Trigonometric Functions and Equations (Unit - 1)

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER
3 & EQUATIONS
Recap of Early Classes

In earlier classes, we have studied the trigonometric ratios of acute angles as the ratio of the sides of a
right angled triangle. We have also studied the trigonometric identities and application of trigonometric ratios in
solving the problems related to heights and distances.
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

2.0 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
3.0 DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS
4.0 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS
5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUCTIONS OF ALLIED AGNELS
6.0 VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES
7.0 GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
8.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES
9.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE
10.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT
11.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES.
12.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES
13.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES
14.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES
15.0 CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
16.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS
17.0 IMPORTANT RESULTS
18.0 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
19.0 SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
20.0 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
21.0 DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
21.1 Solving trigonometric equations by factorisation
21.2 Solving of trigonometric equation by reducing it to a quadratic equation
21.3 Solving trigonometric equations by introducing an auxilliary argument
21.4 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into product
21.5 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming a product into sum
21.6 Solving equations by a change of variable
21.7 Solving trigonometric equations with the use of the boundness of the functions involved
22.0 TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
EXERCISE-3
EXERCISE-4(A)
EXERCISE-4(B)
EXERCISE-5
Trigonometric Functions and Equation
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND EQUATION
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

SL AL
The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'trigon' and 'metron' and it means 'measuring the sides
of a triangle'. The subject was originally developed to solve geometric problems involving triangles. It was studied
by sea captains for navigation, surveyor to map out the new lands, by engineers and others. Currently, trigonometry
is used in many areas such as the science of seismology, designing electric circuits, describing the state of an
atom, predicting the heights of tides in the ocean, analysing a musical tone and in many other areas.
(a) Measurement of angles – Two systems of measurement of angles.
(i) English System – Here 1 right angle = 90° (degrees)
1° = 60' (minutes)
1' = 60" (seconds)
(ii) Circular system – Here an angle is measured in radians. One radian corresponds to the angle
subtended by an arc of length 'r ' at the centre of the circle of radius r. It is a constant quantity and
does not depend upon the radius of the circle.
D R
(b) Relation between the two systems : =
90 p / 2 l
(c) If q is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 'r', q
•
l r
by an arc of length 'l' then = q .
r
Note that here l, r are in the same units and q is always in radians.
Illustration 1. The angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 3 metres by an arc of length 1 metre is
equal to
1
(A) 20º (B) 60º (C) radian (D) 3 radian
3
l
Solution q=
r
1
q= radian
3
Illustration 2. If the arcs of same length in two circles subtend angles of 60° and 75° at their centres. Find the
ratio of their radii.
Solution Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the given circles and let their arcs of same length s subtend angles
of 60° and 75° at their centres.
c c c c
æ p ö æpö æ p ö æ 5p ö
Now, 60° = ç 60 ´ ÷ = ç ÷ and 75° = ç 75 ´ ÷ =ç ÷
è 180 ø è3ø è 180 ø è 12 ø
p s 5p s
\ = =
3 r1 and 12 r2
JPR\COMP.251\Allen(IIT-JEE Wing)\2020–21\Nurture\Mathematics\UNIT - 1
p 5p
Þ r1 = s and r2 = s
3 12
p 5p
Þ r1 = r2
3 12
Þ 4r1 = 5r2
Þ r1 : r2 = 5 : 4 Ans.
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JEE-Mathematics
2.0 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
SL AL
(1) sin q. cosec q = 1

(2) cos q. sec q = 1
(3) tan q. cot q = 1
sin q cos q
(4) tan q = & cot q =
cos q sin q
(5) sin q + cos q = 1 or sin2 q = 1 – cos2 q or cos2 q = 1 – sin2 q
2 2
(6) sec2 q – tan2 q = 1 or sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q or tan2 q = sec2 q - 1

1
(7) secq + tanq =
sec q - tan q
(8) cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1 or cosec2q = 1 + cot2 q or cot2 q = cosec2 q – 1
1
(9) cosecq + cotq =
cos ecq - cot q
(10) Expressing trigonometrical ratio in terms of each other :
sin q cos q tan q cot q sec q cosec q
tan q 1 sec2 q - 1 1
sin q sin q 1 - cos2 q
1 + tan q2
1 + cot q 2 sec q cosec q
1 cot q 1 cosec 2 q - 1
cos q 1 - sin2 q cos q
1 + tan2 q 1 + cot2 q sec q cosec q
sin q 1 - cos2 q 1 1
tan q tan q sec 2 q - 1
1 - sin q2 cos q cot q cosec 2 q - 1
1 - sin2 q cos q 1 1
cot q cot q cosec2 q - 1
sin q 1 - cos q2 tan q 2
sec q - 1
2
1 1 1 + cot q cosecq
sec q 1 + tan2 q sec q
1 - sin q2 cos q cot q cosec2 q - 1
1 1 1 + tan2 q sec q
cosec q 1 + cot2 q cosec q
sin q 1 - cos q2 tan q sec2 q - 1
12 10 8 6
Illustration 3. If sin q + sin2 q = 1 , then prove that cos q + 3 cos q + 3 cos q + cos q - 1 = 0
Solution Given that sinq = 1 – sin2q = cos2q
L.H.S. = cos6q(cos2q + 1)3 – 1
= sin3q(1 + sinq)3 – 1
= (sinq + sin2q)3 – 1
=1–1=0
Illustration 4. 2(sin6q + cos6q ) – 3 ( sin4q + cos4q ) + 1 is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –2 (D) none of these
Solution 2 [(sin2q + cos2q )3 – 3 sin2 q cos2q ( sin2q + cos2q ) ] – 3 [ (sin2q + cos2q ) 2 – 2sin2q cos2q] +1
= 2 [1 – 3 sin2 q cos2q] – 3 [1 –2 sin2q cos2q] + 1
= 2–6 sin2q cos2q – 3 + 6 sin2q cos2q + 1 = 0 Ans.(A)
80
Illustration 5. Prove that : sec2q + cosec2q = sec2q × cosec2q.

1 1
Solution L.H.S. 2
+
cos q sin 2 q
sin 2 q + cos 2 q
=
sin 2 q × cos 2 q
= cos ec 2q × sec 2 q
3.0 DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS

SL AL
y
By using rectangular coordinates the definitions of trigonometric functions
can be extended to angles of any size in the following way (see diagram). A
point P is taken with coordinates (x, y). The radius vector OP has length r P(x, y)
and the angle q is taken as the directed angle measured anticlockwise from r q
the x-axis. The three main trigonometric functions are then defined in terms •O x
of r and the coordinates x and y.
y x y
sin q = , cos q = , tan q = ,
r r x
(The other function are reciprocals of these)
This can give negative values of the trigonometric functions.
4.0 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS

SL AL
9 0, p / 2
II q uad ra nt I q ua d ra nt
o nly sin e A ll +ve

& co sec +ve
1 80 °, p 0 °, 36 0 °, 2 p
o nly ta n & co t o nly c os
+ve & sec +ve
III q uad ra nt IV q u ad ra nt
2 70 °, 3 p/ 2
5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES

