Analysis of a Grid-Forming Converter Based on
Repetitive Control in Centralized AC Microgrid
Helio M. A. Antunes, Sidelmo M. Silva, Danilo I. Brandao, Reginaldo V. Ferreira, Braz de Jesus C. Filho
Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
helioantunes@ufmg.br, sidelmo@ufmg.br, dibrandao@ufmg.br, reginaldo.ferreira@ifmg.edu.br, cardosob@ufmg.br
Abstract—The power system is experiencing an expansion of
distributed generators connected to the low voltage network. In
this context appears the so-called microgrid, which consists of a
group of electrical microsources, loads and storage elements
controlled as a single unit whose may operate either connected to
or islanded from the main grid. The microgrid can be arranged
in a centralized structure, e.g., master-slave architecture, where
the centralized converter, i.e., grid-forming converter plays a
crucial role. It must promptly respond to load and grid
variations, manage the transition from grid-connected to
islanded mode, and define the voltage and frequency during
islanded operation. This paper proposes a repetitive control
tuned at even harmonic orders applied to a grid-forming
converter instead of repetitive control tuned at odd harmonics as
usual. Such grid-forming is devised in synchronous reference
frame and applied to a centralized AC microgrid, particularly
under islanded operation. Such microgrid is composed of linear
and nonlinear load, a photovoltaic inverter and the grid-former
converter itself. Through simulation results the microgrid power
flow and power quality are analyzed evaluating the grid-forming
converter operation.
Keywords— AC microgrids; distributed generation; islanded
operation; repetitive controller.
I. INTRODUCTION
The world has been experiencing a fast change in the
production and use of electric power. In the past, the power
system operated transporting large amount of energy produced
by huge power plants located far from the consumer centers.
With the introduction of distributed generation that scenario
has been changing with the use of energy renewable sources,
and power production closer to end users [1], [2].
In this context, a new concept appears with the evolution of
the distributed generation named as microgrid (MG).
According to [3], a MG is a set of electrical microsources,
loads and storage elements controlled as a dispatchable unit. In
which the microsources are commonly based on renewable
energy sources. Besides, the distributed units of a MG can be
classified in three groups, depending on their control
capability: 1) grid-feeding converter (GFEC), 2) grid-forming
converter (GFC), 3) grid-supporting converter (GSC) [4].
The GFEC are restricted to inject active power into the
grid, being them controlled as current source in PQ mode. The
GFC operates as a voltage source in V-f mode mostly
Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering – Federal University of Minas
Gerais (PPGEE-UFMG), CAPES and CNPQ.
978-1-5090-5339-1/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE.
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
supplying loads [4]–[6]. Finally, the GSC operates injecting
active power, regulating reactive power flow, and performing
ancillary services like voltage and frequency regulation,
harmonic compensation and low-voltage ride-through [7]. It is
highlighted that GSC may be controlled either as current
source or as voltage source, depending on how its control
scheme was designed.
The evolution of power electronics allowed the
development of grid-interactive interface between renewable
sources and utility, ensuring even the isolated operation of
MGs [8]. When the MG operates interconnected to utility,
voltage and frequency are imposed by the grid itself. Whereas,
when MG runs in islanded mode, the voltage and frequency
must be imposed by a centralized GFC endowed with energy
storage systems (ESSs). Besides of that, GFC must promptly
respond to load and grid variation, and manages the transition
from grid-connected to islanded mode.
MGs can be controlled either in grid-connected or islanded
mode in single-master operation (SMO). SMO is a centralized
control strategy in which the converters operate in a master-
slave architecture. One converter must be controlled in V-f
mode while the others in PQ mode. The active and reactive
power flow of these latter distributed units are controlled by a
central controller usually placed at point-of-common-coupling
(PCC) of the MG through a communication link [9].
This paper proposes a GFC in which its voltage loop
control is implemented based on a repetitive control (RC) in
parallel with proportional-integral (PI) controller in cascade
with a current loop using proportional controller. Such RC
selects the even harmonics instead of odd harmonics as usual,
which permits to use synchronous reference frame (dq0)
instead of natural coordinates (abc). The proposed control of
GFC guarantees high power quality for the MG even under
conditions of unbalanced linear and nonlinear load and with
intermittency of GFEC. Besides, it assures bidirectional power
flow. Finally, the main contributions of the paper are MG
modeling and the devised control for GFC based on RC.
II. MICROGRID STRUCTURE UNDER ANALYSIS
Fig. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of the MG under
study, while Table I shows its main electrical parameters. The
