coastal areas (unit less)
Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝑒𝑏 =
(12.75)𝑘
(0.5)(32.44)
𝑒𝑏 =
4
(12.75)(3)
𝑒𝑏 ≈ 0.9541176471 𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝐵
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝐹𝐷𝐺𝐶
(0.5)(32.44)
𝐹1 = 17.3√
(7.4)(32.93998378)
𝐹1 ≈ 4.462661824 𝑚
Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
𝐻 = 0.6 (𝐹1)
𝐻 = 0.6 (4.462661824𝑚)
𝐻 ≈ 2.677597095 𝑚
Total Height of obstruction (m, AMSL)
ℎ𝑜 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑇. 𝐺 + 𝑒𝑜 + 10𝑚
ℎ𝑜 = 0.9541176471𝑚 + 15𝑚 + 171𝑚 + 10𝑚
ℎ𝑜 ≈ 196.9541176𝑚
Antenna Height at Site A (m, AMSL)
ℎ𝑎 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴
ℎ𝑏 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑎𝐵
𝑎𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝑎𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐿𝐸𝑇 𝑎𝐵 = 28𝑚 𝐴𝐺𝐿

ℎ𝑏 = 171𝑚 + 28𝑚
ℎ𝑏 ≈ 199𝑚 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴
𝑑𝐵(ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵)
𝐻 = + ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝑜
𝐷𝐺𝐶
𝐷𝐺𝐶
ℎ𝐴 = [ 𝐻 – (ℎ𝐵 – ℎ𝑜) ] + ℎ𝐵
𝑑𝐵
32.93998378
ℎ𝐴 = [2.677597095 – (199 − 196.9541176) ] + 199
32.44
ℎ𝐴 ≈ 199.641451𝑚 (𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)
ℎ𝐴 = 172 + 𝑎𝐴
𝑎𝐴 = 199.641451𝑚 − 172𝑚
𝑎𝐴 ≈ 27.641451𝑚
5. Antenna Orientation
5.1 Panning Angle
Given Parameters:
Longitude A Longitude at site A

121° 30' 21.57" E
Longitude B Longitude at site B

121° 12' 39.54" E
Latitude A Latitude at site A

13° 57' 6.51" N
Latitude B Latitude at site B

13° 52' 30.54" N
DGC 0.2964361391°
𝐵𝐴 = 𝛼
𝐵𝐵 = 360° − 𝛽
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐷𝐺𝐶 )

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1[ ]
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐺𝐶)
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐷𝐺𝐶 )
𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1[ ]
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐺𝐶)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(13° 52′ 30.54") − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(13° 57′ 6.51" ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0.2964361391°)

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1 [ ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠(13° 57′ 6.51" ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0.2964361391°)
𝛼 ≈ 104.9514936
𝑠𝑖𝑛(13° 57′ 6.51" ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(13° 52′ 30.54") 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.2964361391°)

𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(13° 52′ 30.54") 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0.2964361391°)
𝛽 ≈ 74.97756961
𝐵𝐴 ≈ 𝑁 104°57’05.38” 𝐸
𝐵𝐵 = 360° − 74.97756961 = 285.0224304
𝐵𝐵 ≈ 𝑁 285°1’20.75” 𝐸
5.2 Antenna Tilting
Given Parameters:
DGC Total Distance 32.93998378

Antenna Height of site A, 199
hA
AMSL (m)
Antenna Height of site B, 199.641451
hB
AMSL (m)
Unknown parameters:
𝜃𝐵 = Angle of elevation of the antenna at site B
𝜃𝐴 = Angle of elevation of the antenna at site A
𝜃 = 𝜃𝐵 = −𝜃𝐴
ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐷
199.641451 − 199
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
32939.98378
′
𝜃 = 0.001115739319° = 0° 0 4.02"
6. Reflection Point
Given Parameters:
hA Antenna height Site A, AMSL(ft.) 652.8871391

hB Antenna height Site B, AMSL (ft.) 654.9916373
DGC Total Distance (mi) 20.46851661
UNKNOWN PARAMETERS:
GL Grazing Line
d1 Distances of Site A to the point of reflection km
d2 Distances of Site B to the point of reflection km
y Quotient of the Antenna height at Site A and the squared of the total distance
x Quotient of the Antenna height at Site B and the squared of the total distance
1 mile = 1.6093 km
1 foot = 0.3048 m
ℎ𝐵
𝑥 =
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2
654.9916373
𝑥 =
(20.46851661 )2
𝑥 ≈ 1.56337447
652.8871391
𝑦 = 2
(20.46851661 )
𝑦 ≈ 1.558351324
1
𝐺𝑙 =
1.558351324
1 + √
1.56337447
𝐺𝐿 ≈ 0.5004022734
𝐷1 = 𝐺𝐿 (𝐷𝐺𝐶)
𝐷1 = 0.5004022734 (20.46851661)
1.6093𝑘𝑚
𝐷1 = 10.24249225𝑚𝑖( )
𝑚𝑖
𝐷1 ≈ 16.48324277𝑘𝑚
𝐷2 = 𝐷𝐺𝐶 − 𝐷1
𝐷2 = 32.93998378𝑘𝑚 − 16.48324277𝑘𝑚
𝐷2 ≈ 16.45674101𝑘𝑚 (reflection point)
The reflection point is at a built-up area.
7. Transmission Calculation
7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain
Given Parameters:
F Frequency 7.400GHz
DA Antenna Diameter 1.8m
UNKNOWN PARAMETERS:
𝑮𝑨 Antenna Gain at Site A

𝑮𝑩 Antenna Gain at Site B
𝑮𝑻 Radio Frequency Total Gain
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐺𝐴 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐹𝐺𝐻𝑧 + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷𝐴 + 18
= 20𝑙𝑜𝑔(7.400𝐺𝐻𝑧) + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔(1.8𝑚) + 18
𝐺𝐴 ≈ 40.4900845𝑑𝐵𝑖
𝐺𝐵 ≈ 40.4900845𝑑𝐵𝑖
𝐺𝐴 = 𝐺𝐵 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐺𝑇 = 2(40.4900845𝑑𝐵𝑖)
𝐺𝑇 ≈ 80.98016899𝑑𝐵i
7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Loss
7.2.1 Wave Guide Loss
Given Parameters:
WA Waveguide attenuation factor 0.4 dB / m

WLA Waveguide total loss (Site A) 40.4900845𝑑𝐵
WLB Waveguide total loss (Site B) 40.4900845𝑑𝐵
WT Waveguide total loss at Site A and Site B 80.98016899𝑑𝐵
Waveguide Length
𝑊𝐿 = 0.6 𝑚 (𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡)
Waveguide total loss (Site A)
𝑊𝐿𝐴 = 0.6 𝑚
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝑊𝐿𝐴 = 0.6𝑚( )
𝑚
𝑊𝐿𝐴 = 0.24𝑑𝐵
Waveguide total loss (Site B)
𝑊𝐿𝐵 = 0.6𝑚
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝑊𝐿𝐵 = 0.6𝑚( )
𝑚
𝑊𝐿𝐵 = 0.24𝑑𝐵
Waveguide total loss (Site A and Site B)
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑊𝐿𝐴
𝑊𝑇 = 0.24𝑑𝐵 + 0.24𝑑𝐵
𝑊𝑇 ≈ 0.48𝑑𝐵
7.2.2 Free Space Path Loss
Where:
DGC Total distance (km) 32.93998378

F Operating Frequency(GHz) 7.4
𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 92.45 + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝐷𝐺𝐶)

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 92.45 + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 7.4 + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔(32.93998378)
𝐹𝑆𝐿 ≈ 140.189102𝑑𝐵
7.2.3 Net Path Loss
Where:
WT Waveguide Loss at Site A and Site B

FSL Free Space Path Loss
IL Insertion Loss
NPL Net Path Loss
Radome Loss: 0.7dB

2(0.7dB) = 1.4dB
Insertion Loss: 0.24dB

2(0.24dB) = 0.48dB
𝑁𝑃𝐿 = 𝑊𝑇 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿 + 2 𝑅𝐿 + 2 𝐼𝐿
𝑁𝑃𝐿 = 0.48𝑑𝐵 + 140.189102𝑑𝐵 + 1.4𝑑𝐵 + 0.48𝑑𝐵
𝑁𝑃𝐿 ≈ 142. 549102𝑑𝐵
7.3 Fade Margin
Where:
NPL Net Path Loss 142. 549102𝑑𝐵

GT Radio Frequency total Gain 80.98016899𝑑𝐵i
PO Transmitter output Power 28 dBm
RS Primary system receiver threshold -69 dBm
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝐺𝑇 − 𝑁𝑃𝐿
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 28 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 80.98016899𝑑𝐵𝑖 − 142. 549102𝑑𝐵
𝑅𝑆𝐿 ≈ −33.56893301𝑑𝐵
𝐹𝑀 (𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛)
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − (−𝑅𝑆)
𝐹𝑀 = −33.56893301 − (−69𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐹𝑀 ≈ 35.43106699 𝑑𝐵
7.4 Reliability of the Main System
Rayleigh Distribution Table