SL AL
(a) sin (2np + q) = sin q, cos (2np + q) = cos q, where n Î I
(b) sin (-q) = – sin q cos (–q) = cos q tan (–q) = – tan q
sin(90° – q) = cosq cos(90° – q) = sinq tan (90° – q) = cot q
sin(90° + q) = cosq cos(90° + q) = –sinq tan(90° + q) = – cot q

sin(180° – q)= sinq cos(180° – q) = –cosq tan(180° – q) = –tanq
sin(180° + q) = –sinq cos(180° + q) = –cosq tan(180° + q) = tanq
sin(270° – q) = –cosq cos(270° – q) = –sinq tan(270° – q) = cotq
sin(270° + q) = –cosq cos(270° + q) = sinq tan(270° + q) = –cotq
sin (360° – q) = –sinq cos(360° – q) = cosq tan(360° – q) = –tanq
sin (360° + q) = sinq cos(360° + q) = cosq tan(360° + q) = tanq
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JEE-Mathematics
6.0 VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES
SL AL
Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

π π π π 3π
T-ratio 0 p
6 4 3 2 2
1 1 3
sin q 0 1 0 –1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos q 1 0 –1 0
2 2 2
1
tan q 0 1 3 N.D. 0 N.D.
3
1
cot q N.D. 3 1 0 N.D. 0
3
2
sec q 1 2 2 N.D. –1 N.D.
3
2
cosecq N.D. 2 2 1 N.D. –1
3
N.D. ® Not Defined

(a) sin np = 0 ;
cos np =(–1)n;
tan np = 0 where n Î I
p
(b) sin(2n+1) = (–1)n;
2
p
cos(2n+1) =0 where n Î I
2
1 1
Illustration 6. If sin q = – and tan q = then q is equal to -
2 3
(A) 30° (B) 150° (C) 210° (D) none of these
Solution Let us first find out q lying between 0 and 360°.
1
Since sin q = - Þ q = 210° or 330°
2
1
and tan q = Þ q = 30° or 210°
3
Hence , q = 210°
7p
or is the value satisfying both. Ans. (C)
6
82
3p 1 + tan q + cos ecq

Illustration 7. If sec q = 2 and 2 < q < 2p . Then the value of 1 + cot q - cos ecq is
1
Solution If sec q = 2 or cos q =
2
1
sin q = ±
2
1
Þ sin q = - , cos ecq = - 2
2
tanq = –1
cotq = –1
1 + tan q + cos ecq
then = -1
1 + cot q - cos ecq
Illustration 8. sin(p + q) sin(p – q) cosec2q.

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) sinq (D) –sinq
Solution sin(p + q) = –sinq
sin(p – q) = sinq
Þ –sin2q × cosec2q = –1 Ans. (B)
7.0 GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

SL AL
(i) y = sinx (ii) y = cosx

Y Y
1 1
–p /2 p/2 3p /2
X' X X' o X
–2p –p o p 2p –3p /2 –p p 3p /2
p/2
–1 –1
Y' Y'
(iii) y = tanx (iv) y = cotx
Y Y
3p p p 3p 3p p p 3p
– – – –
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
X' -p o p X X' –2p –p o p 2p X
Y' Y'
(v) y = secx (vi) y = cosecx

Y
(-2p,1) (0,1) (2p,1) Y=1 Y=1

–
–5 p/2,0 –3p/2,0 –p/2,0 p/2,0 3p/2,0 5p/2,0 –p,0 p,0

X' o X X' o X
(–p,–1) (p,–1)
Y=–1 Y=–1
Y' Y'
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JEE-Mathematics
8.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES

SL AL
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. (ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B tan A - tan B
(v) tan (A + B) = (vi) tan (A – B) =
1 - tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
cot B cot A - 1 cot B cot A + 1

(vii) cot (A + B) = (viii) cot (A – B) =
cot B + cot A cot B - cot A
l Some more results

(i) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B). sin(A – B) = cos2 B – cos2 A.
(ii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A – B).
Illustration 9. Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.
3 1 3 cos 20° - sin20°

Solution L.H.S. = - =
sin 20° cos 20° sin20°.cos 20°
æ 3 1 ö
4ç cos 20° - sin 20°÷
è 2 2 ø
=
2 sin 20° cos 20°
4(sin 60.cos 20° - cos 60°.sin 20°)

=
sin 40°
sin(60° - 20°) sin 40°
= 4. = 4. = 4 = R.H.S.
sin 40° sin 40°
Illustration 10. Prove that tan70° = cot70° + 2cot40° .

tan 20° + tan 50°
Solution L.H.S. = tan70° = tan(20° + 50°) =
1 - tan 20° tan 50°
or tan70° – tan20° tan50° tan70° = tan20° + tan50°
or tan70° = tan70° tan50° tan20° + tan20° + tan50° = 2 tan 50° + tan20°
= cot70° + 2cot40° = R.H.S.
1 3
Illustration 11. The value of - is
sin10º cos10º
(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) –4 (D) 4
1 3 cos10º - 3 sin10º
Solution -
=
sin10º cos10º sin10º cos10º
æ1 3 ö
4 ç cos10º - sin10º÷
è 2 2 ø
=
sin 20º
4(sin 30º cos10º - cos 30º sin10º )

=
sin 20º
=4 Ans. (D)
84
INTRODUCTION, BASIC IDENTITIES, DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS, TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

OF ALLIED ANGLES, VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES, GRAPHS,
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES
1. The radius of a circle is 30 cm. Find the length of an arc of this circle if the length of the chord of the arc is
30 cm.
4
2. If cot q = , then find the value of sinq, cosq and cosecq in first quadrant.
3
3. If sinq + cosecq = 2, then find the value of sin8q + cosec8q
1 3p
4. If cosq = – and p < q < , then find the value of 4tan2q – 3cosec2q.
2 2
5. Prove that cos570° sin510° + sin(–330°) cos(–390°) = 0
11p 9p 3 p 17p 3 - 2 3
6. Prove that tan - 2 sin - cosec2 + 4 cos2 =
3 3 4 4 6 2
3 9 p
7. If sin A = and cos B = , 0 < A & B < , then find the value of the following :
5 41 2
(a) sin(A + B) (b) sin(A – B) (c) cos(A + B) (d) cos(A – B)
cos 4x + cos 3x + cos 2x
8. The value of is
sin 4x + sin 3x + sin 2x
(A) -1 (B) tan 3x (C) cot 3x (D) cot x
9. If cos q + sin q = 2 sin q then sin q - cos q , is
(A) 2 sin q (B) 2 cos q (C) 0 (D) none of these
10. If sin x + sin 2 x = 1 then the value of cos 2 x + cos 4 x + cot 4 x - cot 2 x is
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) None of these
11. Which of the following is correct ?