MG is formed of a GFEC with capacity to meet partially the
loads, representing the intermittency of a photovoltaic system.
The MG only operates in islanded mode, keeping the MG
static switch (MG-SS) open. In this way, the GFC emulates the
power grid with master-slave architecture.
Electric loads of the MG include linear and nonlinear. A
linear load was modeled as a constant impedance with RL
characteristic. The nonlinear load considered is composed of a
three-phase diode rectifier, an inductive filter in the input and a
capacitor and resistor in DC side. The load model permits to
evaluate unbalance characteristics.
A. Grid-Feeding Converter
Fig. 2 shows the equivalent circuit of the GFEC. It is
composed of a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) with
two levels space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and
LCL filter [10], [11]. The current source in parallel with the
DC represents, for example, the intermittence of a photovoltaic
system. The GFEC operates as a current source injecting active
power into the grid without contributing to reactive regulation.
[12], [13].
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram control of GFEC devised in
synchronous reference frame (dq). It is used in the control
scheme some feedforward actions to cancel cross coupling of
some terms (wLid and wLiq), the disturbance in voltage (vd and
vq) and DC current (iDC). It can be seen that the control consists
Fig. 1 - Structure of the centralized three-phase four-wires AC MG.
TABLE I- ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MG UNDER ANALYSIS.
System Characteristics
220V, 60 Hz, 75kVA, LC filter: RL= 10mΩ, L1= 26μH,
GFC
Cf=411μF, Rf= 0.1Ω fsw= 15.36kHz, VDC= 350V
40kVA, 220V, fsw=7.68kHz, LCL filter: R1=10 mΩ,
GFEC L1=730 μH, Rf= 0.2Ω, Cf= 55μF, R2=10mΩ, L2=24μH,
CDC=9.4mF, VDC= 500V, vd=180V
Linear load 220V, 40kVA, fp=0,8 (lagged)
220V, 30kW, RAC=64mΩ, LAC=30μH, CDC=28.8mF,
Nonlinear load
RL=2.8Ω
Fig. 2 – Equivalent circuit for GFEC.
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
of a DC voltage loop in cascade with a faster current loop, both
with PI controller [12]. The gains of voltage and current loop
are designed using pole alocation technique [14]. The cutoff
frequency of current loop (wci) is equal to (1/10) of switching
frequency. Already the voltage loops is used two cutoff
frequencies (wcv1, wcv2) equal to (1/10) and (1/100) of current
loop. The gains of PI controllers are obtained using the
relations, and they are shown in Table II:
K pi = (L1 + L2 )wci (1)
Kii = (R1 + R 2 )wci (2)
2V (w + wcv 2 )C DC
K pVDC = − DC cv1 (3)
3vd
4VDC (wcv1 × wcv 2 )C DC
KiVDC = − (4)
3vd
III. GRID-FORMING CONVERTER
The GFC operates with closed-loop control creating a
reference of voltage and frequency on its output. The operation
principle for this converter comes from an uninterrupted power
source (UPS) that have an ESS, and can supply an electrical
load without the power grid. So, the GFC ensures in a MG the
power quality (PQ), the continuity of service and the stability
[4], [15].
When the power grid is present, the GFC operates as a
current source in PQ mode. This converter waits for the exact
moment to start its operation in islanded mode, changing its
control to V-f mode opening the MG-SS. The transition in a
MG between the operation modes needs to occur without
voltage and frequency transients (i.e., seamless) [16], [17].
The GFC from Fig. 2 is formed of a VSI that can have a
single-phase or three-phase configuration, with a LC filter to
ensure a sinusoidal voltage on its output. In DC side is used an
ESS, formed in most cases by a bank of electrochemical
batteries, mainly for economic reasons [18]. For low voltage
ESS applications a second stage is used, formed of a buck-
boost converter [19], [20].
Fig. 3 – Control diagram for GFEC in dq0 frame.
TABLE II– GAINS VALUES FOR THE CONTROLLERS OF GFEC.
Loop Gains
DC voltage Kp= -9.2Ω-1, Ki= -810.7Ω-1
Current Kp=3.6Ω, Ki=96.5Ω
A. Control of Grid-Forming Converter
Y (s) 1
The GFC with operation in islanded mode needs to ensure = (5)
at its output a sinusoidal voltage, with constant amplitude and E ( s ) 1 + e - (sT 2 )
frequency free of disturbances, even with the connection of
linear and nonlinear unbalanced loads. Another point that The poles of the equivalent transfer function are shown in (6).
needs to be highlighted is the presence of distributed generators
s = ± jwo (2 k + 1), k = 0,1,, ∞. (6)
with intermittent behavior.
The converter which function and feature characteristics are
closer to GFC is the UPS, which also must feed any type of
load and maintain the voltage with low TDHv, without the
power grid [21]. The IEC 62040-3 standard determines that in
an UPS the highest value of TDHv for cyclic loads must be less
than 8% [22].
Fig. 4 shows a typical diagram control for a VSI that
operates as GFC in V-f mode. The diagram can be applied to
single-phase or three-phase topologies. The VSI operates in
closed loop, with a voltage loop responsible to generate a
reference for the inner current loop. It is possible to use some
feedforward action responsible for eliminate cross coupling
and to accelerate the converter dynamic
The controllers of voltage and current loop applied to GFC
are based on different reference frames. In the literature is
possible to find the following reference frames: Fig. 4 – Simplified control diagram for a GFC.