Fade Margin Reliability %
8 90
18 99
28 99.9
35.43106699 R
38 99.99
48 99.999
38 − 35.43106699 0.9999 − 𝑅
=
38 − 28 0.9999 − 0.999
(0.256893301)( 0.9999 − 0.999 ) = (0.9999 − 𝑅)
𝑅 = 0.9999 − 2.312039709 × 10−4
𝑅 ≈ 99.9668796%
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 99.9668796%
7.5 Hot-Standby System
Where:
RS Primary system receiver threshold 69 dBm

RSL Received signal level −33.56893301𝑑𝐵
𝐻𝑜𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −(𝑅𝑆 − 1𝑑𝐵 − 10𝑑𝐵)

𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −(69𝑑𝐵 − 1𝑑𝐵 − 10𝑑𝐵)
𝑅𝑆𝐻 ≈ −58 𝑑𝐵
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐹𝑀𝐻 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝐹𝑀𝐻 = −33.56893301𝑑𝐵 − (−58𝑑𝐵)
𝐹𝑀𝐻 ≈ 24.43106699 𝑑𝐵
Rayleigh Distribution Table

Fade Margin Reliability %
8 90
18 99
24.43106699 R
28 99.9
38 99.99
48 99.999
Reliability of the Hot-standby system
28 − 24.43106699 0.999 − 𝑅
=
28 − 18 0.999 − 0.99
(0.999 − 𝑅𝐻) = (0.356893301)(0.999 − 0.99)

0.999 − 𝑅𝐻 = 3.212039709 × 10−3
𝑅𝐻 = 0.999 − 3.212039709 × 10−3
𝑅𝐻 ≈ 99.57879603%
7.6 Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)
WHERE:
RH Reliability of the Hotstandby system 99.57879603%
R Reliability of the Main system 99.9668796%
Overall system Reliability (1+1 Redundancy)
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝐻 + 𝑅 − (𝑅𝐻 × 𝑅)
𝑅𝑇 = 0.9957879603 + 0.999668796 − (0.9957879603 × 0.999668796)
𝑅𝑇 ≈ 99. 9998605%
Unavailability
𝑈 = 1 − 𝑅𝑇
𝑈 = 1 − 0.999998605
𝑈 = 1.395044399 𝑥 10−6
365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑈 = 0.000001395044399 × ×
1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑈ℎ𝑟 ≈ 0.01222058894 ℎ𝑟⁄𝑦𝑟
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01222058894 ℎ𝑟⁄𝑦𝑟 ×
1 ℎ𝑟
𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈ 0.7332353361 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠⁄𝑦𝑟
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0.7332353361 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠⁄𝑦𝑟 ×
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≈ 43.99412017 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠⁄𝑦𝑟
7.7 Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency Propagation
WHERE:
FM Fade Margin of Primary System (dB) 35.43106699 𝑑𝐵
DGC Total Distance 32.93998378 𝑘𝑚
F Operating Frequency 7.400GHz
Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency Propagation
𝐹𝑀
𝑈𝑟𝑓 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑓 1.6 𝐷𝐺𝐶 3(1.25 × 10 − 6) 10− 10
𝑎 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑎 = 1 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑏 = 0.25 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠
35.43106699
𝑈𝑟𝑓 = 1 (0.25) 7.400 1.6 32.93998378 3(1.25 × 10 − 6) 10− 10
𝑈𝑟𝑓 ≈ 0.0000001046983074
365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑈𝑟𝑓 = 0.0000001046983074 × ×
1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑈𝑟𝑓 ≈ 0.0009171571729 ℎ𝑟⁄𝑦𝑟
𝑈𝑟𝑓 ≈ 0.05502943037 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠⁄𝑦𝑟
𝑈𝑟𝑓 ≈ 3.301765822 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠⁄𝑦𝑟

OVERALL UNAVAILABILITY TIME TABLE
Time Rate Outage Time

Seconds per day 0.1222058894
Second per month 3.666176681
Second per year 43.99412017
Minutes per day 0.00203676482
Minutes per month 0.06110294468
Minutes per year 0.7332353361
Hours per day 0.00003394608039
Hours per month 0.001018382412
Hours per year 0.01222058894
8. Link Budget
Where:
PTX Transmitted power 28dBm
GTX ,GRX Gain of the antenna of site A and site B 40.4900845dBi
FSL Free space path loss 140.189102dB
WLA Waveguide loss at site A 0.24 dB
WLB Waveguide loss at site B 0.24 dB
RL Radome loss 0.7dB
IL Insertion loss 0.24 dB
𝑈𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠:
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴
𝐵𝐵 = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑅𝐿𝑆 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿𝐴 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿)
𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿)
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 − 𝐵𝐴
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅𝑃 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿
𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 + 𝐺𝑅𝑋
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐸𝑅𝑆 − 𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐴 = 0.24𝑑𝐵 + 0.7𝑑𝐵 + 2(0.24𝑑𝐵)

𝐵𝐴 = 1.42𝑑𝐵
𝐵𝐵 = 0.24𝑑𝐵 + 0.7𝑑𝐵 + 2(0.24𝑑𝐵)

𝐵𝐵 = 1.42𝑑𝐵
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 28𝑑𝐵𝑚 – 1.42𝑑𝐵

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 26.58𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 26.58𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 40.4900845𝑑𝐵𝑖
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 67.0700845𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 67.0700845𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 140.189102𝑑𝐵

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = −73.1190175𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝐸𝑅𝑆 = −73.1190175𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 40.4900845𝑑𝐵𝑖

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = −32.628933𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −32.628933𝑑𝐵𝑚 – 1.42𝑑𝐵

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −34.048933𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑩 𝒊𝒔 − 34.048933𝑑𝐵𝑚
Link Budget
80
67.0700845
60
40
28 26.58
20
-20
-32.628933 -34.048933
-40
-60
-73.1190175
-80
-100
9. Tower Layout
10. Design Summary
Site A Site B
Location Sariaya, Quezon Rosario, Batangas
Latitude 13° 57' 6.51" N 13° 52' 30.54" N
Longitude 121° 30' 21.57" E 121° 12' 39.54" E
Path Length 32.93998378 𝑘𝑚
Elevation 172 m 171 m
Operating Frequency 7.4 GHz
Obstruction Distance 0.5 km 32.44 km
Obstruction height 171 m
Antenna Height (AGL) 27.641451 𝑚 28 𝑚
Tower Height 55 m
Waveguide length 0.6 m
Antenna Alignment
Antenna Orientation 𝑁 104°57’05.38” 𝐸 𝑁 285°1’20.75” 𝐸
Antenna Tilting 0° 0′ 4.02"

Distance From Reflection
16.48324277𝑘𝑚 16.45674101𝑘𝑚
Point
Antenna Gain 40.4900845𝑑𝐵𝑖
System Gain 80.98016899𝑑𝐵i
Losses
Waveguide Loss 0.24 𝑑𝐵
Radome Loss 0.7 dB
Connector Loss 0.24 dB
Free Space Loss 140.189102𝑑𝐵
Net Path Loss 142. 549102𝑑𝐵
Radio Equipment
Transmit Power 28 dBm
Receiver Threshold -69 dBm
System
Fade Margin 35.43106699 𝑑𝐵
Reliability of Primary
99.9668796%
System
Reliability of Hot-Standby
99.57879603%
System
Reliability with (1+1)
99. 9998605%
protection
0.01222058894 ℎ𝑟⁄𝑦𝑟
Overall Unavailability 0.7332353361 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠⁄𝑦𝑟
43.99412017 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠⁄𝑦𝑟
VII. Occupational Safety
1. Safety Precautions
Wireless communication is based on radio propagation the

same as microwave communication. These systems operate in
designated frequency bands within the electromagnetic
spectrum. A direct exposure in electromagnetic radiation can
cause a major health problems and it can also damage some
equipment that are sensitive and decrease the service
provided by the base station.
Working in this field can be harmful to the workers as well in the surrounding area so some generic
safety guideline should be implemented during its operation or during its regular maintenance
inspection.
A safety aspect of microwave radio EMR radiation is also defined by standards and guidelines, and often
human exposure 'exclusion' zones exist around the front of microwave dish antennas, horns and
dielectric antennas. Personnel safety must also be considered around open waveguide ends and
waveguide switches with exterminated ports. Refer to other material at the GHN on EMR Safety. Treating
microwave radiation safety in a conservative manner is always prudent, never look down open
waveguide, and never stand in front of a microwave antenna
This guide will present a summary of the basics of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave safety, and
exposure limits to be used. Some recommendations are made that, if followed, would enhance the safety
of equipment and the workers.
Engineering Controls
Engineering controls represent the best approach to RF / microwave safety and the use of shielding can
greatly reduce or eliminate exposure. a. Shields can be solid panels or metallic mesh screening.
Materials for shielding E fields include tin, copper, aluminum, silver, and gold. These have high reflective
losses for E fields. H field shielding materials include ferrous materials like iron, steel and special alloys.
1. Sources of RF radiation should be properly shielded to minimize stray radiation;
2. Devices which can produce acute thermal injuries (e.g., industrial microwave ovens) should have
interlocked doors. These devices are not typically found in a rooftop emitter environment;
3. Devices which produce high levels of stray RF radiation (e.g., induction heaters) should be operated
remotely; and
4. Antennas that will routinely exceed the occupational standards should be placed in locations least
likely to be encountered by common foot traffic (e.g., cell relays mounted on the exterior face of the
upper floor of a building
Where hazards cannot be completely avoided through engineering controls, administrative controls are
implemented to marginalize or remove the hazardous environment. In general, these controls consist of
policies and work practices that will be instituted by BU/ BMC at an administrative level to ensure a safe
working environment. Since there is significant dependence on human interaction with administrative
controls, there will be extensive oversight and review involved to ensure safety and compliance.
1. Exposure of workers to RF radiation should not exceed the recommended exposure limits.
2. Areas where worker exposure to RF radiation is suspected to exceed the recommended limits must
be surveyed to determine the exposure levels, and precautions shall be made to ensure this area is not
accessible to the “public”.
3. Needless exposure to RF fields should be avoided.

