Name: June Suzete B.

Rubio
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER 1

The Human Body—An Orientation

Anatomy

• Study of the structure and shape of

the body and its parts
Physiology

• Study of how the body and its

parts work or function
Anatomy—Levels of Study

Gross anatomy

 Large structures
 Easily observable

Microscopic anatomy
• Structures cannot be
seen with the naked
eye
• Structures can only be
viewed with a
microscope

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Name: June Suzete B. Rubio
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER 1

Organ System Overview

Integumentary Muscular
• Forms the external body • Produces movement
covering • Maintains posture
• Protects deeper tissue • Produces heat
from injury
• Helps regulate body
temperature
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors

Nervous

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external
change
• Activates muscles and glands
Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals

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Name: June Suzete B. Rubio
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER 1

Endocrine Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
 Secretes regulatory hormones vessels
 Growth
• Cleanses the blood
 Reproduction
• Involved in immunity
 Metabolism

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
 Transports materials in body via blood • Keeps blood supplied
pumped by heart with oxygen
 Oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide
 Carbon dioxide
 Nutrients
 Wastes

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Name: June Suzete B. Rubio
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER 1

Digestive Reproductive
• Produces offspring
 Breaks down food • Testes produce sperm
 Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
and male hormone
 Eliminates indigestible material as feces
• Ovaries produce eggs
and female hormones

Necessary Life Functions

Urinary Maintain boundaries
Movement
 Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
 Maintains acid-base balance  Locomotion
 Regulates water and electrolytes  Movement of substances
Responsiveness
 Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
 Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

 Break down complex molecules into

smaller ones
 Build larger molecules from smaller ones
 Produces energy
 Regulated by hormones
Excretion

 Eliminates waste from metabolic

reactions
 Wastes may be removed in urine or feces
Reproduction
 Occurs on cellular level or organismal
level
 Produces future generation
Growth
 Increases cell size and number of cells

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Name: June Suzete B. Rubio
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER 1

Survival Needs • Analyzes information

• Determines appropriate response
Nutrients Effector
• Chemicals for energy and cell building • Provides a means for response to the
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, stimulus
Negative feedback
vitamins, and minerals • Includes most homeostatic control
Oxygen mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
• Required for chemical reactions its intensity
Water • Works like a household thermostat
Positive feedback
• 60 to 80 percent of body weight
• Most abundant chemical in the human • Increases the original stimulus to push the
body
• Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood
• 37°C (98°F) clotting and during the birth of a baby
Atmospheric pressure The Language of Anatomy
• Must be appropriate for gas exchange
Special terminology is used to prevent
Homeostasis
misunderstanding
Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal Exact terms are used for
environment • Position
• A dynamic state of equilibrium • Direction
• Necessary for normal body functioning and • Regions
to sustain life • Structures
Homeostatic imbalance Regional Terms
• A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in Anterior body landmarks
disease Posterior body landmarks
VARIABLE IN HOMEOSTASIS Directional Terms
1. Stimulus produces change in variable. Superior (cranial or cephlad): toward the head end
2. Receptor detects change. or upper part of a structure or the body; above
3. Input: Information sent along afferent Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward
pathway to control center.
the lower part of a structure or the body; below
4. Output: Information sent along efferent
pathway of effector. Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the
5. Response of effector feeds back to body; in front of
reduce the effect of stimulus and returns Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside of the
variable to homeostatic level body; behind
Maintaining Homeostasis Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the
The body communicates through neural and inner side of
hormonal control systems Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the
outer side of
Receptor
Intermediate: between a more medial and a
• Responds to changes in the environment more lateral structure Proximal: close to the origin
(stimuli) of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to
• Sends information to control center the body trunk
Control center Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the
• Determines set point point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk .

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Name: June Suzete B. Rubio
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER 1

Superficial: toward or at the body surface

Deep: away from the body surface; more internal
Body Planes and Sections

A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left

and right parts.
A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body
(or organ) into equal left and right parts.
A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or
organ) into anterior and posterior parts.
A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or
organ) into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity
• Cranial cavity houses the brain
• Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
• Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and
others
• Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs

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Name: June Suzete B. Rubio
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER 1

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