• Natural reference frame (abc);

• Synchronous reference frame (dq0);
• Stationary reference frame (αβ0).
In [23] is presented a classification of voltage and current
controllers applied to voltage and current loop, and illustrated
in Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b).
In the literature, it is very common to find a three-phase
GFC controlled in dq0 coordinates. This system uses
proportional-integral (PI) controller for voltage and current
loop, since that fundamental voltage has DC level. However,
this control structure does not have capacity to reject
disturbances of the unbalanced load and distortion due to
nonlinear load [20], [24], [25].
(a)
When adopting control of GFC in AC reference frame a PI
controller does not have good response, since it does not
guarantee null error in steady state in the presence of periodic
references [26]. One option is the RC, which has tracking
capability for periodic inputs [8].
The RC is based on the principle of the internal model
proposed in [27]. If a control system needs to have zero error in
steady state for range of frequency, it must be included the
model of that signal in a stable closed loop, ensuring a perfect
tracking performance and good capacity of disturb rejection
[28]. So, in this way, it is explained why a PI controller with
integral action guarantees null error for a step reference.
Fig. 6(a) shows the RC diagram for odd harmonics, using a
plugin structure, which meets the principle of the internal
model. A control action is produced with a negative feedback (b)
using a delay equal to half of fundamental period from the Fig. 5 – Control strategies for GFC: (a) current control; (b) voltage control.
input signal. The transfer function of the RC is defined in (5)
[21].