4. Exposure times should be kept as short as reasonably possible.
5. Any workers that have pacemakers, metal implants, or other medical devices will be required to
obtain medical authorization from a physician knowledgeable in radiofrequency interference with the
particular medical device prior to being allowed to enter areas posted as RF safety Categories 3 or 4
(Caution and Warning).
6. Potentially hazardous RF devices should be appropriately labeled, and areas of excessive exposure
around them clearly demarcated where required notices with warnings and the necessary precautions
shall be posted.
7. Electrically-activated explosive devices must not be placed near sources of RF radiation.
8. RF devices should not be used in flammable or explosive atmospheres unless deemed “intrinsically
safe” by the manufacturer.
9. Equipment sensitive to RF radiation, such as telephone switchboards or control panels, should not be
installed near sources of RF radiation.
10. When exposures cannot be reduced by the above methods, the RF device should be disabled for
maintenance/work to be performed. Maintenance of devices used to produce RF radiation should be
done by qualified personnel following standard safety procedures. The equipment should be turned off
whenever possible.
RF Signage
The purposes of “RF Warning” and “RF Caution” signs are to identify potential safety hazards before
entering the rooftop environment. Particular attention should be used with placement of signage as it
must be conspicuously displayed. Personnel who may need to enter areas where RF emitters are being
utilized, must be provided appropriate instructions and explanation of these warning signs.
The FCC has developed guidance for EME/RF site signage through use of zones (blue, yellow, and red).
To comply with FCC site signage requirements, radio tower and rooftop sites shall be posted in
accordance with the following:
Blue Zone (Notice)
The blue zone is an area where the time-weighted exposure is below 20% of the
occupational/controlled MPE. There is no time limit or special work practices
required for this zone and only basic EME awareness is needed.
Yellow Zone (Caution)
The yellow zone is any area where the time-weighted exposure is between 20% -
100% of the occupational/controlled MPE. In this zone, the energy fields are
within acceptable exposure limits; however, areas adjacent may exceed
acceptable limits. Only personnel with the appropriate training, knowledge, and
understanding of EME procedures should work in this area.
Red Zone (Warning)
The red zone is any area where the time-weighted exposure levels are above
100% of occupational/controlled MPE. Areas determined to require red zone
classification require special procedures, engineering controls, and restricted
access. Examples of the procedures that may be implemented include:
 Restricted site access;
 Lockout/tag out of transmitter equipment during maintenance;
 Re-engineering site to reduce EME fields; or
 Control of antenna types used on the site
RF Induced Current/Contact Current (Danger)
RF induced current/contact current exposure exists when the potential for shock or burn from low-
frequency EME is present. AM towers and AM-Detuned towers present the greatest hazard for
induced/contact current hazards. Employees shall avoid contact until other protective measures (i.e.,
reducing power levels, grounding, reduce time and distance) are in place.
For any additional signage, or areas that require specific instructions, signs will be posted as appropriate
RF & Microwave Equipment Safety Guidelines

1. RF and microwave equipment should be inspected regularly both visually and operationally.
2. Visual inspection should include:
a. Classifying or verifying classifications antennas (when applicable);
b. Evaluating RF hazards;
c. Determining adequacy of control measures;
d. Recommending substitute or alternate controls;
e. Performing, supervising and reviewing all rooftop RF surveys;
f. Ensuring that survey equipment is calibrated according to manufacturer specifications; g.
Approving the wording of area signs and equipment labels;
h. Developing and overseeing administration of adequate RF safety training.
i. General safety / housekeeping conditions in the surrounding area
g. Presence and functionality of safety interlocks
k. High voltage safety features (e.g. grounding rods, etc.)
d. Condition of cables and coax lines that transmit RF
e. Presence and condition of RF shielding.
3. Operational inspection should include:
a. Monitoring or survey of RF levels, especially in occupied spaces
b. Test of interlocks to inhibit RF generation when tripped
c. Verify proper use of “lockout / tag out” for RF and/or high voltage equipment.
Mesh screening can provide shielding and visibility and works well for shielding windows and
view ports. The size of the mesh is determined by the power, frequency, and wire diameter. A
graph for determining the mesh needed is shown in Figure 9. 6. Equipment enclosures, access
panels, doors, etc. should be sealed with metal braid or other conductive gaskets.
Grounding straps and wires should not be bent at sharp angles - sharp angles act as antenna to
radiate RF. Conductors and straps carrying RF should bend gently and blend smoothly at
connection points. Screws used to connect conductors should have smooth, rounded heads, not
sharp edged angular heads. Solder connections should be as large in area as possible. These are
the primary considerations for electrical protection;
a. To lessen, within the realm of the electrical hazards to persons engaged in construction,
operation, maintenance or used of communication system.
b. To reduce, within the realm of possibility damage to equipment and system.
c. To eliminate, within the realm of possibility any fire hazards resulting from operation of a
communication system.
d. To minimize within the realm of possibility, acoustic shock hazards to anyone using
communication systems.
e. To cost of protection measures employed plus the bulk required in maintaining the
protection of level adopted.
f. The value of damage to fatality to property and/or that the service interruption cause by
electrical hazards.
The standard particularly in the system revolves around the optimum protection, but sometimes the
state of the progresses which new techniques are developed that meet the intent of the code much
more effective than its own specific requirements and such cases, additional protection used without
prevision in this code is violated. The amount of interruption measured employed plus the amount
required to maintain the protection level adopted. The protection measures maybe more costly or
impractical to add an operating plan, so it is important to consider protection requirements for the
initial set up of the system
When safety of the human life is involved, even if not actually required by this code, communication
entity should update its practice voluntarily and soon as possible rather than wait for the revision of this
code.
A. Compliance distance
In principle, RF levels decrease rapidly when a person moves further away from the source, e.g., a
transmitting antenna. For each antenna, the RF level can be calculated based on its electrical
characteristics or measured. The distance at which the RF level is always below the RF limit is called the
compliance distance.
B. Compliance boundary / exclusion zone

It is also possible to determine a three dimensional (3D) compliance
boundary around an antenna. The region inside the compliance
boundary is often called the exclusion zone.
The advantage of defining a compliance boundary is that it specifies
the compliance distance in all directions. Usually base station
antennas are highly directional and therefore the RF level behind the
antenna is much smaller than in front of it.
C. Averaging Time
The ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines specify an