(A) cos 1º > cos 1 (B) sin 1º < sin 1 (C) sin 1º = sin 1 (D) cos 1º < cos 1
9.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE

SL AL
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A – B). (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
10.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT

SL AL
FG C + DIJ cos FG C - DIJ

(i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K
F C + DIJ sin FG C - DIJ

sin C – sin D = 2 cos GH
2 K H 2 K
(ii)
cos C + cos D = 2 cos GH

F C + DIJ cos FG C - DIJ
2 K H 2 K
(iii)
cos C – cos D = 2 sin GH

F C + DIJ sin FG D - CIJ
2 K H 2 K
(iv)
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JEE-Mathematics
tan(A + B) l + 1
Illustration 12. If sin2A = l sin2B, then prove that =
tan(A - B) l - 1
Solution Given sin2A = l sin2B
sin 2A l
Þ =
sin 2B 1
Applying componendo & dividendo,
sin 2A + sin2B l + 1
=
sin2B - sin2A 1 - l
æ 2A + 2B ö æ 2A - 2B ö
2sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ l +1
è 2 ø è 2 ø=
Þ æ 2B + 2A ö æ 2B - 2A ö 1 - l
2 cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
sin(A + B) cos(A - B) l +1
Þ =
cos(A + B) sin{-(A - B)} 1 - l
sin(A + B) cos(A - B) l +1
Þ =
cos(A + B) ´ - sin(A - B) -(l - 1)
sin(A + B) cos(A - B) l + 1
Þ =
cos(A + B) sin(A - B) l - 1
l +1
Þ tan(A + B) cot(A - B) =
l -1
tan(A + B) l + 1
Þ =
tan(A - B) l - 1
sin 5q + sin 2q - sin q

Illustration 13. is equal to -
cos 5q + 2 cos 3q + 2 cos2 q + cos q
(A) tan q (B) cos q (C) cot q (D) none of these
2 sin 2q cos 3q + sin 2q
Solution L.H.S.=
2 cos 3q.cos 2q + 2 cos 3q + 2 cos 2 q
sin2q [2 cos 3q + 1]
= é
2 ëcos 3q ( cos2q + 1) + ( cos2 q ) ùû
sin2q [2 cos 3q + 1]
=
2 éëcos3q (2cos2 q) + cos2 q ùû
sin 2q(2cos 3q + 1)
= = tan q Ans. (A)
2cos2 q(2cos 3q + 1)
Illustration 14. Show that sin12°.sin48°.sin54° = 1/8

1
Solution L.H.S. = [ cos 36° - cos 60°] sin 54° = 1 éêcos 36° sin 54° - 1 sin 54° ùú
2 2ë 2 û
1 1
= [2 cos 36° sin 54° - sin 54° ] = [ sin 90° + sin18° - sin 54° ]
4 4
86
1 1
= [1 - (sin 54° - sin18°)] = [1 - 2 sin18° cos 36°]
4 4
1é 2sin18° ù 1é sin 36° cos 36° ù

= ê1- cos18° cos 36° ú = ê1 - úû
4ë cos18° û 4ë cos18°
1é 2sin 36° cos 36° ù 1 é sin 72° ù 1 é 1 ù 1

= 1- úû = 4 êë1 - 2 sin72° úû = 4 ëê1 - 2 ûú = 8 = R.H.S.
4 êë 2 cos18°
11.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES

SL AL
(i) sin (A+B+C) = sinAcosBcosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB – sinAsinBsinC

= SsinA cosB cosC – Psin A
= cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC]
(ii) cos (A+B+C) = cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cosB sinC – cosA sinB sinC
= Pcos A – Ssin A sin B cos C
= cos A cos B cos C [1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A ]
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C S1 - S3
(iii) tan (A+B+ C) = =
1 - tan A tan B - tan B tan C - tan C tan A 1 - S2
12.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES

SL AL
(a) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 2q in terms of the angle q

2tan q
(i) sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q =
1 + tan2 q
(ii) cos 2q = cos2 q – sin2 q = 2 cos2 q – 1
1 - tan2 q
= 1 – 2 sin2 q =
1 + tan2 q
(iii) 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos2 q
(iv) 1 – cos2q = 2 sin2 q
1 - cos 2q sin 2q
(v) tan q = =
sin 2q 1 + cos 2q
2tan q
(vi) tan 2q =
1 - tan2 q
(b) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 3q in terms of the angle q

(i) sin3q = 3sinq – 4sin3q.
(ii) cos3q = 4cos3q – 3cosq.
3 tan q - tan 3 q
(iii) tan 3q =
1 - 3 tan 2 q
87
JEE-Mathematics
2 cos 2A + 1
Illustration 15. Prove that : = tan(60° + A) tan(60° - A)
2 cos 2A - 1
Solution R.H.S. = tan(60° + A) tan(60° – A)
æ tan 60° + tan A ö æ tan 60° - tan A ö
=ç ÷ç ÷
è 1 - tan 60° tan A ø è 1 + tan 60° tan A ø
æ 3 + tan A öæ 3 - tan A ö
= çç ÷ç
÷ç ÷÷
è 1 - 3 tan A øè 1 + 3 tan A ø
sin2 A
3- 2 2
cos2 A = 3 cos A - sin A
2
3 - tan A
= =
1 - 3 tan2 A sin2 A cos A - 3 sin2 A
2
1-3
cos2 A
2 cos2 A + cos2 A - 2 sin2 A + sin2 A
=
2 cos2 A - 2 sin2 A - sin2 A - cos2 A
2(cos2 A - sin2 A) + cos2 A + sin2 A
=
2(cos2 A - sin2 A) - (sin2 A + cos2 A)
2 cos 2A + 1
= = L.H.S.
2 cos 2A - 1
Illustration 16. Prove that : tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A) = 3tan3A

Solution L.H.S. = tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A)
= tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan{180° –(60° – A)}
= tanA + tan(60° + A) – tan(60° – A) [Q tan(180° – q) = –tanq]
tan 60° + tan A tan 60° - tan A
= tan A + -
1 - tan 60° tan A 1 + tan 60° tan A
3 + tan A 3 - tan A
= tan A + -
1 - 3 tan A 1 + 3 tan A
3 + tan A + 3 tan A + 3 tan2 A - 3 + tan A + 3 tan A - 3 tan2 A

= tan A +
(1 - 3 tan A)(1 + 3 tan A)
8 tan A tan A - 3 tan 3 A + 8 tan A

= tan A + =
1 - 3 tan2 A 1 - 3 tan2 A
9 tan A - 3 tan 3 A æ 3 tan A - tan3 A ö

= = 3ç = 3 tan 3A = R.H.S.
2
1 - 3 tan A ç 1 - 3 tan2 A ÷÷
è ø
3 - 4 cos 2A + cos 4A
Illustration 17. Prove that : = tan 4 A .

3 + 4 cos 2A + cos 4A
3 - 4 cos 2A + cos 4A 3 - 4 cos 2A + 2cos 2 2A - 1

Solution =
3 + 4 cos 2A + cos 4A 3 + 4 cos 2A + 2cos 2 2A - 1
2
æ 1 - cos 2A ö
=ç = tan4A
è 1 + cos 2A ÷ø
88
TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE AND SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO
PRODUCT, TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES, TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES.
sin 75° - sin15°

1. Simplify
cos 75° + cos15°
2. Prove that (sin3A + sinA)sinA + (cos3A – cosA)cosA = 0
3. Find the value of cos20°cos40°cos60°cos80°
sin 8q cos q - sin 6q cos 3q

4. Prove that = tan 2q
cos 2q cos q - sin 3q sin 4q
5. Prove that :
sin 2q 1 + sin 2q + cos 2q sec 8q - 1 tan 8q
(a) = tan q (b) = cot q (c) =
1 + cos 2q 1 + sin 2q - cos 2q sec 4q - 1 tan2q
6. Prove that :
(a) cot q cot (60° – q) cot (60° + q) = cot 3q
(b) cos5q = 16cos5 q – 20 cos3q + 5 cosq
(c) sin 4q = 4sinq cos3q – 4cosq sin3q
tan 245° + tan 335°