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 All poles from RC are located in the imaginary axis and The proposed control of the GFC is done in the
they are odd multiples from fundamental component, without synchronous reference frame. Applying Kirchhoff’s Laws of
DC level. This is the traditional RC, where is important to track voltage and current at GFC output in Fig. 8, the following
or reject odd components, with presence of nonlinear load. relations are obtained:
Usually, the application of RC is in time domain [23]. di
vid = RLiLd - wL1iLq + L Ld + vod (9)
When it is used the synchronous reference frame, dt
fundamental component becomes a DC level and all other di Lq
components are even components. Therefore, the traditional viq = R L i Lq + wL1i Ld + L + voq (10)
RC is not a good solution applied to this reference frame. dt
However, the RC can be adapted for even harmonics like in diL0 (11)
Fig. 6(b), only change signal to plus in feedback. The transfer
vi 0 = RL iL0 + L + vo0
dt
function and poles of equivalent system becomes:
dv (12)
Y (s) 1 -wC f voq + C f od = iLd - iod
= dt
E ( s ) 1 - e - (sT 2 ) (7)
dvoq
wC f vod + C f = iLq - ioq (13)
s = ± jwo (2 k ), k = 0,1,, ∞. (8) dt
dv
Fig. 7 shows a comparison between the bode transfer C f o0 = iL0 - io0 (14)
function for RC using even and odd harmonics. dt
From (9) to (14) is presented the LC filter plant shown in
IV. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR GRID-FORMER CONVERTER Fig. 9. Analysing the block diagram of the LC filter, it is
possible to observe that the output voltage over the capacitor
In this paper it is adopted the GFC topology as shown in
(vo) and the output current (io) through the inductor are the
Fig. 8. The converter is formed of three single-phase inverters
disturbances. There is also a cross coupling between the terms
connected in wye, to form a four-wire system without low
wL1id, wL1iq, wCfvd and wCfvq. In this way, the GFC control
frequency transformer.
needs to cancel the effects of these terms to have a fast
The LC filter for GFC is designed to have a cutoff dynamic response.
frequency equal to one decade of the inverter switching
The proposed control of GFC is shown in Fig. 10. The
frequency. Using a capacitor bank for the LC filter with
voltage control loop is implemented with a parallel association
reactive capacity between 10 to 15% of GFC kVA rating it is
with PI and RC controller. The RC assures zero error, in steady
possible to obtain a voltage source with good characteristics of
state for a periodic reference and the PI controller fast dynamic
operation [29]. The filter inductance is splitted in two parts to
response. The current loop is in cascade with voltage control
avoid common mode noise.
loop and it is used a proportional controller.
The PI and P controllers for voltage and current loop are
designed by a pole alocation technique with RC deactivated
[14]. A typical separation of (1/5) for current and voltage loop
bandwidth allows to obtain a good response for voltage source
(a) (b) operation, as defined in [29]. In Fig. 11 is depicted the block
diagram of control for GFC considering the cancelation of
Fig. 6 – Equivalent control diagram for RC with Kr=1 for: (a) odd
harmonics; (b) even harmonics.
cross coupling and internal feedbacks.
First considering a proper design of the current loop, it is
possible to obtain the closed loop transfer function neglecting
the PWM effect (v*i=vi):

* *
iLd iLq i* K pi
= = L0 = (15)
iLd iLq iL 0 sL1 + K pi

Fig. 7 – Comparison between bode transfer functions for even and odd RC. Fig. 8 – Four-wire GFC under analysis.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 For the voltage loop is adopted the fastest pole (wcv1) is
equal to (1/5) of cutoff frequency of current loop. Already, the
slowest pole (wcv2) is equal to (1/5) of the fastest voltage pole.
The folowing expressions are obtained [30]:
K pv = (wcv1 + wcv 2 )C f (18)
(
Kiv = wcv1 × wcv 2 C f ) (19)

For the RC is necessary to obtain the gain Kr and the low-

pass filter (LPF). The LPF is used to limit the interaction
between voltage and current loop, and to avoid instability of
the system [21]. The LPF is a secondary order type
considering damping factor equal to ζ=0.7, and defined
transfer function:
Fig. 9 – Block diagram of LC filter in synchronous reference frame.
1
H (s) =
s2 s (20)
+ 2ζ +1
wc2 wc
The cutoff frequency of LPF is adopted to be equal to (1/2)
of current loop bandwidth. Finally, the gain Kr is evaluated
defining the equivalent transfer function in closed loop with
all controllers, considering the maximum value that assures a
good phase margin and the stability of the system. Table III
presents the values of all controllers calculated for GFC under
analysis.

TABLE III– GAINS VALUES FOR THE CONTROLLERS OF GFC.

Loop Gains
Voltage Kp= 1.9Ω , Ki= 1225Ω-1, Kr= 30Ω-1
-1

Current Kp=0.5 Ω
Fig. 10 – Proposed control diagram for the GFC.