averaging time of 6 minutes for determining the exposure level. Therefore, an RF level exceeding the
reference level for a short period does not necessarily mean that the RF limit has been exceeded.
In practice, this means that even if people walk through a compliance boundary zone, they are unlikely to
be subject to overexposure. However, the averaging time should only use with expert advice
D. Cable inspection
The cable should be inspected regularly. A leakage in the cable (RF cable and Power cable) can be
dangerous it can damage equipment as well people working inside of the base station.
2. Electrical Safety
 One of the requirements for the well-equipped amateur station is the fire extinguisher.
 Member/worker in the station should also know how to apply artificial respirations.
 Knowledge in first aid kits must be also is in line.
 Be sure to put directories for this matter
 Contact with battery terminals during installation and maintenance.
 Contact with exposed electrical circuits when opening panels, making connections,
troubleshooting, replacing lighting, and alarm testing.
 Contact with exposed energized circuits or wiring due to damage, defects, or excessively
worn electrical equipment/components.
 Failure to use ground fault circuit interrupters.
 Installation of temporary and permanent power supplies for telecommunication
equipment.
 Contact with underground and overhead electrical power lines.
Electrical PPE
 Wear the level of PPE suitable for protection against the electrical and arc flash hazard that
exists, as indicated on the arc hazard warning label on the equipment. It is the responsibility
of the Competent Person to wear the proper PPE suitable for protection against the
electrical hazards present.
 Dielectric insulated gloves that are 00 rated voltage gloves.
 Face shield and electrically rated face shields.
 Fire retardant clothing, clothing made of natural fibers, nomex or PBI fibers.
 Wearing conductive jewelry or clothing (e.g. watch bands, bracelets, rings, necklaces, key
chains, cloth with conductive thread) while performing electrical work is strictly prohibited.
3. Power Contact Induction
The joint occupancy of poles and support present power contact/induction problem and the
necessity for construction power and communication facilities near each other and the
advantage to both the interest that must be careful planned.
Must be Good construction and adequate spacing between power and communications
facilities are first line of defense against power contact and induction hazards. This essentially
keeps foreign potential of the communication plant.
Measure is to provide paths to ground on the communication plant and utilization of current
limiting devices. Insulation on the communication conductors may, in many instances withstand
secondary power potential but dependence on insulation alone introduces a considerable
hazard.
Where the possibilities of power line contact in eminent, equipment connected to such lines
should be provided with protectors capable of discharging sufficient current to fuse the line
conductor or they should be provided with line fuses and surge arrester. Shall protectors shall
be adequately rounded to prevent excessive rise in potential at the equipment locations.
Communication control circuits serving electric, power station are always required to function
more so during periods when there are faults in power system, so adequate protection
required
A disturbance affecting communication circuits serving electric power stations. This potential is
developed between the power station ground and the remote ground during periods when
large ground currents, such as phase to ground fault current are flowing in the station ground.
The magnitude of this potential is the product of the ground current and ground impedance.
Isolating transformer and/or neutralizing transformers and /or appropriate devices should
utilize to prevent disturbances in communication circuits expose to arise in ground potential.
4. AC and DC Safety
 The main power of the base station is connected to one controller manually or automatic to
break the source in case of emergency it should be place that can easily access by the crew
inside the base station.
 All equipment should be connected to the ground.
 Always put sign for the high current sources
 Make sure all power cables are properly insulated.
 Always have a light arrester to prevent damage in the equipment.
 Lightning and EMP Protection Antennas, radios and television mast of metal, located on
protected building, shall be bonded to the lightning protection system with main size conductor
and fittings.
 Always have a light arrester to prevent damage in the equipment. Lightings arrester, protectors
or antenna discharge until shall be install on electric and telephone service entrance on radio
and television antenna lead-ins. The best protection from the lightning is to disconnect all
antennas from the equipment and disconnect the equipment from the lower lines.
5. Ground
Grounding the circuit or the equipment’s will decrease the chance of electric shock both for the
equipment and crew that touches the device.
Grounding system is to provide a low impedance path to ground for any stray RF current inside the
station.
6. Electric Shock
Electric shock is the physiological reaction or injury caused by electric current passing through the
(human) body. Electric shock is one of the accident that causes fatality in the field to avoid it here are
some consideration.
Proper clothing
A gloves can save your life by wearing those proper clothing includes shoes (rubber shoes) this will
prevent you from contact to the ground.
Proper tools
Tools that have protection against current flow
Awareness
Always check the cable if it’s good or have a leakage on it. And put some warning sign for the power
cable.
7. Tower Safety
Tower safety must implement always. The material use in the tower should always be quality in material
that can withstand storm and other environment phenomenon. The foundation of the tower should be
engineered design to carry lots of load.
8. Safety Belt and Climbing Accessories
Safety belt and climbing accessories are very important when conducting maintenance or
repair/replacing equipment to ensure safety and effectiveness of the operation climbing kits is your life
line in climbing tower. Climbing kits include a harness, helmet, boots, and gloves.
Anchorage Points
 All anchorage points for personal fall arrest systems shall be capable of supporting 5,000 pounds per
employee attached.
 Whenever possible, an overhead anchorage point should be selected to reduce the contact hazards
and forces associated with a fall.
 Step bolts may not be used as anchorage points.
 Anchorage points for vertical and horizontal lifelines shall be independent of any other system and
shall be capable of supporting 5,000 pounds per employee using the anchorage.
 All safety lines and lanyards shall be protected against being cut or abraded.
 When vertical lifelines are used, no more than one employee shall be attached to any one lifeline.
Synthetic ropes used in vertical lifelines shall have a minimum breaking strength of 5,600 pounds (25kN).
Lanyards used with vertical lifelines shall not exceed 3 feet.
 When more than one employee is using a horizontal lifeline for fall-arrest purposes, the lifeline shall
be capable of supporting 5,000 pounds per employee (maximum of two people are permitted on a
single horizontal lifeline at any one time unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer).
 A personal fall arrest system shall include a full-body harness that is properly fitted to the worker and
utilized to manufacturer’s specifications.
 The use of a body belt is prohibited as an approved PFAS.
 Prior to accessing towers or rooftops, employees must conduct an inspection of PPE, and complete the
Personal Fall Arrest System Checklist form. The completed forms must remain accessible and at the
jobsite at all times. During inspection, damaged PPE found must be removed from service immediately.
 A twin shock-absorbing lanyard shall be utilized to attach from the full-body harness to an approved
anchor or connection point.
 For use with a PFAS the attachment point of the lanyard to the body harness shall be to the D-ring in
the center of the wearer’s back.
 Snap hooks and carabineers shall have a minimum of two deliberate actions required to open. These
devices must be self-locking and shall not be connected to each other.
 Snap hooks and carabineers shall be capable of sustaining a 5,000 (22.2kN) pound tensile load and
gate-strength rated at 3,600 (16kN) pounds.  Connection devices, including carabineers, cross-arm
straps, self-retractable lifelines, snap hooks, cable/rope grab, lanyards, etc., shall be utilized to
manufacturer’s specifications.
Safety belts and fall arrest equipment
The most important pieces of safety equipment are the Fall Arrest Harness (FAH) and the accompanying
lanyards.
Full-Body Harness
 A personal fall arrest system shall include a
full-body harness that is properly fitted to the
worker and utilized to manufacturer’s
specifications.
 The use of a body belt is prohibited as an

approved PFAS.
 Prior to accessing towers or rooftops,

employees must conduct an inspection of PPE,
and complete the Personal Fall Arrest System
Checklist form. The completed forms must
remain accessible and at the jobsite at all
times. During inspection, damaged PPE found
must be removed from service immediately.
The FAH is the part that you wear and that the lanyards attach to. The FAH has leg loops and suspenders
to help spread the fall forces over more of your body and has the ability to catch you in a natural
position with your arms and legs hanging below you where you’re able to breathe normally. There are 2
or more lanyards. One is the positioning lanyard. That is, it holds you in working position and attaches to
the Drings at your waist. They can be adjustable or fixed and are made from different materials such as
nylon rope, steel chain or special synthetic materials. An adjustable positioning lanyard will adjust to
almost any situation whereas a fixed-length one is typically either too long or too short. The rope
version is the least expensive version. By the way leather safety equipment was outlawed some years
ago by OSHA so please don’t
use any leather safety equipment. This includes the old fashioned safety belt that was used for years but
offers no fall arrest capability. If you drop down off while wearing a safety belt, your body weight can
cause it to rise up your waist to your ribcage where it will immobilize your diaphragm and you’ll
suffocate.
On the other hand, you can use your safety belt for positioning when it’s used over and in conjunction
with your FAH. Just don’t depend on it to catch you in case of a fall. The other lanyard is the fall arrest
lanyard and attaches to a Dring between your shoulder blades. The other end attaches to the tower
above your work position and catches you in case of a fall. The simplest is a 6’ rope lanyard which is
inexpensive but doesn’t offer any shock absorption. There are also shock absorbing varieties which
typically have bar-tacked stitches that pull apart under force. Don’t cut corners on buying or using safety
equipment; you bet your life on it every time you use it!
9. Clothing
Clothing when working in the tower should be comfortable and flexible in your movement allows you to
work properly and an eye catching color should be in use for caution. As well as the crew on the ground
should wear a proper clothe in the field.
10. Hard Hats
Ground crew should always wear a hard hot for falling

object or debris. The hard hat is your choice. Just make
sure they are OSHA approved and that you and your crew
wear them. As you’ll be looking up and down a lot while
wearing your hard hat, a chin strap is essential to keep it
from falling off. Look for the ANSI or OSHA label on the
hard hat; that should be the minimum safety compliance for your helmet.
11. Rope and Pulley
 A twin shock-absorbing lanyard shall be utilized to attach from the

full-body harness to an approved anchor or connection point.
 For use with a PFAS the attachment point of the lanyard to the
body harness shall be to the D-ring in the center of the wearer’s back.
 Snap hooks and carabineers shall have a minimum of two

deliberate actions required to open. These devices must be self-
locking and shall not be connected to each other.
 Snap hooks and carabineers shall be capable of sustaining a 5,000

(22.2kN) pound tensile load and gate-strength rated at 3,600 (16kN)
pounds.
 Connection devices, including carabineers, cross-arm straps, self-retractable lifelines, snap hooks,
cable/rope grab, lanyards, etc., shall be utilized to manufacturer’s specifications.
Rope and pulley are your life line climbing a tower it should be check regularly and before climbing a
tower it should always check to avoid an unexpected accident in the field.
Boots
Boots should be leather with a steel or fiberglass shank.