7. The value of is equal to
tan 205° - tan115°
(A) cos 40º (B) sin 40º (C) – sin 50º (D) cos 50º
13.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES

SL AL
q
Since the trigonometric relations are true for all values of angle q, they will be true if instead of q be substitute
2
q
q q 2 tan
(i) sin q = 2 sin cos = 2
2 2 2 q
1 + tan
2
q
1 - tan2
q q q q 2
(ii) cosq = cos2 – sin2 = 2 cos2 – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 =
q
2 2 2 2
1 + tan2
2
q
(iii) 1 + cosq = 2 cos2
2
q
(iv) 1 – cosq = 2 sin2
2
q 1 - cos q sin q
(v) tan = =
2 sin q 1 + cos q
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JEE-Mathematics
q
2 tan
(vi) tan q = 2
q
1 - tan2
2
Q q q P
q 1 - cos q sin + cos is + ve
(vii) sin =± 2 2
2 2 q q
sin - cos is + ve
2 2
q 1 + cos q
(viii) cos =±
2 2 sin
q q
+ cos is – ve sin
q q
+ cos is + ve
2 2 2 2
q 1 - cos q q q q q
sin - cos is + ve O sin - cos is – ve
(ix) tan =± 2 2 2 2
2 1 + cos q
q q q
2 sin = ± 1 + sin q ± 1 - sin q sin + cos is – ve
(x) 2 2
2
q q
R sin - cos is – ve S
q 2 2
(xi) 2cos = ± 1 + sin q m 1 - sin q
2
q ± 1 + tan2 q - 1
(xii) tan =
2 tan q
1 1
Illustration 18. sin 67 ° + cos 67 ° is equal to
2 2
(A)
1
2
4+2 2 (B)
1
2
4-2 2 (C)
1
4 ( 4+2 2 ) (D)
1
4 ( 4-2 2 )
1 1
Solution sin 67 ° + cos 67 °
2 2
1
= 1 + sin135° = 1 + (using cosA + sinA = 1 + sin 2A )
2
1
= 4+2 2 Ans.(A)
2
1 + cos 2q
Illustration 19. Prove that : = cot q
sin 2q
1 + cos 2q 2cos 2 q
Solution = = cot q
sin 2q 2 sin q cos q
1 + sin 2A
Illustration 20. Prove that : = tan(45º + A)
cos 2A
1 + sin 2A (cos A + sin A)2

Solution =
cos 2A cos 2 A - sin 2 A
cos A + sin A 1 + tan A
= = = tan(45º+A)
cos A - sin A 1 - tan A
90
14.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES

SL AL
p 5 -1 2p
(i) sin18° = sin = = cos72° = cos
10 4 5
p 5 +1 3p
(ii) cos 36° = cos = = sin 54° = sin
5 4 10
2p 10 + 2 5 p
(iii) sin 72° = sin = = cos18° = cos
5 4 10
p 10 - 2 5 3p
(iv) sin 36° = sin = = cos 54° = cos
5 4 10
p 3 -1 5p
(v) sin15° = sin = = cos 75° = cos
12 2 2 12
p 3 +1 5p
(vi) cos15° = cos = = sin75° = sin
12 2 2 12
p 3 -1 5p
(vii) tan15° = tan =2- 3 = = cot 75° = cot
12 3 +1 12
5p 3 +1 p
(viii) tan75° = tan = 2+ 3 = = cot15° = cot
12 3 -1 12
p 3p
(ix) tan ( 22.5° ) = tan = 2 - 1 = cot ( 67.5° ) = cot
8 8
3p p
(x) tan ( 67.5° ) = tan = 2 + 1 = cot (22.5° ) = cot
8 8
Illustration 21. Evaluate sin78° – sin66° – sin42° + sin6°.

Solution The expression = (sin78° – sin42°) – (sin66° – sin6°)
= 2cos(60°) sin(18°) – 2cos36°. sin30°
æ 5 - 1ö æ 5 + 1ö 1
= sin18° – cos36° = ç ÷ -ç ÷ =–
è 4 ø è 4 ø 2
Illustration 22. Find the value of cos248º – sin212º.

Solution cos248º – sin212º = cos60º × cos36º
Þ
1 ( 5 +1 ) =
5 +1
2 4 8
p 2p 3p 4p 5
Illustration 23. Prove that : sin × sin × sin × sin = .
5 5 5 5 16
p 2p 3p 4p
Solution sin × sin × sin × sin
5 5 5 5
2
2 æ 10 - 2 5 10 + 2 5 ö
æ p 2p ö × 5
= ç sin × sin ÷ = çç 4 4
÷
÷ø =
è 5 5ø è 16
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JEE-Mathematics
15.0 CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
SL AL
If A + B + C = 180°, then
(i) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(ii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
A B B C C A
(iii) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(iv) cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(v) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
(vi) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =–1–4 cosA cosB cosC
A B C
(vii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(viii)cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
Illustration 24. In any triangle ABC, sin A – cos B = cos C, then angle B is
p p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 6
Solution We have , sin A – cos B = cos C
sin A = cos B + cos C
A A æ B + Cö æ B - Cö
Þ 2sin cos = 2cos ç cos ç
2 2 è 2 ÷ø è 2 ÷ø
A A æ p - Aö æ B - Cö
Þ 2sin cos = 2cos ç ÷ cos ç Q A+B+C=p
2 2 è 2 ø è 2 ÷ø
A A A æ B - Cö
Þ 2sin cos = 2sin cos ç
2 2 2 è 2 ÷ø
A B-C
Þ cos = cos or A = B – C ; But A + B + C = p
2 2
p
Therefore 2B = p Þ B = Ans.(A)
2
3p
Illustration 25. If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos2C is equal to-
2
(A) 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC (B) 4 sinA sin B sinC
(C) 1 + 2cosA cosB cosC (D) 1 – 4 sinA sinB sinC
Solution cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 2 cos (A + B ) cos (A – B) + cos 2C

æ 3p ö 3p
= 2 cos ç - C÷ cos (A – B) + cos 2C Q A + B + C =
è 2 ø 2
= – 2 sin C cos ( A– B) + 1 – 2 sin2C
= 1 – 2 sinC [ cos ( A– B) + sin C )
æ 3p ö
= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) + sin ç - ( A + B )÷ ]
è 2 ø
= 1 – 2 sin C [ cos (A – B) – cos ( A +B ) ] = 1 – 4 sin A sin B sin C Ans.(D)
92
Illustration 26. In any triangle ABC, prove that sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinAsinBsinC.
Solution 2sin(A + B) cos(A – B) + 2sinCcosC
2sin(p – C)cos(A – B) + 2sinCcosC
2sinC[cos(A – B) + cosC]
= 2sinC[cos(A – B) + cosp – (A + B)]
= 2sinC[cos(A – B) – Cos(A + B)]
= 2sinC[cosAcosB + sinAsinB – cosAcosB]
= 4sinAsinBsinC.
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES, STANDARD ANGLES, CONDITIONAL

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES.
1. Find the value of

p p p
(a) sin (b) cos (c) tan
8 8 8
2. Find the value of

p 13p
(a) sin + sin (b) cos2 48° - sin2 12°
10 10
3. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then find the value of sinA + sinB – sinC – sinD
p
4. If A + B + C = , then find the value of tanA tanB + tanBtanC + tanC tanA
2
2 æ 5p 7p ö a
5. Given that 5 cos a - 2 sin a - 2 = 0, ç <a< ÷ , the value of cot 2 is
è 4 4 ø
(A) 1 (B) - 1 (C) 2 (D) none of these
6. If sin a + sin b = a and cos a - cos b = b then
æ a - bö b æ a - bö b
(A) tan çè ÷ø = - (B) tan çè ÷ =
2 a 2 ø a
a 2 + b2 - 2 2 - a 2 - b2
(C) cos ( a + b) = (D) cos ( a + b) =
2 2
7. Prove that:
(a) tan 20° . tan 40° . tan 60° . tan 80° = 3

(b) tan 9° - tan 27° - tan 63° + tan 81° = 4.