To evaluate the proposed control is used the dynamic

stiffness, a very usefully concept in theory of DC electrical
machines which can be applied to VSI [31]. This concept is
based on the transfer function of (21), and verify how much of
output current can pertubate the output voltage in one volt. In
Fig. 12 is plotted the transfer function defined in (21) with all
defined gain values for the GFC presented in Table I.

idq0 ( s) sL1
=
vdq0 ( s) s L1C f + Ci ( s)C f + Ci ( s)[R( s) + Cv ( s)] (21)
2
v o* =o

Ci ( s) = K pi (22)
Fig. 11– Simplified block diagram in synchronous reference frame with
simplications. K iv
Cv ( s) = K pv + (23)
Adopting a cutoff frequency (wci) equal to (1/5) of s
switching frequency is possible to obtain the gain: KR
R(s) =
- (sT 2 ) (24)
K pi = L1wci (16) 1- e
In Fig. 12 is possible to note that with the proposed RC
For the voltage loop design is considered that the current control is increased the gain in DC level and the even
loop is the fastest, and it is represented by a unitary gain harmonics, compared to the condition in that it is only used the
(i*L=iL). Therefore, the closed loop transfer function is: PI and P controllers. So, the voltage source characteristics are
* * improved. The proposed control can be applied to three-phase
vod voq v* sK pv + Kiv
VSI with three legs, to produce a three-wire system just
= = o0 = 2 (17)
vod voq vo0 s C f + sK pv + Kiv eliminating the control of zero sequence in voltage and current
loop.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 V. ANALYSIS AND OPERATION OF THE MICROGRID
The MG model is developed in Matlab/Simulink. Its
operation is evaluated in two scenarios. In the first scenario the
MG operates with balanced load and with presence of GFEC.
By contrast, the second scenario analyzes the GFC operation
with unbalanced nonlinear load.
A. Scenario I
In this first scenario is adopted a period of simulation
equals to 1 s. Below are listed the connection sequence of the
loads, sources and other elements of the MG that produced
active and reactive power flow in PCC, described in Fig. 13.
• t =0 s - PCC is energized by the GFC;
• t=0.1s (I)- DC current in GFEC is adjusted to 8 A; (a)
• t=0.2s (II)- DC current in GFEC is adjusted to 40 A;
• t=0.3s (III)- DC current in GFEC is adjusted to 80 A;
• t=0.4s (IV)- RL load is connected with (16 + j12) kVA;
• t=0.5s (V)- RL load is connected with (32 + j24) kVA;
• t=0.6s (VI)- DC current in GFEC is adjusted to 64 A
and R=5.6Ω is connected in DC side of nonlinear load;
• t=0.7s (VII)- DC current in GFEC is adjusted to 32 A
and R=2.8 Ω is connected in DC side of nonlinear load;
• t=0.9s (VIII) - GFEC is turned off;
• t=1s - end of simulation.
From the results of Fig. 13, it is possible to see the GFEC
injects a variable active power, with a peak equal to 40 kW.
Without connection of electrical load all active energy is
drained by GFC’s ESS. At instant (t=0.4s) that the loads are
connected is possible to see a power sharing between GFC and (b)
GFEC, until (t=0.9s) that GFEC stops to operate. All reactive Fig. 13– Power flow at PCC of MG: (a) active power; (b) reactive power.
power flow is supplied by GFEC, without contribution of
GFEC.
Fig. 14 shows the voltage vrn and current ir waveforms, for
the interval (t = 0.58–0.77s) where GFEC active power is
reduced and nonlinear load is connected, with RL load already
operating. This period is the most critical for GFC, because
current load has high THD and demand of active and reactive
power. However, GFC keeps voltage sinusoidal.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 14– Voltage and current at PCC of MG: (a) phase-voltage vrn; (b) line
Fig. 12– Dynamic stifiness for GFC with proposed control. current ir.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig. 15 presents the response of voltage closed loop for in synchronous reference frame ensures a good level of
the dq0 axis. Initially in “d” axis, the voltage is increased in immunity to the proposed strategy against voltage unbalance
and distortions.
ramp and during all GFC operation it follows the reference.
The same results are presented in “q” and “0” axis with good Finally, it was evaluated the GFC operation with
response. Finally, Fig. 16 shows the root mean square voltage unbalanced nonlinear load. For this condition, the voltage at
for each and the electrical frequency at PCC of the MG. PCC of MG stayed sinusoidal, with low distortion.
During all the islanded mode of the MG, voltage and
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
frequency are kept constant.
The authors thank the Graduate Program in Electrical
B. Scenario II Engineering (PPGEE-UFMG) for supporting this research
In the second scenario the MG operates without GFEC, and Brazilian Government Agencies CAPES and CNPQ for
but with presence of unbalanced nonlinear load. Fig. 17(a) their financial support.
shows that GFC energizes PCC, with a suitable slew-rate
voltage until it reaches nominal value.
From results of Fig. 17(a) and Fig. 17(b) it is possible to
observe that GFC can maintain voltage constant with low
distortion, since with unbalanced nonlinear load. By contrast,
in Fig. 17(c) is possible to see that voltage loop follows the
reference.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper studied and evaluated an application of RC to
a GFC applied to a centralized AC MG, which operates in
islanded mode. The developed model for the MG assists to
analyze the power flow in the grid, in addition allowing the
analysis of current and voltage at the PCC.
(a)
The proposed modification on RC provided to the GFC a
good capacity to operate as a voltage source. The RC applied