Diagonal bracing on ROHN 25G is only 5 /16" rod—spending
all day standing on that small step will take a toll on your
feet. The stiff shank will support your weight and protect
your feet; tennis shoes will not. While I sometimes wear
tennis shoes for small tower jobs, leather boots are
mandatory on towers like Rohn BX that have sharp X-cross
braces. Your feet are always on a slant and the tower is a
real meat grinder on your feet.
Safety Goggles
Gloves if you do a lot of tower work; your hands will take a

beating. Gloves are essential and I like to keep several
spare pairs for ground crew members who show up
without them. Cotton gloves are fine for gardening but not
for tower work; they don’t provide enough friction for
climbing or working with a haul rope. Leather gloves are
the only kind to use; either full leather or leather-palmed are fine. The softer the gloves the more useful
they’ll be. Stiff leather construction gloves are fine for the ground crew but I prefer the pigskin and other
soft leathers because you can thread a nut or do just about any other delicate job with these gloves on.
12. Installing Antennas on the Tower
It is important to mount the antenna exactly as described in these installation instructions. The installed
antenna shall be inspected once per year by qualified personnel. RFS disclaims all responsibility for
antenna malfunction due to improper or unsafe installation. These installation instructions have been
written for qualified, skilled personnel. All antennas installations are different in some aspects.
Therefore, through planning is the most important first step in installing any antenna. Consider what
tools and parts must be assembled and what items must be taken up the tower.
Microwave Antenna
Tools required for installation

- Tools are not included with antenna
• Hoisting device for 8000 N
• Shackle
• 2 ropes
• Water balance and compass
• Mallet
• Wrenches for hexagon bolts: M5(8), M6(10), M10(17), M12(19), M14(21), M16(24), M20(30)
(values in brackets = openings of spanners)
• Torque wrench from 5 to 250 Nm
•Nail set or punch for ∅6mm.
Assembly of the mount
For easy operation of the bolted joints, « Anti Seize »Installation Paste should be applied to all threads
of bolts and fine adjustment spindles except galv. hardware
Antenna offset
Sway bar positioning
 Loose nut of mounting bracket.

 Turn the mounting bracket in the right position.
 Angle the sway bar.
 After installation, tighten all nuts.
Feed installation
The feed is a precision component which should be handled with special care during installation. For
instance, always carry the feed, supporting both ends. Any damage may degrade the antenna’s
performance. Repair of feeds is not possible in the field.
Guy Wire Assemblies
 Insert the feed 3 guy wire assemblies into the mounting holes from the reflector rear; hang
them into the feed guy ring. Please note: spring length + 2 washers = 30 mm
 Hang the guy wires into the rotatable guy ring
 Fix the feed with the clamps brackets and screws M6, spring washers A6.4
 The length ‘’a’’ of all guy wires must be equal. The maximum spring contraction during the
alignment is 5 mm.
Dual polarized antennas
Installation of the planar radome (only for High Performance Series)
Take care to avoid kinking of planar radomes during installation. Kinking would destroy the radomes,
which are non-repairable.
 Unpack the radome and carefully stretch it over the shroud aperture.
 Orient the drain hole grommet exactly to the bottom point of antenna, opposite TOP.
 Attach J-bolts with springs and smooth radome down as the springs are attached, but do not
displace the edge protector.
 Align the length of springs to approx. 135 mm at each J-bolts, this will provide proper radome
tension.
Elevation adjustment
Azimuth adjustment
Important: After azimuth adjustment, lock the first nut on the U-Bolt with a torque of 75Nm then the
second lock nut is fixed against the first one. Don’t use two wrenches to fix the second nut.
Polarization adjustment
Final Check
When the installation of the antenna has been completed, it is necessary to make sure that the
installation instructions have been followed in all aspects.
It is especially important to check that all bolted joints are tightly locked.
MULTI-BAND PANEL ANTENNA
 Ensure a torque spanner is used when tightening fasteners, see the mounting kit diagrams on
the following pages for the correct torque recommendations.
 Ensure antenna is installed with the connectors at the bottom.
 Make sure that the antenna and the accessory items listed below are provided and have not
been damaged during transport.
 Antenna ·
 Mounting kit (mounting kit components for each configuration are shown in Figures 2 and 3). ·
Hex key 6mm AF (supplied with adjustable down tilt antennas only).
Installation
1. Attach the mounting kit assembly to the antenna, before trying to clamp the brackets to the pole.
2. Down tilt angles in 1° increments can be obtained with the correct adjustment of the tilt arm bracket.
Down tilt can be achieved by aligning the corresponding hole in the tilt arm to the pivot bracket which
mates against the mounting pole, as shown in Figure 4. The first hole is for 1° down tilt*, with each
consecutive hole resulting in an increased inclination of 1°. (*Note for the T-045-GL-E kit the tilt is 0°
then 2° - 10° in 1° steps. For the T-095-GL-E kit the tilt starts at 0° and increments in 3° steps) · For finer
down tilt angle adjustments the distance in between the top and bottom mounting bracket on the pole
can be adjusted. · For 0° down tilt the tilt arm may be stowed as show in Figure 4. · An inclinometer or
other angular measuring device may be used to verify down tilt angle as required.
The clamp brackets can clamp pipe diameters between 50 mm (2") & 115mm (4.5"). For typical
installations of antennas up to 1575mm (62") long the minimum recommended pipe diameter is 60mm
(2.4"). For antennas over 1575mm (62") long the minimum recommended pipe diameter is 75mm (3")
Figure 1: Correctly Assembled Mounting Kit Using Clamp Bracket for Mechanically Adjustable Down tilt
Antenna
Figure 2: Typical Exploded Assembly for Upper Mounting Bracket using Clamp Bracket
Figure 3: Exploded Assembly for Lower Mounting Bracket using Clamp Bracket (This configuration
should also be used for the upper Mounting Bracket when 0° tilt is required)
Figure 4: Typical Example of Upper Bracket Placement for Various Down tilts
13. Some Tower Climbing Tips
A tower climber should always have a proper training in doing

his job an attitude to overcome difficulty during the operation.
Safety should always remember first.
Always make plan before climbing the tower.it will make the job
easier and faster, and also avoid accident. When making plan
before climbing always consider the environment, check all the
tools need, check your gear for climbing (gloves, ropes, harness,
and helmet). Choose the best route to climb. Always have a
partner or person that will monitor you in the ground and make
a good communication in executing the task to be done.
Schedule the work nicely to avoid so much exposure in the sun.
Climbing the tower
The rules and good common sense say you should be attached
to the tower 100% of the time. You can do this several ways.
One is to attach the fall arrest lanyard above you and climb up
to it. Use your positioning lanyard to hold you while you detach
it and move it up again. Repeat as necessary. An alternative is
to use 2 fall arrest lanyards. This way you can leapfrog them up the tower. What you use and how you
use it is up to you. As long as you’ve got the right safety equipment and follow the basic rules you won’t
have any problems.
Safety climb systems
Most commercial towers have a safety climb system that is typically a 3/8” steel cable that runs from
the top to the bottom of the tower and the climber uses a special trolley that attaches to the cable from
the FAH. The trolley will slide up freely but will clamp the safety cable if weight is put on it, thus
preventing you from sliding down the cable and tower. They are rare on amateur towers but are worth
considering.
Mountain climbing harnesses
Some amateurs feel that mountain climbing harnesses offer a less-expensive option for a safety belt.
The first problem with using a mountain climbing harness is that most of them require you to tie the
harness directly to a rope or to a carabiner. I wouldn’t trust most hams to tie a bowline to attach them
to anything. You could use a carabiner as an attachment point but it is another piece of hardware that
could fail or open up at an inconvenient time. Be sure to use a locking carabiner if you use this
technique. Second, there are no D-rings to attach any sort of lanyard to; the only thing you have is that
one carabiner that connects the loops in the front. The nylon loop that is on the front of the climbing
harness is only designed to position the leg loops and is intended to be used only with a climbing rope or
carabiner, not the metal snaps of your lanyard that you frequently snap on and off. Climbing belts are
designed to be used only with climbing ropes and hardware, not with tower tools or equipment. They
also don’t have any provisions for convenient attachment of tool or bolt bags. The final problem is that a
mountain climbing harness may be designed for a force of only 1,000 pounds while OSHA fall arrest gear
must be designed for 5,000 pounds of strength. Although the main advantage of a mountain climbing
harness is low cost, it does have its limitations for tower work and I cannot recommend it. Use only the
tools designed specifically for the job and you can’t go wrong.
Safety guide for climbing the tower
1. Don’t climb with anything in your hands; attach it to your safety belt if you must climb with it or have
your ground crew send it up to you.
2. Don’t put any hardware in your mouth; not only does it taste funny but also you could swallow
something.
3. Remove any rings and/or neck chains; they can get hooked on things.
4. be on the lookout for bees, wasps and their nests; there aren’t too many bigger surprises when you’re
climbing a tower (imagine a nest big enough to engulf a portion of 25G!). If you do run into a hornet,
wasp or other stinging insect, use Adolph’s Meat Tenderizer on the sting. There is an enzyme in it that’ll
cut the pain within a minute or two. I always have a bottle with me just in case.
5. Don’t climb when tired; that’s when most accidents occur.
6. Don’t try to lift anything by yourself; one person on a tower has very little leverage or strength. Let
the ground crew use their strength; save yours for when you really need it or you’ll quickly run out of
arm strength. 7. If something doesn’t work one way, re-rig, then try again.
14. Equipment Protection
Protecting equipment can decrease the job for repairing or replacing.
All equipment should be cover to avoid dust, dirt and foreign object that will damage the equipment.
Before plugin some cable in the equipment always make sure to check if its connected to source if its
connected make sure to turn it off.
A proper placement for the location of your equipment is one way of protecting it. Some equipment’s
are sensitive when you accidentally move it.
Always consider backup for all the sources it can be a generator or a battery inside the cabin. This
backup source will save your equipment for not working and providing the service of the base station
none stop.
Do not use machinery without the appropriate guards and be sure that guards are replaced after a
machine has been re- set.
Guard interlocking devices must never be defeated. Report any defects in guards or interlocks
immediately.
Suitable guards should be provided for destructive testing machines to prevent injury from any flying
particles.
Ladders and other forms of access equipment should be inspected regularly, including before and after
use, and if any defect is found immediate action should be taken.
Smoking in the vicinity of the equipment can be fatal. A fire extinguisher should be readily available.
Specified Equipment
GENERATOR
General Hazards
 Exhaust fumes emitted by generator sets contain poisonous gases like carbon monoxide that
can be life threatening and result in death. Exhaust systems must be properly installed,
adequate ventilation must be provided to ensure unobstructed flow of cooling and ventilating
air, and emissions must be directed away from inhabited zones.
 The unit should not be opened or dismantled while it is functioning. Moving or hot parts should
not be tampered with. Battery cables should be disconnected before proceeding to work on the
generator to eliminate any possibility of an accidental start-up.
Electrical Hazards
 All electrical connections, such as wires, cables and terminals must be properly insulated and
covered, and should not be touched with bare hands or while in contact with water. This is
essential to prevent the occurrence of an electric shock.
 All power voltage supplies should be turned off at the source while installing or servicing the
generator.
 Wiring, cable and cord sets must be of the recommended capacity.
CAMERA
 Keep in dry place to avoid moisture.