(c) (4 cos29° – 3)(4 cos227° – 3) = tan 9°.
6æ p ö 6 æ 3p ö 6 æ 5p ö 6 æ 7p ö 5
(d) cos çè ÷ø + cos çè ÷ø + cos çè ÷ø + cos çè ÷ø =
16 16 16 16 4
(e) tan 10° - tan 50° + tan 70° = 3
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16.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS
AL
(i) acosq + bsinq will always lie in the interval [- a 2 + b2 , a 2 + b2 ] i.e. the maximum and minimum
values are a 2 + b2 , - a 2 + b2 respectively..
(ii) Minimum value of a2 tan2 q + b2 cot2 q = 2ab where a, b > 0
(iii) - a 2 + b2 + 2ab cos(a - b) £ a cos (a+q) + b cos (b+q) £ a 2 + b2 + 2ab cos(a - b) where a and b are
known angles.
FG p IJ and a + b = s (constant) then

(iv)
H 2K
If a,b, Î 0,
(i) Maximum value of the expression cos a cos b, cos a + cos b, sin a sin b or sin a + sin b occurs
when a = b = s/2
(ii) Minimum value of sec a + sec b, tana + tanb, cosec a + cosec b occurs when a = b = s/2
(v) If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle then maximum value of

sin A + sin B + sin C and sin A sin B sin C occurs when A= B =C = 60°
(vi) In case a quadratic in sin q & cos q is given then the maximum or minimum values can be obtained by
making perfect square.
æ pö
Illustration 27. Prove that : -4 £ 5 cos q + 3 cos çè q + ÷ø + 3 £ 10 , for all values of q.
3
æ pö
Solution We have, 5cosq + 3cos çè q + ÷ø
3
p p
= 5cosq + 3cosqcos –3sinq sin
3 3
13 3 3
= cosq – sinq
2 2
2 2 2 2
13 æ 3 3ö 13 3 3 æ 13 ö æ 3 3ö
Since, - æç ö÷ + ç - ÷ £ cos q - sin q £ ç ÷ + ç- ÷
è 2ø è 2 ø 2 2 è 2ø è 2 ø
13 3 3
Þ -7 £ cos q - sin q £ 7
2 2
æ pö
-7 £ 5 cos q + 3cos ç q + ÷ £ 7
Þ è for all q.
3ø
æ pö
Þ -7 + 3 £ 5 cos q + 3cos ç q + ÷ + 3 £ 7 + 3 for all q.
è 3ø
æ pö
Þ -4 £ 5 cos q + 3cos ç q + ÷ + 3 £ 10 for all q.
è 3ø
94
æp ö æp ö
Illustration 28. Find the maximum value of 1 + sin ç + q÷ + 2 cos ç - q÷ -
è4 ø è4 ø
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
æp ö æp ö
Solution We have 1 + sin ç + q÷ + 2 cos ç - q÷
è4 ø è4 ø
1
=1+ (cos q + sin q ) + 2 ( cos q + sin q )
2
æ 1 ö
=1+ ç + 2 ÷ (cos q + sin q )
è 2 ø
æ 1 ö æ pö
= 1 + çè + 2 ÷ . 2 cos ç q - ÷
2 ø è 4 ø
æ 1 ö
\ maximum value = 1 + ç + 2÷ . 2 = 4 Ans. (D)
è 2 ø
Illustration 29. Minimum value of a2 sec2q + b2 cosec2q where a, b > 0.

Solution a2(1 + tan2q) + b2(1 + cot2q)
a2 + b2 + 2ab = (a + b)2.
17.0 IMPORTANT RESULTS

AL
1
(i) sin q sin (60° – q) sin (60° + q) = sin 3q
4
1
(ii) cos q. cos (60° – q) cos (60° + q) = cos 3q
4
(iii) tan q tan (60° – q) tan (60° + q) = tan 3q
(iv) cot q cot (60° – q) cot (60° + q) = cot 3q
3 3
(v) (a) sin2 q + sin2 (60° + q) + sin2 (60° – q) =(b) cos2 q + cos2 (60° + q) + cos2 (60° – q) =
2 2
(vi) (a) If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C, then A + B + C = np, n Î I
p
(b) If tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1, then A + B + C = (2n + 1) ,n Î I
2
sin(2n q)
(vii) cos q cos 2q cos 4q .... cos (2n – 1 q) =
2n sin q
(viii) (a) cotA – tanA = 2cot2A (b) cotA + tanA = 2cosec2A
RS FG n - 1IJ bUV sinFG nb IJ

(ix) sin a + sin (a+b) + sin (a+2b) +... sin (a + n - 1 b) =

T H 2 K W H 2K
sin a +
F bI
sinG J
H 2K
RS FG n - 1IJ bUV sinFG nb IJ
(x) cos a + cos (a+b) + cos (a + 2b) + .... + cos(a + n - 1b) =
T H 2 K W H 2K
cos a +
F bI
sinG J
H 2K
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JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 30. Prove that tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8cot8A = cot A.

Solution 8 cot 8A = cotA – tanA – 2tan2A – 4tan4A
= 2 cot2A – 2tan2A – 4tan4A (using viii (a) in above results)
= 4 cot4A – 4tan4A (using viii (a) in above results)
= 8 cot8A.
æ 1 - tan2 4A ö
Aliter Method : L.H.S. = tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8 çè ÷
2 tan 4A ø
æ 4 tan2 4A + 4 - 4 tan2 4A ö
= tanA + 2tan2A + çè ÷ø
tan 4A
= tanA + 2tan2A + 4cot4A
æ 1 - tan2 2A ö
= tanA + 2tan2A + 4 ç
è 2 tan2A ÷ø
é 2 tan2 2A + 2 - 2 tan2 2A ù
= tan A + ê ú = tanA + 2cot2A
ë tan2A û
æ 1 - tan2 A ö
= tanA + 2 çè ÷
2 tan A ø
tan2 A + 1 - tan2 A
= = cot A = R.H.S.
tan A
n -1
æ rp ö
Illustration 31. Evaluate å cos 2
çè ÷ø ; n ³ 2
n
r =1
1 n -1 æ 2rp ö 1 1ì 2p 4p (2n - 2) p ü
Solution Sum = å ç1 + cos n ÷ø = 2 (n - 1) + 2 íîcos n + cos n + ...... + cos n ýþ
2 r =1 è
ì 2p ì æ 2p ö 2p ü ü
sin ( n - 1) ïï 2 èç n ø÷ + (n - 2) n ïï
1 1 ïï 2n .cos
ïï
= (n - 1) + í í ýý
2 2ï 2p ï 2 ïï
sin
ïî n.2 ïî ïþïþ
ì nb ü
ï sin ï
2 .cos ì 2a + (n - 1)b ü
íUsing,cos a + cos(a + b) + cos(a + 2b) + ........ + cos(a + (n - 1)b) = í ýý
ï b î 2 þï
sin
î 2 ïþ
ì (n - 1)p ü
sin .cos p ï
1 1 ïï n ï 1 1 n
= (n - 1) + í ý = 2 (n - 1) - 2 = 2 - 1
2 2ï æ pö ï
sin ç ÷
ïî è nø ïþ
n -1
æ rp ö n - 2
\ å cos 2
çè ÷ø =
n 2
Ans.
r =1
96
Illustration 32. Prove that : (1 + sec2q)(1 + sec22q)(1 + sec23q)......(1 + sec2nq) = tan2nq.cotq.
æ 1 öæ 1 öæ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Solution L.H.S. = ç 1 + ÷ø çè 1 + 2 ÷ çè 1 + 3 ÷
.... ç 1 + ÷
è cos2q cos2 q ø cos2 q ø è cos2n q ø
æ 1 + cos 2q ö æ 1 + cos 22 q ö æ 1 + cos 23 q ö æ 1 + cos 2n q ö

