ME8682 - DESIGN & FABRICATION PROJECT

OF MANUAL ROD CUTTING MACHINE

MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By SARAN.K (142219114058)

SRIHARIKESAV.G(142219114061)
SRIRAM.R(142219114063)
YOGESH.S(142219114066)

in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KATTANKULATHUR, CHENNAI - 603 204

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MARCH – 2021

1
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “DESIGN AND

FABRICATION OF MANUAL ROD CUTTING MACHINE” is
a
bonafide work carried out by the following students whose
names are given below

SARAN.K 142219114058
SRIHARIKESAV.G 142219114061
SRIRAM.R 142219114063
YOGESH.S 142219114066
who successfully completed the project work under my
direct supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. K. SIVAKUMAR, M.E, Ph.D, Ms.N.NITHYA,B.E,M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering
SRM Valliammai Engineering College SRM Valliammai Engineering College
Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603 204 Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603 204

Submitted for the university examination held on………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr.

T.R. Pachamuthu, chairman and Dr. T.P. Ganesan, Director
of
Valliammai Enginering College for providing all necessary facilities to
earn knowledge from the institution.

I convey my thanks to the principal Dr. B. Chidambararajan, M.E.,

Ph.D., Valliammai Engineering College for his encouragement and
support extended throughout the course of our study.

We wish to express our profound thanks with gratitude to our head of

the department Dr. K. SIVAKUMAR, M.E., Ph.D., for providing us to
do this project.

We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and

indebtedness to our Project Supervisor Mr. G.RAJESH, M.E, for his
excellent guidance, continuous motivation, and constant encouragements
given to us to do this project successfully.

We bestow our sincere thanks to our Project Coordinator without whose

Dr. K. SIVAKUMAR, M.E., Ph.D invaluable guidance, patient and
constant encouragement, anything would not have been materialized.

Lastly we would like to thank all our friends living in different parts of
the world & all our family members for their moral and financial support
during the tenure of our project.

3
 ABSTRACT

The main objective of this project is to implement the sun tracking dual-axis solar

panel in the market which is more efficient compared to the existing solar panels,

and increasing the productivity. The solar panels is one of the most important

source in producing electricity in renewable energy.

It is primarily designed to produce electricity from sunlight. Each individual panel

is constructed of a layer of silicon cells, a metal frame, a glass casing surrounded

by a special film, and wiring.  For maximum effect, the panels are grouped

together into array and placed on rooftops or in large outdoor spaces.  The solar

cells, which are also referred to as photovoltaic cells, absorb sunlight during

daylight hours.

Within each solar cell is a thin semiconductor wafer made from two layers of

silicon. One layer is positively charged, and the other negatively charged, forming

an electric field. When light energy from the sun strikes a photovoltaic solar cell, it

energizes the cell and causes electrons to ‘come loose’ from atoms within the

semiconductor wafer. Those loose electrons are set into motion by the electric field

surrounding the wafer, and this motion creates an electrical current.

Other advantage is it will give 40% more electricity than a nonmoving solar

4
panel.it has a higher degree of flexibility ,allowing for a higher energy output on

sunny days, higher degree of accuracy in directional pointing.

Force is achieved with the help of dual-axis motion . Now in this world the

electricity generation will be increased. Now we are using the most basic type of

solar panels.

The aim of the project is to design and construct a dual-axis rotating solar panels

that will tilt in the direction of sun automatically. The machine is portable.

Solar power represents 9.8% of the total installed power capacity in India as of Q1

2020. Small hydro installations contributed a lower share than the same time last

year at 1.26%, down from 1.28% last year, Installed capacity, if we implemented

dual-axis panel then the contribution of solar energy.

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6
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