(b)

Fig. 15 – Response of voltage loop from GFC.

(c)
Fig. 16– RMS Voltage and frequency at PCC of MG. Fig. 17 – MG with unbalanced nonlinear load: (a) voltage at PCC of MG;
(b) current at PCC of MG; (c) response of voltage loop for GFC.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 REFERENCES
[1] N. Hatziargyriou, H. Asano, R. Iravani, and C. Marnay, “Microgrids,”
IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 78–94, Jul. 2007.
[2] P. Medina, A. W. Bizuayehu, J. P. S. Catalao, E. M. G. Rodrigues, and
J. Contreras, “Electrical Energy Storage Systems: Technologies’ State-
of-the-Art, Techno-economic Benefits and Applications Analysis,” in
2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2014,
pp. 2295–2304.
[3] B. Lasseter, “Microgrids [distributed power generation],” in 2001 IEEE
Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings
(Cat. No.01CH37194), 2001, vol. 1, no. C, pp. 146–149.
[4] J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, and P. Rodríguez, “Control of Power
Converters in AC Microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27,
no. 11, pp. 4734–4749, Nov. 2012.
[5] L. Xu, Z. Miao, and L. Fan, “Coordinated control of a solar and battery
system in a microgrid,” in PES T&D 2012, 2012, pp. 1–7.
[6] J. A. P. Lopes, C. L. Moreira, and A. G. Madureira, “Defining Control
Strategies for MicroGrids Islanded Operation,” IEEE Trans. Power
Syst., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 916–924, May 2006.
[7] G. M. S. Azevedo, M. C. Cavalcanti, F. A. S. Neves, L. R. Limongi, and
F. Bradaschia, “A control of microgrid power converter with smooth
transient response during the change of connection mode,” in 2013
Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, 2013, no. Mc, pp. 285–294.
[8] C. Natesan, S. K. Ajithan, P. Palani, and P. Kandhasamy, “Survey on
Microgrid: Power Quality Improvement Techniques,” ISRN Renew.
Energy, vol. 2014, pp. 1–7, 2014.
[9] T. Caldognetto, S. Buso, P. Tenti, and D. I. Brandao, “Power-Based
Control of Low-Voltage Microgrids,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power
Electron., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1056–1066, Dec. 2015.
[10] S. A. Rahman and R. K. Varma, “PSCAD/EMTDC model of a 3-phase
grid connected photovoltaic solar system,” in 2011 North American
Power Symposium, 2011, pp. 1–7.
[11] A. Reznik, M. G. Simoes, A. Al-Durra, and S. M. Muyeen, “LCL filter
design and performance analysis for small wind turbine systems,” in
2012 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications,
2012, pp. 1–7.
[12] I. Vechiu, O. Curea, A. Llaria, and H. Camblong, “Control of power
converters for microgrids,” COMPEL - Int. J. Comput. Math. Electr.
Electron. Eng., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 300–309, Jan. 2011.
[13] A. F. Cupertino, J. T. De Resende, H. A. Pereira, J. T. de Resende, H. A.
Pereira, and S. I. Seleme Junior, “A grid-connected photovoltaic system
with a maximum power point tracker using passivity-based control
applied in a boost converter,” in 2012 10th IEEE/IAS International
Conference on Industry Applications, 2012, pp. 1–8.
[14] A. Yazdani and R. Iravani, Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power
Systems : Modeling, Control, and Applications. Hoboken, NJ, USA:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.
[15] J. Wang, N. C. P. Chang, X. Feng, and A. Monti, “Design of a
Generalized Control Algorithm for Parallel Inverters for Smooth
Microgrid Transition Operation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62,
no. 8, pp. 4900–4914, Aug. 2015.
[16] C. Wang, X. Li, L. Guo, and Y. Li, “A seamless operation mode