 Be sure to tighten the screws and nuts securely, Insufficient tightening may cause the unit to fall
from its mount.
 Installation of unit should be provided by the experts.
 Insufficient head ventilation of the camera may cause a malfunction.
VIII. Glossary
Absorption - The way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the
electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed into internal energy of
the absorber, for example thermal energy.
Antenna (or aerial) - is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and
vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver.
Attenuation - Loss of signal in transmission through a filter, usually referring to signal amplitude
or signal power. Usually measured in decibels (dB).
Bandpass Filter - A filter that passes one band of frequencies and rejects both higher and lower
frequencies.
Bandwidth - The width of the pass band of a bandpass filter is usually expressed as the
frequency difference between lower and upper relative 3dB points.
Beamwidth - The half power beam width is the angle between the half-power (-3 dB) points of
the main lobe, when referenced to the peak effective of the main lobe.
Center Frequency (fc) - The arithmetic means frequency is normally calculated using the 3dB
relative band edges (f1 & f2).
Conversion Loss - The ratio in dB of the IF output of a mixer to the RF input power. All
conversion loss measurements and specification are normally based on the mixer being
terminated on all ports and a stated LO signal power level being applied.
Cutoff Frequency (Fco) – It is the upper passband edge in lowpass filters or the lower passband
edge in highpass filters. It is the passband edge closest to the stop band. Normally the point at
which the VSWR equals to 1.5:1
Decibels (dB) – is a logarithmic unit of measurement in acoustics and electronics.

Demultiplexer - is software that demultiplexes individual elementary streams of a media file,
e.g., audio, video, or subtitles and sends them to their respective decoders for actual decoding.
Media demultiplexers are not decoders themselves, but are format container handlers that
separate program streams from a file and supply them to their respective audio, video, or
subtitles decoders.
Dehydrator - An appliance or an engineered system designed to remove water from substances

such as absorbents or food.
Dew Point Temperature - The temperature below which the water vapor in air at constant
barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates. The
condensed water is called dew when it forms on a solid surface.
Diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing.
Duplexer - A device that allows bi-directional (duplex) communication over a single path.
Earth Bulge - A term used in telecommunications. It refers to the circular segment of earth
profile which blocks off long distance communications.
EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power - is the amount of power that a theoretical
isotropic antenna (which evenly distributes power in all directions) would emit to produce the
peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain.
Fade Margin - A design allowance that provides for sufficient system gain or sensitivity to
accommodate expected fading, for the purpose of ensuring that the required quality of service
is maintained. It is the amount by which a received signal level may be reduced without causing
system performance to fall below a specified threshold value.
Fading – It is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain propagation media. The
fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency, and is often modeled as a
random process.
First Fresnel Zone - The difference between the direct and an indirect path that touches a single
point on the border of the Fresnel zone is half the wavelength.
Frequency - The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. Unit in Hertz or
Cycles per Second (cps).
Fresnel Zone - Is one of a (theoretically infinite) number of concentric ellipsoids which define
volumes in the radiation pattern of a (usually) circular aperture.
Free Space Loss (FSL) - the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result
from a line-of-sight path through free space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause
reflection or diffraction.
Full Duplex - Allows communication in both directions and, allows this to happen
simultaneously.
Gain - is the ratio of the power output to the power input of the amplifier in dB. The gain is
specified in the linear operating range of the amplifier where a 1 dB increase in input power
gives rise to a 1 dB increase in output power.
GHz – A one billion Hertz. Usually used in very high frequency
Highpass Filter - A filter which passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies.
Hot Standby - Is used as a failover mechanism to provide reliability in system configurations.

The hot spare is active and connected as part of a working system. When a key component fails,
the hot spare is switched into operation. More generally, a hot standby can be used to refer to
any device or system that is held in readiness to overcome an otherwise significant start-up
delay.
IDU (Indoor Unit) - Accesses a service signal, prompting baseband processing, multiplexing and
IF modulation.
Input/output Connection – It is the interconnections between the I/O devices. Usually by the
use of coaxial, BNC connectors etc.
Insertion Loss - is defined as the drop in power as a signal enters an RF component. This value
not only includes the reflected incoming signal, but also the attenuation of the component.
Interface - The point of interaction with software, or computer hardware, or with peripheral
devices such as a computer monitor or a keyboard. Some computer interfaces such as a touch
screen can send and receive data, while others such as a mouse or microphone can only send
data.
Interference – is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to form a resultant wave of

greater or lower amplitude. Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are
correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or
because they have the same or nearly the same frequency.
Intermediate Frequency (IF) – a frequency to which a carrier frequency is shifted as an

intermediate step in transmission or reception. The intermediate frequency is created by
mixing the carrier signal with a local oscillator signal in a process called heterodyning, resulting
in a signal at the difference or beat frequency.
Isolation - The ratio (expressed in dB) of the power level at one port compared to the resulting
power level of the output port.
Limiting Level - This is the input power level when the output power goes into compression and
no longer becomes linear.
Linear Phase Filter – is a filter that exhibits a constant change in degrees per unit of frequency.
The resultant plot of frequency versus phase is a straight line. This type of filter ideally displays
a constant delay in its Passband.
Line-of-sight (LOS) - refers to electro-magnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation.

Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line.
Lowpass Filter - A filter which passes low frequencies and rejects high frequencies.
Magnetic North - the direction in which the north end of a compass needle or other freely
suspended magnet will point in response to the earth's magnetic field. It deviates from true
north over time and from place to place because the earth's magnetic poles are not fixed in
relation to its axis.
Maximum Power Output – is the actual amount of power (in watts) of radiofrequency (RF)
energy that a transmitter produces at its output. Mb/s - A megabit per second. (Million bits in a
second)
Microwave Communication – It is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of

microwave towers. Microwave communication is known as a form of "line of sight"
communication, because there must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data between
these towers for signals to be properly sent and received.
Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) - is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to

encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the
transmitted information
Mean time between failures (MTBF) - is the predicted elapsed time between inherent failures
of a system during operation. MTBF can be calculated as the arithmetic mean (average) time
between failures of a system. The MTBF is typically part of a model that assumes the failed
system is immediately repaired (mean time to repair, or MTTR), as a part of a renewal process.
Mean Time To Repair (MTRR) - is a basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It
represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device. Expressed
mathematically, it is the total corrective maintenance time divided by the total number of
corrective maintenance actions during a given period of time.
MULDEM – A combination of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer in one packaging.

Multiplexer - is a device that selects one of several analog or digital input signals and forwards
the selected input into a single line.
ODU (Outdoor Unit) – Devices that processes the RF signal.
Passband - The frequency range in which a filter is intended to pass signals.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) - is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals.
It is the standard form of audio in computers, Compact Discs, digital telephony and other digital
audio applications.
Phase Shift - The changing of phase of a signal as it passes through a filter. A delay in time of
the signal is referred to as phase lag and in normal networks, phase lag increases with
frequency, producing a positive envelope delay.
Radome - A structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a microwave (e.g. radar) antenna.
The radome is constructed of material that minimally attenuates the electromagnetic signal
transmitted or received by the antenna.
Relative Attenuation - Attenuation measured with the point of minimum attenuation taken as
zero dB.
Return Loss (dB) - is defined as a ratio of the incoming signal to the same reflected signal as it
enters a component.
Signal generators – is electronic devices that generate repeating or non-repeating electronic

signals (in either the analog or digital domains).
Sensitivity - The minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output
signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria.
System Gain – is the difference between the nominal output power of a transmitter (Pt) and
the minimum input power to a receiver (Cmin) necessary to achieve satisfactory performance.
Stopband -The area of frequency where it is desirable to reject or attenuate all signals as much
as practical.
Time Delay - The amount of time it takes for certain signals to pass through a filter.
Tower - Typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also known as aerials) for
telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. They are among the tallest man-
made structures.
True North - is the direction along the earth's surface towards the geographic North Pole. True
geodetic north usually differs from magnetic north and from grid north.
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - The ratio between the peak and valley of standing waves on a
transmission line.
Voice Channel Capacity - The tightest upper bound on the rate of information that can be
reliably transmitted over a communications channel.
Waveguide - A structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves or sound waves.
IX. Technical References
1. Formula
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE
DGC = Great Circle Distance