= çè ÷ç ÷ç ÷ .... ç ÷
cos 2q ø è cos 22 q ø è cos 23 q ø è cos 2n q ø
2cos2 q.2cos2 2q.2cos2 22 q....2cos2 2n -1 q

=
cos2q.cos22 q.cos23 q....cos2n q
1
= cosq(2cosq)(2cos2q)(2cos22q)...(2cos2n–1`q).
cos 2n q
cos q 1
= (2sinq cosq)(2cos2q)(2cos22q)...(2cos2n–1`q).
sin q cos 2n q
cos q 1
= (2sin2q. cos2q)(2cos22q)...(2cos2n–1`q).
sin q cos 2n q
cos q 1
= (2sin2n–1q.cos2n–1`q).
sin q cos 2n q
cos q 1
= . sin2nq. = tan2nq.cotq = R.H.S.
sin q cos 2n q
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS AND IMPORTANT RESULTS
æ pö
1. Find maximum and minimum value of 5cosq + 3sin ç q + ÷ for all real values of q.
è 6 ø
2. Find the minimum value of cosq + cos2q for all real values of q.
3. Find maximum and minimum value of cos 2 q - 6 sin q cos q + 3 sin 2 q + 2 .
p 3p 5p
4. Evaluate sin + sin + sin + ......... to n terms
n n n
5. If (2n + 1)q = p, then find the value of 2n cos q cos 2q cos 22 q .......... cos 2n -1 q .
1 1 1
6. If sin1° sin 2° + sin 2° sin 3° ...... + sin 89° sin 90° = cot q° cosec q° " q Î (0, 90). Find q
7. Which of the following functions have the maximum value unity ?

sin 2x - cos 2x
(A) sin2 x - cos2 x (B)
2
sin 2x - cos 2x 6æ 1 1 ö
(C) - (D) ç sin x + cos x ÷
2 5è 2 3 ø
8. If a + b = c where a, b > 0 each lying between 0 and p/2 and c is a constant, find the maximum or minimum
value of –
(a) sina + sinb (b) sina sinb (c) tana + tanb
9. Find the maximum & minimum values of 27cos 2x.81sin 2x .
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JEE-Mathematics
18.0 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown angles is called a trigonometrical equation.
19.0 SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation is called a solution of the trigonometric
equation.
(a) Principal solution – The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the interval [0, 2p).
(b) General solution – Since all the trigonometric functions are many one & periodic, hence there are
infinite values of q for which trigonometric functions have the same value. All such possible values of
q for which the given trigonometric function is satisfied is given by a general formula. Such a general
formula is called general solution of trigonometric equation.
(c) Particular solution – The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the given interval.
20.0 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

SL AL
(a) If sin q = 0, then q = np, n Î I (set of integers)

p
(b) If cos q = 0, then q = (2n+1) ,nÎI
2
(c) If tan q = 0, then q = np, n Î I
(d) If sin q = sin a, then q = np + (–1)na
é -p p ù
where a Î ê , ú , n Î I
ë 2 2û
(e) If cos q = cos a, then q = 2np ± a, n Î I, a Î [0,p]
æ -p p ö
(f) If tan q = tan a, then q = np + a, n Î I, a Î ç ,
è 2 2 ÷ø
p p
(g) If sin q =1, then q = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n Î I
2 2
(h) If cos q = 1 then q = 2np, n Î I
(i) If sin2 q = sin2 a or cos2 q = cos2 a or tan2 q = tan2 a,

then q = np ± a, n Î I
(j) For n Î I, sin np = 0 and cos np = (–1)n, n Î I

sin (np + q) = (–1)n sin q
cos (np + q) = (–1)n cos q
(k) cos np = (–1)n, n Î I

n -1
np np
If n is an odd integer, then sin = ( -1) 2 ,cos = 0,
2 2
n -1
æ np ö
sin ç + q÷ = ( -1) 2 cos q
è 2 ø
n +1
æ np ö
cos ç + q ÷ = (-1) 2 sin q
è 2 ø
98
tan 3x - tan2x
Illustration 33. Find the set of values of x for which =1.
1 + tan 3x.tan2x
tan 3x - tan2x
Solution We have, =1
1 + tan 3x.tan2x
Þ tan(3x – 2x) = 1 Þ tan x = 1
p
Þ tan x = tan
4
p
Þ x = np + ,nÎI {using tanq = tana Û q = np + a)
4
But for this value of x, tan 2x is not defined.
Hence the solution set for x is f. Ans.
4
Illustration 34. Find general solution of sec2q = .
3
2
2 3 æ 3ö
Solution cos q = = ç ÷
4 è 2 ø
p
q = np ± ; n Î I.
6
1
Illustration 35. Find general solution of tan q = .
3
p
Solution q = np + , n Î I.
6
21.0 DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC

EQUATIONS
SL AL
21.1 Solving trigonometric equations by factorisation

e.g. (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2x
\ (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) – (1 – cos2x) = 0
\ (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – cos x – 1 + cos x) = 0
\ (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – 1) = 0
1
Þ cos x = –1 or sin x =
2
Þ cosx = – 1 = cosp
Þ x = 2np + p = (2n + 1)p, n Î I
1 p
or sinx = = sin
2 6
p
Þ x = kp + (–1)k ,kÎI
6
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JEE-Mathematics
21.2 Solving of trigonometric equation by reducing it to a quadratic equation
e.g. 6 – 10cosx = 3sin2x
\ 6 – 10cosx = 3 – 3cos2x
Þ 3cos2x – 10cosx + 3 = 0
Þ (3cosx – 1) (cosx – 3) = 0
1
Þ cosx = or cosx = 3
3
Since cosx = 3 is not possible as – 1 £ cosx £ 1
1 1
\ cosx = = cos æç cos-1 ö÷
3 è 3ø
æ1ö
Þ x = 2np ± cos–1 ç ÷ , n Î I
è3ø
1
Illustration 36. If sinq, cosq and tanq are in G.P. then the general solution for q is -
6
p p p
(A) 2np ± (B) 2np ± (C) np ± (D) none of these
3 6 3
1
Solution Since, sin q, cos q, tan q are in G.P.
6
1
Þ cos2 q = sin q . tan q
6
Þ 6cos3 q + cos2 q – 1 = 0
\ (2cos q – 1) (3 cos2 q + 2 cos q + 1) = 0
1
Þ cos q = (other values of cos q are imaginary)
2
p
Þ cos q = cos
3
p
Þ q = 2np ± , n Î I. Ans. (A)
3
1
Illustration 37. Solve sin2q - cosq = for q and write the values of q in the interval 0 £ q £ 2p.
4
Solution The given equation can be written as
1
1 – cos2q – cosq =
4
3
Þ cos2q + cosq – =0
4
Þ 4cos2q + 4cosq – 3 = 0
Þ (2cosq – 1)(2cosq + 3) = 0
1 3
Þ cosq = ,–
2 2
Since, cosq = –3/2 is not possible as –1 £ cosq £ 1
1
\ cos q =
2
100
p
Þ cos q = cos
3
p
Þ q = 2np ± ,nÎI
3
For the given interval, n = 0 and n = 1.
p 5p
Þ q= , Ans.
3 3
Illustration 38. Find the number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cosx in [0, 2p].
Solution Here, tanx + secx = 2cosx
Þ sinx + 1 = 2 cos2x
Þ 2sin2x + sinx – 1 = 0
1
Þ sinx = ,–1
2
3p
But sinx = –1 Þ x = for which tanx + secx = 2 cosx is not defined.
2
1 p 5p
Thus sinx = Þx= ,
2 6 6
Þ number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cos x is 2. Ans.
Illustration 39. Solve the equation 5sin2x – 7sinx cosx + 16cos2 x = 4

Solution To solve this equation we use the fundamental formula of trigonometric identities,
sin2x + cos2x = 1
writing the equation in the form,
5sin2x – 7sinx . cosx + 16cos2x = 4(sin2x + cos2x)
Þ sin2x – 7sinx cosx + 12cos2 x = 0
dividing by cos2x on both side we get,
tan2x – 7tanx + 12 = 0
Now it can be factorized as :
(tanx – 3)(tanx – 4) = 0
Þ tanx = 3, 4
Þ x = np + tan–1 3
or x = np + tan–1 4, n Î I. Ans.
np 2
Illustration 40. If x ¹ , n Î I and (cos x)sin x -3 sin x + 2 = 1 , then find the general solutions of x.
2
np
Solution As x ¹ Þ cos x ¹ 0, 1, – 1
2
So,
2
(cos x)sin x -3 sin x + 2 = 1
Þ sin2x – 3sinx + 2 = 0
\ (sinx – 2) (sinx – 1) = 0
Þ sinx = 1, 2
np
where sinx = 2 is not possible and sinx = 1 which is also not possible as x ¹
2
\ no general solution is possible. Ans.
101
JEE-Mathematics
7
Illustration 41. Solve the equation sin4x + cos4 x = sinx . cosx.
2
7
Solution sin4x + cos4x = sinx . cosx
2
7
Þ (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x= sinx . cosx
2
1 7
Þ 1- (sin2x)2 = ( sin 2x )
2 4
Þ 2sin22x + 7sin2x – 4 = 0
Þ (2sin2x –1)(sin2x + 4) = 0
1
Þ sin2x = or sin2x = –4 (which is not possible)
2
p
Þ 2x = np + (–1)n , n Î I
6
np n p
i.e., x = + ( -1) ,nÎI Ans.
2 12
SOLUTION OF sinq = sina, cosq = cosa, tanq = tana AND OTHER ELEMENTRY EQUATIONS.
1. Match the following
Column-1 Column-2
1 7p
(a) cos x = - (p) x=
2 3
3 19 p
(b) sin x = (q) x=
2 6
1 8p
(c) tan x = (r) x=
3 3
11p
(d) cotx = –1 (s) x=
4
2. If 0 £ x £ 2p, then find the number of solutions of the equation sin 2x = cos 3x.
3. The smallest positive root of the eqution tanx = x lies in

æ pö æp ö æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
(A) ç 0, ÷ (B) ç , p ÷ (C) ç p, ÷ (D) ç , 2p ÷
è 2ø è2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
4. The number of real solution of the equation 2sin(ex) = 2x + 2–x is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
5. If sin 2x = 2 cos x then which of the following is not correct, (n Î z)

p p p p
(A) x = np + (B) x = 2np + (C) x = 2np - (D) x = np - (n Î I)
2 4 4 2
6. Which of the following satisfies sinx + sin2x = 0

1 1
(A) sin x = (B) tanx = –1 (C) cos x = - (D) None of these
2 2
102
21.3 Solving trigonometric equations by introducing an auxilliary argument
Consider, a sin q + b cos q = c ..... (i)
a b c
\ sin q + cos q =
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
equation (i) has a solution only if |c| £ a 2 + b2
a b
let = cos f , = sin f
2 2
a +b a + b2
2
b
& f = tan -1
a
by introducing this auxillary argument f, equation (i) reduces to
c
sin (q + f) = Now this equation can be solved easily.
a + b2
2
Illustration 42. Find the number of distinct solutions of secx + tanx = 3 , where 0 £ x £ 3p.
Solution Here,sec x + tanx = 3
Þ 1 + sinx = 3 cosx
or 3 cosx – sinx = 1
dividing both sides by a 2 + b2
7p/3
i.e. 4 = 2 , we get
p/3
3 1 1
Þ cosx – sinx = p/6
2 2 2 3p p 2p
p p 1
Þ cos cos x - sin sin x =
6 6 2
3p+p/6
1 5p/3
æ pö
Þ cos ç x + ÷ =
è 6 ø 2
As 0 £ x £ 3p
p p p
£ x + £ 3p +
6 6 6
p p 5 p 7p
Þ x+ = , ,
6 3 3 3
p 3p 13p
Þ x= , ,
6 2 6
3p
But at x = , tanx and secx is not defined.
2
\ Total number of solutions are 2. Ans.
103
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 43. Prove that the equation kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1 possess a solution iff k Î (–¥, 4].
Solution Here, k cosx – 3sinx = k + 1, could be re-written as :
k 3 k +1
cos x - sin x =
2 2
k +9 k +9 k2 + 9
k +1 3
or cos(x + f ) = , where tanf =
2
k +9 k
k +1
which possess a solution only if – 1 £ £1
k2 + 9
k +1
i.e., £1
k2 + 9
i.e., (k + 1)2 £ k 2 + 9
i.e., k2 + 2k + 1 £ k2 + 9
or k£4
Þ The interval of k for which the equation (kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1) has a solution is (–¥,4]. Ans.
SOLUTION USING FACTORIZATION, QUADRATIC REDUCTION & AUXILLIARY ARGUMENT
1. Find general solutions of the following equations :
1 æ 3q ö æ 3q ö
(a) sin q = (b) cos ç ÷ = 0 (c) tan ç ÷ = 0
2 è 2 ø è 4 ø
æqö
(d) cos22q = 1 (e) 3 sec 2q = 2 (f) cosec ç ÷ = -1
è2ø
2. Solve the following equations :

(a) 3sinx + 2cos2x = 0 (b) sec22a = 1 – tan2a
(c) 7cos2q + 3sin2q = 4 (d) 4cosq – 3secq = tanq
3. Solve the equation : 2sin2q + sin22q = 2 for q Î ( -p, p) .
4. Solve the following equations :