transition control strategy for a microgrid based on master-slave
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on July 02,2021 at 00:59:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
control,” Sci. China Technol. Sci., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1644–1654, Jun.
2012.
[17] L. S. de Araújo, D. I. Narvaez, M. G. Villalva, and T. G. de Siqueira,
“Controle Droop para Conversor de Suporte Conectado a Bateria em
Microrrede Monofásica de Baixa Tensão,” in VI Simpósio Brasileiro de
Sistemas Elétricos, 2016.
[18] J. G. de Matos, L. A. de S. Ribeiro, and F. S. F. e Silva, “Controle da
potência gerada em microrredes autônomas e isoladas com fontes de
energia renováveis e sistema de armazenamento com bancos de
baterias,” Rev. Eletrônica Potência, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 152–162, 2014.
[19] I. Trintis, S. Munk-Nielsen, and R. Teodorescu, “Single stage grid
converters for battery energy storage,” 5th IET Int. Conf. Power
Electron. Mach. Drives (PEMD 2010), p. MO234-MO234, 2010.
[20] F. S. F. e Silva, L. A. de S. Ribeiro, and J. G. de Matos, “Bidirectional
DC-AC converter for isolated microgrids with voltage unbalance
reduction capabilities,” in 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition (ECCE), 2014, pp. 4985–4991.
[21] A. F. B. Oliveira, S. M. Silva, C. H. G. Santos, and B. D. J. C. Filho,
“Aplicação do Controle Repetitivo a Inversor PWM Monofásico com
Filtro LC de Saída Utilizado em Fonte Programável C.A.,” Rev.
Eletrônica Potência, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1161–1169, 2013.
[22] L. Michels, “Procedimento de projeto de controladores repetitivos para o
estágio de saída de fontes ininterruptas de energia,” Sobraep Eletrônica
de Potência, vol. 10, pp. 39–50, 2005.
[23] M. R. Miveh, M. F. Rahmat, A. A. Ghadimi, and M. W. Mustafa,
“Power quality improvement in autonomous microgrids using multi-
functional voltage source inverters: A comprehensive review,” J. Power
Electron., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1054–1065, 2015.
[24] J. G. De Matos, L. A. D. S. Ribeiro, and E. D. C. Gomes, “Power
control in isolated Microgrids with renewable distributed energy sources
and battey banks,” Proc. 2013 Int. Conf. Renew. Energy Res. Appl.
ICRERA 2013, no. October, pp. 258–263, 2013.
[25] A. Gkountaras, S. Dieckerhoff, and T. Sezi, “Evaluation of current
limiting methods for grid forming inverters in medium voltage
microgrids,” in 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
(ECCE), 2015, pp. 1223–1230.
[26] M. J. Ryan and R. D. Lorenz, “A high performance sine wave inverter
controller with capacitor current feedback and ‘back-EMF’ decoupling,”
in Proceedings of PESC ’95 - Power Electronics Specialist Conference,
vol. 1, pp. 507–513.
[27] B. A. Francis and W. M. Wonham, “The internal model principle for
linear multivariable regulators,” Appl. Math. Optim., vol. 2, no. 2, pp.
170–194, Jun. 1975.
[28] L. Cuiyan, Z. Dongchun, and Z. Xianyi, “Theory and Applications of the
Repetitive Control,” in SICE 2004 Annual Conference, 2004, pp. 27–34.
[29] S. M. Silva and B. J. C. Filho, “Component-minimized voltage sag
compensators,” in Conference Record of the 2002 IEEE Industry
Applications Conference. 37th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat.
No.02CH37344), 2002, vol. 2, pp. 883–889.
[30] S. M. Silva, “Estudo e Projeto de um Restaurador Dinâmico de Tensão,”
PPGEE-UFMG, 1999.
[31] M. J. Ryan, W. E. Brumsickle, and R. D. Lorenz, “Control topology
options for single-phase UPS inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 33,
no. 2, pp. 493–501, 1997.