𝜃 = Included Angle
𝜃 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐴 − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐵
𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [( sin(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐴 )) (sin(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐵 )) + (cos(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐴 ))

(𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐵 )) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔. (𝐴 − 𝐵))]
OPERATING FREQUENCY
𝑓𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑓𝑢 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑓𝑙 = 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑓𝑈 + 𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝑐 =
2
ANTENNA HEIGHT CALCULATION
𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑘𝑚)

𝐹 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝐺𝐻𝑧)
𝑇. 𝐺 = 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ(𝑚)
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)
𝐸𝑜 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)
𝐷𝑎 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑘𝑚)
𝐷𝑏 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑘𝑚)
𝑎𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴
𝑎𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝑒𝑏 =
(12.75)𝑘
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝐵
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝐹𝐷𝐺𝐶
Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
𝐻 = 0.6 (𝐹1)
Total Height of obstruction (m, AMSL)
ℎ𝑜 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑇. 𝐺 + 𝑒𝑜 + 10𝑚
Antenna Height at Site A (m, AMSL)
ℎ𝑎 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴
𝑑𝐵(ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵)
𝐻 = + ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝑜
𝐷𝐺𝐶
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
PANNING ANGLE
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐴 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐵 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐴 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐵 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐵𝐴 = 𝛼
𝐵𝐵 = 360° − 𝛽
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐷𝐺𝐶 )

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1[ ]
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐺𝐶)
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐷𝐺𝐶 )
𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 1[ ]
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐺𝐶)
ANTENNA TILTING
𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

ℎ𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿 (𝑚)
ℎ𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿 (𝑚)
𝜃𝐵 = Angle of elevation of the antenna at site B
𝜃𝐴 = Angle of elevation of the antenna at site A
𝜃 = 𝜃𝐵 = −𝜃𝐴
ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐷
REFLECTION POINT
hA = Antenna Height Site A, AMSL(ft.)

hB = Antenna Height Site B, AMSL (ft.)
DGC = Total Distance (mi)
GL = Grazing Line
d1 = Distances of Site A to the point of reflection km
d2 = Distances of Site B to the point of reflection km
y = Quotient of the Antenna height at Site A and the squared of the total distance
x = Quotient of the Antenna height at Site B and the squared of the total distance
ℎ𝐵
𝑥 =
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2
ℎ𝐴
𝑦 =
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2
1
𝐺𝑙 =
𝑦
1 + √𝑥
𝐷1 = 𝐺𝐿 (𝐷𝐺𝐶)
𝐷2 = 𝐷𝐺𝐶 − 𝐷1
RADIO FREQUENCY PROPAGATION GAIN
F = Frequency
DA = Antenna Diameter
𝑮𝑨 = Antenna Gain at Site A
𝑮𝑩 = Antenna Gain at Site B
𝑮𝑻 = Radio Frequency Total Gain
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐺𝐴 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐹𝐺𝐻𝑧 + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷𝐴 + 18
𝐺𝐴 = 𝐺𝐵
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝐺𝑇 = 2(𝐺𝐴)
WAVE GUIDE LOSS
WA = Waveguide attenuation factor

WLA = Waveguide total loss (Site A)
WLB = Waveguide total loss (Site B)
WT = Waveguide total loss at Site A and Site B

WL = Waveguide Length
Waveguide total loss (Site A)
𝑊𝐿𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿(𝑊𝐴)
Waveguide total loss (Site B)
𝑊𝐿𝐵 = 𝑊𝐿(𝑊𝐵)
Waveguide total loss (Site A and Site B)
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑊𝐿𝐴
FREE SPACE PATH LOSS
DGC = Total distance (km)

F = Operating Frequency (GHz)
𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 92.45 + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝐷𝐺𝐶)

Net Path Loss
WT = Waveguide Loss at Site A and Site B

FSL = Free Space Path Loss
IL = Insertion Loss
RL = Radome Loss
NPL = Net Path Loss
Radome Loss = 2(RL)
Insertion Loss = 2(IL)
𝑁𝑃𝐿 = 𝑊𝑇 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿 + 2 𝑅𝐿 + 2 𝐼𝐿
Fade Margin
NPL = Net Path Loss

GT = Radio Frequency Total Gain
PO = Transmitter Output Power
FM = Fade Margin
RS = Primary system receiver threshold
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝐺𝑇 − 𝑁𝑃𝐿
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − (−𝑅𝑆)
Hot-Standby System
RS = Primary system receiver threshold

RSL = Received signal level
𝐻𝑜𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −(𝑅𝑆 − 1𝑑𝐵 − 10𝑑𝐵)
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐹𝑀𝐻 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑅𝑆𝐻
Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)
RH = Reliability of the Hot-standby system

R = Reliability of the Main system
Overall system Reliability (1+1 Redundancy)
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝐻 + 𝑅 − (𝑅𝐻 × 𝑅)
Unavailability
𝑈 = 1 − 𝑅𝑇
FM = Fade Margin of Primary System (dB)

DGC = Total Distance
F = Operating Frequency
𝐹𝑀
𝑈𝑟𝑓 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑓 1.6 𝐷𝐺𝐶 3(1.25 × 10 − 6) 10− 10
𝑎 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑎 = 1 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑏 = 0.25 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Link Budget
𝑃𝑇𝑋 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑇𝑋 , 𝐺𝑅𝑋 = 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑊𝐿𝐴 = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴
𝑊𝐿𝐵 = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴
𝐵𝐵 = 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑅𝐿𝑆 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿𝐴 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿)
𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿)
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 − 𝐵𝐴
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅𝑃 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿
𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 + 𝐺𝑅𝑋
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐸𝑅𝑆 – 𝐵𝐵
2. References
Book References
 Digital Microwave Communication by George Kizer

 Electronics Communication System by Wayne Tomasi
 Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide by Trevor Manning
Portable Document Format (PDF) Files
 Commscope Antenna Catalog

 Bans Evans Presentation of Microwave communication
 Point-to-point communication
 Fade margins and Reliability
 Polarization Arrangement
 Rec. ITU-R F.745-5
 Commscope guide to antenna installation
 Fresnel Zone Region
 Line of sight propagation
 K-factor analysis
 Installation of antenna (Commscope)
 Huawei SCC800 product Description
 Huawei RTN 950 Hardware Description
 Huawei DBS3900
Internet References
For definitions and information

For the landslide, earthquake and
www.wikipedia.com liquefaction data
For the weather data www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
www.accuweather.com
www.myweather2.com
3. Specification Sheets
1. Base Transceiver Station
 DBS3900 (GSM – 2G)
 RRU3004 (E-GSM-900 B8)
RF Specifications
RX/TX Channels Capacity Receiver Sensitivity with RX Frequency TX
One Antenna (dBm) Band (MHz) Frequency
Band (MHz)
2T2R 2 TRXs -113 880 to 915 925 to 960
Number of BCCH Carrier Cabinet Configuration Typical Power Maximum Power

Carriers Output Power Consumption (W) Consumption (W)
1 30 W (GMSK)/20 DBS3900 S2/2/2 TOC = 480 700
W (8PSK) 30 w
 Engineering Specifications
Equipment Specifications
Input Power Specifications Dimensions (H × W × D) Weight (kg)
-48 VDC, voltage range: - 485 mm × 380 mm × 130 17 (with the
57 VDC to -36 VDC mm (with the housing) housing
Environmental Specifications
Operating Temperature Relative Humidity Absolute Humidity Atmospheric Pressure
-40°C to +50°C (without solar 5% RH to 100% 1 g/m3 to 30 g/m3 70 kPa to 106 kPa
radiation) RH
-40°C to +45°C (with solar radiation)
Compliance Standards
Operating Environment Anti-Seismic Performance Protection Rating
 3GPP TS 45.005 NEBS GR63 zone4 IP65

 ETSI EN 300019 1-4 V2.1.2 (2003-04)
Class 4.1: “Non-weather protected
location”
 DBS3900 (NodeB – 3G)

 RRU3804 (UMTS-850 B5) (DC)
RF Specifications
RX/TX Channels Capacity Receiver Sensitivity with RX Frequency TX
One Antenna (dBm) Band (MHz) Frequency
Band (MHz)
1T2R 4 carriers -125.3 824 to 849 869 to 894
Number of Maximum Output Cabinet Configuration Typical Maximum Power

Carriers Power per Carrier Power Consumption (W)
(W) Consumption
(W)
4 15 DBS3900 3×1 630 860
Power Backup Duration Estimated Based on Typical

Power Consumption of New Batteries (Hours)
24 Ah 50 Ah 92 Ah
2.4 5.7 11.3
-48 VDC, voltage range: -  480 mm × 270 mm × 140 mm  15 (without the housing)
57 VDC to -36 VDC (without the housing and  17 (with the housing)
connectors)
 485 mm × 285 mm × 170 mm (with
the housing)
 -40°C to +50°C (with 5% RH to 100% 1 g/m3 to 30 g/m3 70 kPa to 106 kPa
1120 W/m2 solar RH
radiation)
 -40°C to +55°C (without
solar radiation)

 ETSI EN 300019 1-4 V2.1.2 (2003-04)
location”
 DBS3900 (eNodeB – 4G)