ABSTRACT 4

1 INTRODUCTION 9

1.1 panel mechanism 9

1.2 usage of renewable energy 10

1.3Types of solar panels 11

1.4 Analysis and synthesis of linkage 12

1.5 4 bar linkage 13

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 14

2.1 General review 14

2.2 Literature summary 16

3 CONSTRUCTION 17

3.1 Components 17

3.1.1 base channel 17

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 3.1.2 Circular bars 17

3.1.3 Hand lever 18

3.1.4 Mild steel rod 18

3.1.5 Bolt and nut 18

3.1.6 l shaped supporting channel 18

3.2 Operations involved 19

3.3 2D diagram 23

4 METHODOLOGY 24

4.1 Project methodology 24

4.2 Flow chart 25

4.3 Design and calculation 26

4.4 Working methodology 28

5 FUTURE SCOPES AND ASPECTS 30

6 CONCLUSION 32

7 REFERENCES 34

8
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

1. Bar linkage diagram 13

2. Rod cutting machine 18

3. 2D Part Diagram 23

4. Methodology 24

5. Component image 28

LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

1. Linkage table 12

2. Methodology table 25

9
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

the energy from the sun can be used to overcome the energy crisis generated by the scarcity of
Fossil fuel resources, Solar energy is free and everywhere. Due to the decreasing of solar
photovoltaic energy cost, it’s superior in the renewable energy sources and widely utilized in
many countries. Solar power is one of the most widely used alternative pathway in the renewable
energy domains or sources. The global demand/installation and production of PV modules are
parallel increasing exponentially for the past 10 years with the largest share/development located
in Europe followed by Asia Pacific region . Solar energy is a very large, inexhaustible source of
energy. The power from the sun intercepted by the earth is approximately (1.8×1011) MW,
which is many thousands of times larger than the present consumption rate on the earth of all
commercial energy sources. Problem associated with the use of solar energy is that its availability
varies widely with time. The variation in availability occurs daily because of the day night cycle
and also seasonally because of the earth’s orbit around the sun. To rectify the problems the
solar panel should be such that it always receives maximum intensity of light. It has been seen
since past that the efficiency of the solar panel is around 10-15% which is not meeting the desired
load requirements. So there is a need of improving the panel efficiency through an
economical way.

1.1 LINKAGE MECHANISM

Solar PV panels are comprised of many small photovoltaic cells – photovoltaic meaning
they can convert sunlight into electricity. These cells are made of semi-conductive
materials, most often silicon, a material that can conduct electricity while maintaining the
electrical imbalance needed to create an electric field.

When sunlight hits the semiconductor in the solar PV cell the energy from the light, in the
form of photons, is absorbed, knocking loose a number of electrons, which then drift freely
in the cell. The solar cell is specifically designed with positively and negatively charged
semiconductors sandwiched together to create an electric field (see the image to the left.
This electric field forces the drifting electrons to flow in a certain direction- towards the
conductive metal plates that line the cell. This flow is known as an energy current, and the
strength of the current determines how much electricity each cell can produce. Once the
10
loose electrons hit metal plates, the current is then directed into wires, allowing the
electrons to flow like they would in any other source of electric generation .

As the solar panel generates an electric current, the energy flows through a series of wires
to an inverter . While solar panels generate direct current (DC) electricity, most electricity
consumers need alternating current (AC) electricity to power their buildings. The inverter’s
function is to turn the electricity from DC to AC, making it accessible for everyday use

11
 1.2 USES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy offers a range of benefits including offering a freely available source of energy
generation. As the sector grows there has also been a surge in job creation to develop and install the
renewable energy solutions of tomorrow.
Renewable sources also offer greater energy access in developing nations and can reduce energy
bills too .Of course, one of the largest benefits of renewable energy is that much of it also counts as
green and clean energy. This has created a growth in renewable energy, with wind and solar being
particularly prevalent.
However, these green benefits are not the sole preserve of renewable energy sources. Nuclear power
is also a zero-carbon energy source, since it generates or emits very low levels of CO2.
Some favour nuclear energy over resources such as solar and wind, since nuclear power is a stable
source that is not reliant on weather conditions. Which brings us onto some of the disadvantages of
renewable energy

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 1.3 TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS
Monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels
Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels have cells made of silicon wafers. To build a
monocrystalline or polycrystalline panel, wafers are assembled into rows and columns to form a rectangle,
covered with a glass sheet, and framed together. 
While both of these types of solar panels have cells made from silicon, monocrystalline and polycrystalline
panels vary in the composition of the silicon itself. Monocrystalline solar cells are cut from a single, pure
crystal of silicon. Alternatively, polycrystalline solar cells are composed of fragments of silicon crystals that
are melted together in a mold before being cut into wafers.

Thin-film solar panels

Unlike monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels, thin-film panels are made from a variety of
materials. The most prevalent type of thin-film solar panel is made from cadmium telluride (CdTe). To make
this type of thin-film panel, manufacturers place a layer of CdTe between transparent conducting layers that
help capture sunlight. This type of thin-film technology also has a glass layer on the top for protection.
Thin-film solar panels can also be made from amorphous silicon (a-Si), which is similar to the composition
of monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels. Though these thin-film panels use silicon in their composition,
they are not made up of solid silicon wafers. Rather, they’re composed of non-crystalline silicon placed on
top of glass, plastic, or metal.
Lastly, Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) panels are another popular type of thin-film technology.
CIGS panels have all four elements placed between two conductive layers (i.e. glass, plastic, aluminum, or
steel), and electrodes are placed on the front and the back of the material to capture electrical currents.

