I.E.

P CLARET

Área: inglés
Teacher: Alessandro Carpio Sancho
Grade:3° Section: A
Arequipa-Peru
 2022

Volcanoes:

A volcano is a mountain or hill that has an opening through which

gaseous, liquid or solid materials can escape from the interior of the earth.
A volcano is a fissure in the Earth's crust on which a cone of molten and
solid matter accumulates and is thrown through the chimney from inside
the Earth. At the top of this cone is a concave formation called a crater.
When activity occurs in a volcano, the volcano is said to be erupting.

Volcanoes are generally structures composed of fragmented material and

lava flows. Through the chimney comes the molten rock that comes from
the earth's mantle which is known as magma. Once the magma reaches the
surface, it loses the gases it contains because it evaporates, and when it
runs down the slopes of the cone it is known as lava. This cone is formed
by successive solidified layers, all inclined towards the outside of the
chimney.

Structure:
-The parts of a volcano are: magmatic chamber, chimney, crater and
volcanic cone.

1. The magmatic chamber is where the molten rock is stored,

which can come from the Asthenosphere or from the
Lithosphere.
2. The chimney is the conduit through which the lava ascends.
3. The crater is the part of the volcano where the materials are
thrown out.
4. The volcanic cone is the agglomeration of lava and fragmented
products. It is also possible that in the fractures of the volcanic
cone or in the eruptions, adventitious craters are formed.

Types of volcanoes:

Volcanoes are classified into five main categories according to the type of
structure and volcanic activity they present.
Stratovolcanoes are large volcanic buildings, with a conical shape and a
central crater, which are characterized by explosive-type eruptions caused
by the viscosity of their magma. This type of volcanic structure is
composed of layers of lava deposits and interbedded rock fragments.
Because the ash, sand, and slag are products of different eruptions, these
volcanoes are also called composite volcanoes.

Shield volcanoes, due to the low viscosity of their magma of basaltic

composition, have a rounded profile with gentle slopes formed by
overlapping lava flows. Shield volcanoes have Hawaiian-type effusive
eruptions. Given that their eruptions are of very low explosiveness, this
type of volcano does not constitute a serious danger for human beings, and
good vigilance allows the effective evacuation of the inhabitants who
could be affected by the lava.

Cinder or scoria cones are structures that do not exceed 250 m in height
and present Explosive-Stromboli some eruptions. The structure of these
cones, in the form of a steep conical hill, are the result of the accumulation
of pyro clasts around the chimney.

The volcanic calderas are the result of large eruptions, as a result of which
a collapse of the building can occur. There are, in general, two alternatives
for the formation of a volcanic caldera: after the phase of eruptive activity,
the magnetic chamber is partially empty and due to a decrease in pressure,
the collapse of the building occurs; Or, the pressure generated by the
obstruction of the chimney by the acid magma (very viscous) generates a
very violent eruption that destroys the building, leaving a boiler in its
place.

Finally, lava domes are much smaller in size than the volcanic structures
mentioned above and are characterized by steep slopes generated by the
accumulation of viscous lavas and block flows.

Famous volcanoes:

 Vesubio: Located near the city of Naples, in Italy. It measures 1132 m

high. In the year 79, its eruption buried the cities of Pompeii,
Herculaneum and Stabila. Its last major eruption took place in 1944.
 Krakatoa: It is located in Indonesia. In 1883 the violent explosion of
this volcano, equivalent to 600 H-bombs, sank the island more than
three meters and killed more than 35,000 people.
 Kilauea: Hawaiian active volcano 1210 m high. Its main
characteristic is the slow cooling of its lava
 Fuji yama: Extinct volcano in Japan. It is considered a sacred
mountain.
 Monte Pelé: In 1902 he destroyed the city of Saint Pierre.
 Chichón: In 1982 it projected a large quantity of gases into the
atmosphere.