 RRU3203 (LTE-700 B12)
RF Specifications
RX/TX Channels Capacity Receiver Sensitivity with RX Frequency TX Frequency
One Antenna (dBm) Band (MHz) Band (MHz)
2T2R One carrier with a  1T1R: -105.8 698 to 716 728 to 746
bandwidth of 1.4,  1T2R: -108.6
3, 5, 10, or 15 MHz
Number of Output Power Cabinet Configuration Typical Power Maximum Power

Carriers (W) Consumption (W) Consumption (W)
2 2 × 40 DBS3900 3 × 20 MHz 869 1055
-48 VDC, voltage range: -  480 mm × 356 mm × 140 mm (24 L,  ≤ 23 (without the
57 VDC to -36 VDC without the housing and connectors) housing)
 485 mm × 381 mm × 170 mm (31.4  ≤ 27 (with the housing)
L, with the housing)
 -40°C to +50°C (with 5% RH to 100% 1 g/m3 to 30 g/m3 70 kPa to 106 kPa
1120 W/m2 solar RH
radiation)
 -40°C to +55°C (without
solar radiation)

 ETSI EN 300019 1-4 V2.1.2 (2003-04)
location”
2. Baseband Unit
 BBU3900 (GSM)
Capacity Specifications
At a single site, a maximum of 126 TRXs can be configured if TDM is applied, a
maximum of 48 TRXs can be configured if IP over E1 is applied, or a maximum of 60
TRXs can be configured if IP over FE is applied. In addition, a maximum of 32 cells can
be configured and each cell supports a maximum of 24 TRXs.
Transmission Port Specifications
- GTMU: 4 E1s/T1s, 1 FE electrical port, and 1 FE optical port
- UTRPb4: 8 E1s/T1s
- UTRPc: 4 FE/GE electrical ports and 2 FE/GE optical ports
 BBU3900 (UMTS)
- Single BBU: 24 cells; 3072 CEs in the uplink and 4608 CEs in the
downlink
- Two interconnected BBUs: 48 cells; 5632 CEs in the uplink and 8448 CEs
in the downlink
- WMPT: 4 E1s/T1s, 1 FE electrical port, and 1 FE optical port
- UMPT: 4 E1s/T1s, 1 FE/GE electrical port, and 1 FE/GE optical port
- UTRP2: 2 FE/GE optical ports
- UTRP3: 8 E1s/T1s
- UTRP4: 8 E1s/T1s
- UTRP6: 1 STM-1 or OC-3 port
- UTRP9: 4 FE/GE electrical ports
 BBU3900 (LTE)
- Maximum throughput per cell with 20 MHz bandwidth: downlink data rate
at the MAC layer: 150 Mbit/s (2x2 MIMO); uplink data rate at the MAC
Layer: 70 Mbit/s (2x4 MU-MIMO or 2x2 MU-MIMO)
- Maximum throughput per eNodeB: uplink and downlink data rate at the
MAC layer: 1500 Mbit/s (packet size: 550 bytes)
- Maximum number of UEs in RRC_CONNECTED mode per eNodeB:
o 1512 with 1.4 MHz bandwidth
o 3240 with 3 MHz bandwidth
o 5400 with 5 MHz bandwidth
o 10,800 with 10 MHz/15 MHz/20 MHz bandwidth
- Data radio bearer (DRB): a maximum of 8 DRBs can transmit data of a UE
at the same time.
- LMPT: 2 FE/GE electrical ports, 2 FE/GE optical ports, or 1 FE/GE optical
- port + 1 FE/GE electrical port
- UMPT: 4 E1s/T1s, 1 FE/GE electrical port, and 1 FE/GE optical port
Input Power Specifications
Input Power Voltage Range
-48 VDC (UPEUc) -38.4 VDC to -57 VDC

Item Specification
Dimension (H × W × D) 86 mm × 442 mm × 310 mm
Weight  ≤ 12 kg (full configuration)

 ≤ 7 kg (typical configuration)
Item Specifications
Operating Temperature  -20°C to +55°C (long term)

 +55°C to +60°C (short term)
Relative Humidity 5% RH to 95% RH
Protection Rating IP20
Atmospheric Pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa
Surge Protection Specifications

Port Usage Scenario Surge Protection Specification
Mode
-48 VDC port Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 1 kA
where the BBU and
devices interconnected Common mode 2 kA
through this port are
installed indoors
FE/GE port Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 0.5 kV (1.2/50 µs)
where the BBU and
devices interconnected Common mode 4 kV (1.2/50 μs)
installed indoors (surge)
Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 3 kA
where some devices are
configured remotely or the
scenario where the BBU
Common mode 5 kA
and devices interconnected
through this port are placed
outdoors (surge protector
configured)
GPS port Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 8 kA
and devices interconnected Common mode 40 kA
outdoors (surge protector
configured)
RGPS port Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 3 kA
Common mode 5 kA
outdoors (surge protection
module configured)
E1/T1 port Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 250 A
where the BBU and
devices interconnected Common mode 250 A
installed indoors
scenario where the BBU Common mode 5 kA
board configured)
Dry contact Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 250 A
where the BBU and
devices interconnected
through this dry contact are
installed indoors
and devices interconnected Common mode 5 kA
board configured)
RS485 alarm port Applicable to the scenario Differential mode 250 A
where the BBU and
devices interconnected Common mode 250 A
installed indoors
Common mode 5 kA
board configured)
ODU XMC-2
Working formats of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)
Item Specification
Modulation format QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM
Channel spacing 7 MHz, 14 MHz, 28 MHz, 40 MHz, and 56 MHz
Working frequency bands of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)
Interval Between Center RX and TX

Frequency Band Frequency Range (GHz) Frequencies in a Channel (MHz)
7 GHz From 7.093 to 7.897 154, 161, 168, 196, and 245
119/126, 151.614, 208, 266, and
8 GHz From 7.731 to 8.497 311.32
11 GHz From 10.675 to 11.745 500/490, 530/520
13 GHz From 12.751 to 13.248 266
15 GHz From 14.400 to 15.358 315/322, 420, 490, 644, and 728
18 GHz From 17.685 to 19.710 1010/1008, 1092.5, 1560
23 GHz From 21.200 to 23.618 1008, 1200, and 1232
26 GHz From 24.250 to 26.453 1008
28 GHz From 27.520 to 29.481 1008
32 GHz From 31.815 to 33.383 812
38 GHz From 37.044 to 40.105 1260
42 GHz From 40.522 to 43.464 1500
Transceiver specifications of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)

IF specifications of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)
Integrated system specifications of the ODU (XMC-2 ODU)

Information about the 7 GHz frequency band (XMC-2 ODU)
Microwave Antenna
Huawei RTN 950

Communication (Microwave Tower Schematics)

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Sariaya, Quezon to Rosario, Batangas

Wireless, Microwave, and Facillity Management System

A Wireless Communication System Design presented to the faculty under the

In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Alisangco, Keith Lester

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Alisangco, Keith Lester

Engr. Jomar Liquido Mr. Rommel T. Dasalla

An overbearing expression of gratitude to our God Almighty for the immediate

Secondly, we would like to express our special appreciativeness to our teacher

1. Significance of the Study

 This Wireless and Communication research is combined by the compiled researches,

 Ways to secure our site from any unauthorized access

 Improvement of speed and service for the network subscribers

 Choosing the proper equipment’s for the proposed design

 Avoiding obstructions to provide the better line of sight

 Expanding the network availability to areas where communication is barely needed

 Proper selection of equipment to lessen the probability of failure

 Facility must be secured and safe

 Hot standby and space diversity technique to support system backup

 To demonstrate and be familiarize to the different types of mobile technologies

 Provide High speed network access to the subscriber of the network

 Equipment specifications are included

 A microwave design link from Sariaya, Quezon to Rosario, Batangas

land and coastal areas

formulas, technical specifications of equipment, references and different types of

 Facility management System are included

 Actual topographic map from NAMRIA with accurate plotting is to be presented

profile to support the said condition

 The service to be rendered is voice, video, and data

work are not included

 National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) licensing is not included

specification of tower is not complete

 Topographical map used was outdated

 There is no actual operation had been observed

5.1 Site Considerations

 Site Lot Area

Panel Antenna (Commscope EGPX310BD-B2)

Operating Frequency 694 – 862 MHz | 880 – 960 MHz

Operating Frequency Band 7.125 GHz – 8.5 GHz

Physical dimension m  Height: 55

Mass (all braces) mbraces kg 10082.13

Total mass (without mtotal kg 12514.36

Compressive force Fc kN 671.1156

Tensile force Ft kN 8153.2

Monitoring Unit (SCC800)

DC Input Voltage Range -36 V to -72 V

DC Input Voltage Range -36 V to -72 V

Smart ETH Gateway

DC Input Voltage Range 42.5 V to 57 V

DC Input Voltage Range 12 V to 24 V

Indoor Camera (IPC6324)

Image Sensor 1/2.7" 2.0 megapixel progressive scan CMOS

Image Sensor 1/2.7" 2.0 megapixel progressive scan CMOS

Detection Angle 90°

RX/TX Channels 2T2R

RX/TX Channels 1T2R

RX/TX Channels 2T2R

AC Input Voltage Range: 85-300 VAC

Working voltage DC12V

Fuel level sensor

Operating Temperature -10°C to +70°C