13
1.4 ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF LINKAGE

The primary mathematical tool for the analysis of a linkage is known as the
kinematics equations of the system. This is a sequence of rigid body transformation
along a serial chain within the linkage that locates a floating link relative to the
ground frame.
Each serial chain within the linkage that connects this floating link to ground
provides a set of equations that must be satisfied by the configuration parameters
of the system. The result is a set of non-linear equations that define the
configuration parameters of the system for a set of values for the input parameters.
Freudenstein introduced a method to use these equations for the design of a planar
four-bar linkage to achieve a specified relation between the input parameters and
the configuration of the linkage. Another approach to planar four-bar linkage
design was introduced by L. Burmester, and is called Burmester theory.

Linkages Chebyshev linkage (Chebyshev's Lambda Mechanism)

Four- Hoeckens linkage

bar Pantograph

Watt's linkage

Six- Klann linkage

bar Parallel motion

Eight- Jansen's linkage

bar Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage

Burmester's theory
Hart's inversor

Other Leg mechanism

Scott Russell linkage
Whippletree

14
1.5 4 BAR LINKAGE

The diagram below shows a four-bar linkage. This mechanism has the following
parts:

 Four links that are connected by four rotating joints.

 Three of the links can move, but the fourth is fixed in position. This link is
called the ground link.

 One of the moving links is a crank that is rotated by a motor.

As the crank rotates, it causes two other links to move while the ground link
remains fixed in position. Varying the lengths of the links produces different
patterns of movement.

15
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 GENERAL REVIEW

R. Suresh, et.al developed a mathematical model correlating cutting parameters

with Tool Wear and Surface Roughness. Turning operation was done hardened
AISI H13 steel with PVT coated ceramic tool in dry condition. Experiments were
conducted using the concept of Response Surface Methodology. For Surface
roughness, Feed was the dominating factor followed by Depth of cut and speed.

Vikas B. Magdum, et.al used Taguchi method for optimization of cutting forces
andprocess parameters on EN8 steel. For conducting experiments L9 orthogonal
array was selected. For Cutting forces (Feed and Tangential force), Feed and Depth
of cut were the dominating factor followed by speed and Tool material

S.R Das, et.al determine the optimal cutting parameters for low Tool wear and low
Surface temperature. They performed turning operation on AISI D2 steel. The
experiments were conducted using Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal technique and
analysis of variance was used to identify the effect of cutting parameters.

W.H Yang, et.al used Taguchi method to find the optimum cutting parameters.
They investigated the cutting parameters of S45C steel using tungsten carbide tools
by. For Tool Life, speed and feed were the significant factor followed by depth of
cut. For Surface roughness, Feed and depth of cut were the significant factors
followed by speed. Also the optimum values of cutting parameters were found out
to increase tool life and surface roughness

Sayak Mukherjee et.al conducted experiments on SAE 1020 steel using taguchi
method to optimize cutting parameters with respect to material removal rate. L25
orthogonal array was used in conducting experiments. The result shows that Depth
of cut had significant effect on Material Removal Rate followed by feed and speed.

16
DeoreDhirajet.al have studied the optimization and evaluation of cutting forces in
turning operation of EN19 steel. In this optimization technique used is taguchi
method and analysis of variance is done to find which parameters have significant
effect.

Hrones and Nelson , in their paper on Analysis of the Four-Bar Linkage gives
review that a 4-bar mechanism is a basic 1-DOF (degree of freedom) mechanism.
A 4-bar is created by selecting four link lengths and joining the links with revolute
joints to form a loop. A wide variety of paths are possible by arbitrarily choosing a
point on the coupler curve. These different curves can be obtained by constructing
a physical model of the mechanism and viewing the path of various points without
detailed mathematical analysis.

B.Malleswara Swami et al. in this paper author describe the method for static and
dynamic analysis. Author used standard bed for analysis. The investigation
is carried to reduce the weight without changing the structural rigidity and the
accuracy byadding the ribs at the suitable location. Static analysis is done for 1g
i.e. gravitational force is consider with external load on structure and 5g i.e.
gravitational force 5 times ‘g’ value is applied on structure along with external
load.

