Shankar 7.4.

4
X= X4 =
1 2

2m
2

(a + a ) (a + a )4

2m

(a + a )4 = (a + a )(a + a )(a + a )(a + a ) = (a + a )(a + a )(aa + aa + a a + a a ) = (a + a )(aaa + aaa + aa a + aa a + a aa + a aa + a a a + a a a ) = aaaa + aaaa + aaa a + aaa a + aa aa + aa aa + aa a a + aa a a + a aaa + a aaa + a aa a + a aa a + a a aa + a a aa + a a a a + a a a a For n|X|n , the only non-zero contributions come from: aaa a , aa aa , aa a a, a aaa , a aa a, a a aa n+1 n+2 n+2 n+1

n|aaa a |n =

= (n + 1)(n + 2) = n2 + 3n + 2 n|aa aa |n = n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 = (n + 1)2 = n2 + 2n + 1 n|aa a a|n = n n n + 1 n + 1 = n(n + 1) = n2 + n n|a aaa |n = n + 1 n + 1 n n = n(n + 1) = n2 + n n|a aa a|n = n n n n = n2 n|a a aa|n = n n 1 n 1 n = n(n 1) = n2 n So: 1

n|X 4 |n = = =

2m
2

(n2 + 3n + 2 + n2 + 2n + 1 + n2 + n + n2 + n + n2 + n2 n) (6n2 + 6n + 3)
2

2m 2m

[3 + 6n(n + 1)]

(Homework solution by Arooj Mukarram)