Sayak Mukherjee et.al conducted experiments on SAE 1020 steel using taguchi
method to optimize cutting parameters with respect to material removal rate. L25
orthogonal array was used in conducting experiments. The result shows that Depth
of cut had significant effect on Material Removal Rate followed by feed and speed.

Manjunatha.Ret.al investigated the optimum value of tangential force, feed force,

and surface roughness for EN19 steel using confirmation test. They have used L27
orthogonal array. For Surface Roughness Annova result shows that, Feed is the
most dominant factor. For Cutting forces (Feed and Tangential force) Depth of cut
and Feed is the significant factor.

W.H Yang, et.al used Taguchi method to find the optimum cutting parameters.
They investigated the cutting parameters of S45C steel using tungsten carbide tools
by. For Tool Life, speed and feed were the significant factor followed by depth of
17
cut.

18
For Surface roughness, Feed and depth of cut were the significant factors followed
by speed. Also the optimum values of cutting parameters were found out to
increase tool life and surface roughness.

Tensi HM, Totten GE, Canale LCF. The quenching process: an overview of the
fundamental physical properties of liquid quenching. Proceedings of the 58th
Congresso Anual da ABM; 2003 July 21-24; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. São Paulo:
ABM Brazil; 2003. p. 3362-3380.

Totten GE, Tensi HM, Canale LCF. Chemistry of quenching: part 2 – fundamental
thermophysical processes involved. In: quenching. Proceedings of 22nd Heat
Treating Society Conference and the 2nd Surface Engineering Congress; 2003
September 15-17; Indianapolis, USA. Materials Park, OH: ASM International;
2003. p. 148-155.

Totten GE, Webster GM, Gopinath N. Quenching fundamentals: effect of

agitation. Adv. Mat.& Proc. 1996; 149(2):73-76. 7.

Olivier J, Clement B, Debie JJ, Moreaux F. Stirring of quenchants fluids: design

considerations and metallurgical consequences. Trait. Therm. 1986; (206):29-42. 8.
Anon, function of proper agitation in quenching to assure uniform physical
properties.

2.2 LITERATURE SUMMARY

A detailed literature survey provides information about the technology used in

developing a manual rod cutting machine and analysis of the material. The control
of temperature during quenching process is an important one in this work because
it has to be maintained between specified temperatures.

Lathe work pays a major role in this machine, which was read and studied in the
books of the authors mentioned above.

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 CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION

3.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

▶ Base channel,

▶ 2 Circular bars-100mm dia and 35mm thickness, (MILD STEEL)

▶ Hand lever,

▶ Mild steel rod -6mm thickness,

▶ Mild steel rod -12mm thickness,

▶ Bolt and nut,

▶ L shaped supporting rod.

3.1.1 BASE CHANNEL

It is the supporting base for the experiment. It reduces the vibrations and
provides a rigid support.

3.1.2 CIRCULAR BARS

It is the circular mild steel bars in which one circular bar is fixed and other is in
movement.

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3.1.3 HAND LEVER

It is the part which is used for the pressing operation. The end is knurled in
lathe machine for hand grip.

3.1.4 MILD STEEL ROD

It is used for joining linkage mechanism. It connects the hand lever with the
circular bar.

3.1.5 BOLT AND NUT

It is used for connecting the intermediate rods.

3.1.6 L SHAPED SUPPORTING ROD

It is used along the base channel for supporting hand lever and links.

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3.2 OPERATIONS INVOLVED

▶ Welding
▶ Drilling
▶ Quenching
▶ Grinding
▶ Lathe operations
 Turning
 Threading
 Knurling
 Facing
 Milling

3.2.1 WELDING

Welding is an operation whereby two or more parts are united by means of heat or
pressure or both. It is used on metals, thermoplastics and sometimes wood.

3.2.2 DRILLING

The action of making a hole in something by boring with a drill.This process is

done using lathe machine.

3.2.3 QUENCHING

In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or

air to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents
undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from
occurring.

3.2.4 GRINDING

A grinding mechanism includes a rotating body, a first grinding wheel, a

second grinding wheel, a first fastening means, a second fastening means, and a
spacer assembly, a first fastening means passing through the first body portion and

22
fastening into the rotating body, a second grinding wheel including a second body
portion and a second grinding portion.

3.2.5 LATHE OPERATIONS

3.2.5.1 TURNING

Turning operations are carried out on a lathe machine which can be manually or
CNC operated.

Turning specific operations include: The general process of turning involves

rotating a part while a single-point cutting tool is moved parallel to the axis of
rotation

3.2.5.2 THREADING

Single-point threading, also colloquially called single-pointing (or just thread

cutting when the context is implicit), is an operation that uses a single-point tool to
produce a thread form on a cylinder or cone. The tool moves linearly while the
precise rotation of the workpiece determines the lead of the thread.

3.2.5.3 KNURLING

The operation is performed for producing indentations on a part of a workpiece.

Knurling allows hands or fingers to get a better grip on the knurled object than
would be provided by the originally smooth metal surface.

23
3.2.5.4 FACING

Facing in machining can be used in two different areas: facing on a milling

machine and facing on a lathe. Facing on the milling machine
involves various milling operations, but primarily face milling. On the lathe, facing
is commonly used in turning and boring operations.

3.2.5.5 MILLING

Milling is performed with a milling cutter in various forms, held in a collett or

similar which, in turn, is held in the spindle of a milling
machine. Mill orientation is the primary classification for milling machines. The
two basic configurationsare vertical and horizontal - referring to the orientation of
the rotating spindle upon which the cutter is mounted.

3.2.5.6 CUTTING

In this project we have performed cutting operation on the girders. First of all the
girders are cut with help of abrasive cutter and dimensions varies for every frame.

3.2.5.7 ARC WELDING

After cutting all girders next operation is welding operation. Arc welding is a
process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to create enough heat
to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool result in a binding of the metals. It
is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc
between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point.
We can use
24
either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable
electrodes. The welding region is usually protected by some type of shielding gas,
vapour or slag.

In this we have welded together all the cut pieces of girder with arc welding. This
process leads to the formation of 3 frames i.e. 1) base frame 2) horizontal frame 3)
vertical frame.

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4.2 2D DIAGRAM

26
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

4.1 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

▶ Two square base plate is welded and base channel is made.

▶ Two circular bars are taken , they are machined using lathe operations
according to the diagram.
▶ Then the bars are subjected to quenching.
▶ Heat treating strengthens the bar.
▶ The bars are assembled using bolt and nut.
▶ Threading is done for bolt and nut.
▶ Hand lever is constructed , and knurling is done for hand grip.
▶ Then the parts are assembled as shown in the diagram.
▶ Now the rod cutter is ready for cutting operation.

27
4.2 FLOWCHART

MATERIAL COLLECTION

DESIGNING MODEL

ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF MODEL

PROCUREMENTS OF COMPONENTS

FABRICATION OF
MANUAL ROD CUTTING
MACHINE

28
 4.3 DESIGN CALCULATION

Cutting force is the total force required by the press machine to cut the blank from
the sheet.

Cutting force = L x S x Tmax

L=length of the rod
S=rod thickness
Tmax=shear strength
Tensile strength and shear strength related to following formula:
Tensile strength = 345–525 MPa
Tensile strength = 1.73 * Shear stress
Therefore shear stress = 200-300 MPa
Which means that shear stress for mild steel will be 200–300 MPa.

Tmax=300 N/mm2
L= 30cm = 300mm
S=6mm
Cutting force = LxSxTmax
=300x6x300
=540x10^3 N

Four bar linkage :

No. of. Pairs = 4
No. of. Links = (2xP) – 4
=(2x4) – 4

29
 =8-4
=4

No .of . joints =( 3/2 x 4) – 2

= 6-2
=4

Degree of freedom :
L=4
J=4
N=3(L-1) - 2J
=3(4-1) – (2x4)
=9–8
=1
Therefore degree of freedom = 1
Each of a number of independently variable factors affecting the range of states in
which a system may exist, in particular any of the directions in which
independent motion can occur. This is called degree of freedom .

30
4.4 WORKING METHODOLOGY

▶ Take a surface plate that has to manage a overall weight and load of the
machine.
▶ Take 2 mild steel bar of 100mm diameter.
▶ Drill it at centre of 20 mm diameter.
▶ Then two holes are drilled at a distance of 20 mm from the drilled hole in
centre.
▶ The holes are respectively 12mm and 18mm.
▶ Remove and make a seating for the rod to be cut.
▶ Now the 2 circular bars are heat treated and rapidly cooled known as
quenching, which strengthens the bar.
▶ One of the circular bar is fixed to the base channel using a rectangular rod by
the operation called welding.
▶ The other circular bar is connected to the fixed circular bar using a bolt and
nut.
▶ A 30 mm rod is fixed to the movable circular rod as a link.
▶ The link is connected to the handle lever using a bolt and nut.
▶ One end of handle lever is fixed to base channel using bolt and nut.
▶ The arrangement reveals the 4 bar link mechanism.
▶ Therefore the manual rod cutting machine is designed and fabricated.

31
CONSTRUCTION STILLS

32
 CHAPTER 5

FUTURE AND ASPECTS

The rod cutting machines are an important application in manufacturing

industries. Manual rod cutting machine will bring a revolution among small
scale industries. In future , this machine can be developed and by pressing the
hand lever ,we can simultaneously produce electricity.
In few years , manual rod cutting machine will be available in each and
every house. There will be no need for depending on other professionals for
small works.
▶ To cut the rod with thickness of about 6 mm to 12mm .
▶ Machine is convenient for portable work.
▶ The machine is operated manually to reduce energy wastage.
▶ Efficiency is high
▶ Electricity consumption is reduced.
▶ Small heat affected zone
▶ Good cutting surface
▶ No noise
▶ Easy to transport due to its compact structure.
▶ No much skill required

33
 APPLICATIONS

▶ Manual rod cutting machine is used in civil construction works

▶ It is used in small scale industries.

▶ It is used in rod cutting industries

▶ It is widely used to cut 4mm , 6mm , 8mm, 12mm thickness rod.

▶ Modified rod cutting machine can be used for rod bending.

▶ Manufacturing industries requires manual rod cutting machine

▶ Certain changes in the machine can make it portable

▶ By provide wheel, it can be a mobile process.

▶ It can be used for grill and engineering works

▶ Production cost is low

▶ Do not require skilled labour.

34
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Manual rod cutting machine was successfully designed and built . the

experiments done with this machine gave a perfect cut. This can be used for

small scale industrial purposes.

During power cut, this machine could be a replacement for electric rod

cutting machine. It does not require any skilled labour. The experiments

conducted on this machine gave us the confidence in developing this project

to a higher level. By design calculation , we prove that the design of manual

rod cutting machine is safe.

Using a series of machine will give a large production rate .It is safe to

handle and non-hazardous .

We thank all the staffs for the guidance and friends who supported us .

35
The scopes of the study are encompasses investigation of the difficulties in
portable electric rod cutting machine. The investigation is starting with stating with
the problem statements.

The idea of designing a cutting machine can be seen clearly through the problem
statements, which is a solution of designing a cutting machine can be generated to
encounter those problems.

From this investigation, a literature review can be conducted. In the literature

review, it will discuss about the reason to design a cutting machine for rod cutting,
the comparison of existing cutting machine, classification of cutting machine,
working principle of cutting machine, etc.

36
 CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES

1. R. Suresh, et.al developed a mathematical model correlating cutting

parameters with Tool Wear and Surface Roughness.

2. Vikas B. Magdum, et.al used Taguchi method for optimization of cutting

forces andprocess parameters on EN8 steel.

3. S.R Das, et.al determine the optimal cutting parameters for low Tool wear
and low Surface temperature.

4. W.H Yang, et.al used Taguchi method to find the optimum cutting
parameters. They investigated the cutting parameters of S45C steel using
tungsten carbide tools

5. Sayak Mukherjee et.al conducted experiments on SAE 1020 steel using

taguchi method to optimize cutting parameters with respect to material
removal rate.

6. ‘manufacturing technology’ by R.K.Rajput

7. ‘material science’ by William.D.Callister

8. ‘psg design data book’ for design calculations

9. ‘workholding in lathe’ by Tom Walshaw

10.‘metal cutting’ by Edward.M.TRENT

37
11. Tensi HM, Totten GE, Canale LCF. The quenching process: an overview of
the fundamental physical properties of liquid quenching.

12. Totten GE, Tensi HM, Canale LCF. Chemistry of quenching: part 2 –
fundamental thermophysical processes involved.

13. Totten GE, Webster GM, Gopinath N. Quenching fundamentals: effect of

agitation. Adv. Mat.& Proc. 1996; 149(2):73-76. 7

14. Olivier J, Clement B, Debie JJ, Moreaux F. Stirring of quenchants fluids:

design considerations and metallurgical consequences.

15.Groover, Mikell P. (2010). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing:

Materials, Processes, and Systems. John Wiley & Sons.

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