(a) sinx + 2 = cosx. (b) cosecq = 1 + cotq.
é 7p ù
5. If sinq = k for exactly one value of q, q Î ê0, ú , then find sum of all values of 'k'.
ë 3û
6. Find number of all possible triplets (a1, a2, a3) such that a1 + a2 cos2x + a3sin2x = 0, for all x.
7. Find general solution of the equation ( )

3 - 1 sin q + ( )
3 + 1 cos q = 2 .
8. Find number of solutions of the equation sinx = x2 + x + 1.
104
21.4 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into
product
e.g. cos 3x + sin 2x – sin 4x = 0
cos 3x – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
Þ (cos3x) (1 – 2sinx) = 0
1
Þ cos3x = 0 or sinx =
2
p 1 p
Þ cos3x = 0 = cos or sinx = = sin
2 2 6
p
Þ 3x = 2np ±
2
p
or x = mp + (–1)m
6
2np p
Þ x= ±
3 6
p
or x = mp + (–1)m ; (n, m Î I)
6
21.5 Solving trigonometric equations by transforming a product into sum

e.g. sin5x. cos3x = sin6x. cos2x
sin8x + sin2x = sin8x + sin4x
\ 2sin2x . cos2x – sin2x = 0
Þ sin2x(2 cos 2x – 1) = 0
1
Þ sin2x = 0 or cos2x =
2
1 p
Þ sin2x = 0 = sin0 or cos2x = = cos
2 3
p
Þ 2x = np + (–1)n × 0, n Î I or 2x = 2mp ± , mÎI
3
np p
Þ x= ,nÎI or x = mp ± ,mÎI
2 6
Illustration 44. Solve : cosq + cos3q + cos5q + cos7q = 0

Solution We have cosq + cos7q + cos3q + cos5q = 0
Þ 2cos4qcos3q + 2cos4qcosq = 0
Þ cos4q(cos3q + cosq) = 0
Þ cos4q(2cos2qcosq) = 0
Þ Either cosq = 0 Þ q = (2n1 + 1) p/2, n1 Î I
p
or cos2q = 0 Þ q = (2n2 + 1) ,n ÎI
4 2
p
or cos4q = 0 Þ q = (2n3 + 1) , n3 Î I Ans.
8
105
JEE-Mathematics
1
Illustration 45. Solve : cosq cos2q cos3q = ; where 0 £ q £ p .
4
1 1
Solution (2cosq cos3q) cos2q =
2 4
1
Þ (cos2q + cos4q) cos2q =
2
1 1
Þ [2cos22q + 2cos4q cos2q]=
2 2
Þ 1 + cos4q + 2cos4q cos2q = 1
\ cos4q (1+ 2cos2q) = 0
cos4q = 0 .... (1)
or (1 + 2cos2q) = 0 .... (2)
Now from the first equation : cos4q = 0 = cos(p/2)
æ 1ö
\ 4q = çè n + ÷ø p
2
p
Þ q = (2n + 1) ,nÎI
8
p 3p
for n = 0, q = ; n = 1, q = ;
8 8
5p 7p
n = 2, q = ; n = 3, q = (Q 0 £ q £ p )
8 8
and from the second equation :
1 æ pö æ pö æ 2p ö
cos2q = - = - cos çè ÷ø = cos çè p - ÷ø = cos çè ÷ø
2 3 3 3
2p
\ 2q = 2kp ±
3
p
\ q = kp ± ,kÎI
3
p
again for k = 0, q = ;
3
2p
k = 1, q = (Q 0 £ q £ p )
3
p p 3p 5p 2p 7p
\ q= , , , , , Ans.
8 3 8 8 3 8
21.6 Solving equations by a change of variable

(i) Equations of the form P (sin x ± cos x, sin x. cos x) = 0 can be solved by the substitution
cos x ± sin x = t Þ 1 ± 2 sin x. cos x = t2.
e.g. sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x. cos x.
put sinx + cosx = t
Þ sin2x + cos2x + 2sinx . cosx = t2
Þ 2sinx cosx = t2 – 1 (Q sin2x + cos2x = 1)
æ t2 - 1 ö
Þ sinx.cosx = ç ÷
è 2 ø
106
Substituting above result in given equation, we get :
t2 - 1
t=1+
2
Þ 2t = t2 + 1 Þ t2 – 2t + 1 = 0
Þ (t – 1)2 = 0 Þ t=1
Þ sin x + cos x = 1
Dividing both sides by 12 + 12 i.e. 2 , we get
1 1 1
Þ sin x + cos x =
2 2 2
p p 1
Þ cosx cos + sinx.sin =
4 4 2
æ pö p
Þ cos ç x - ÷ = cos
è 4ø 4
p p
Þ x– = 2np ±
4 4
p p
Þ x = 2np or x = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n Î I
2 2
(ii) Equations of the form of asinx + bcosx + d = 0, where a, b & d are real numbers can be solved by
changing sin x & cos x into their corresponding tangent of half the angle.
e.g. 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5
æ 1 - tan2 x / 2 ö æ 2 tan x / 2 ö
Þ 3ç + 4ç =5
è 1 + tan x / 2 ø
2 ÷ è 1 + tan2 x / 2 ÷ø
x x
3 - 3 tan2 8 tan
2+ 2 =5
Þ
x x
1 + tan2 1 + tan2
2 2
x x x
Þ 3 – 3tan2 + 8tan = 5 + 5tan2
2 2 2
x x
Þ 8tan2 – 8tan + 2 = 0
2 2
x x
Þ 4tan2 – 4tan + 1 = 0
2 2
2
æ x ö
Þ ç 2 tan 2 - 1 ÷ = 0
è ø
x
Þ 2tan –1=0
2
x 1 1
Þ tan = = tan æç tan-1 ö÷
2 2 è 2ø
x æ1ö
Þ = np + tan–1 ç ÷ , n Î I
2 è2ø
1
Þ x = 2np + 2tan–1 , n Î I
2
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JEE-Mathematics
(iii) Many equations can be solved by introducing a new variable.
e.g. sin42x + cos42x = sin 2x. cos 2x
substituting sin2x. cos2x = y
Q (sin22x + cos22x)2 = sin42x + cos42x + 2sin22x.cos22x
Þ sin42x + cos42x = 1 – 2sin22x.cos22x substituting above result in given equation :
1 – 2y2 = y
æ 1ö
Þ 2y2 + y – 1 = 0 Þ 2(y + 1) ç y - ÷ = 0
è 2ø
1
Þ y = –1 or y=
2
1
Þ sin2x.cos2x = – 1 or sin2x.cos2x =
2
Þ 2sin2x.cos2x = – 2 or 2sin2x.cos2x = 1
Þ sin4x = – 2 (which is not possible) or 2sin2x.cos2x = 1
p
Þ sin 4x = 1 = sin
2
p
Þ 4x = np + (–1)n ,nÎI
2
np p
Þ x= + (–1)n , n Î I
4 8
21.7 Solving trigonometric equations with the use of the boundness of the functions
involved
æ x ö æ x ö
e.g. sin x ç cos - 2 sin x÷ + ç 1 + sin - 2 cos x ÷ .cos x = 0
è 4 ø è 4 ø
x x
\ sin x cos + cos x sin + cos x = 2
4 4
æ 5x ö
\ sin çè ÷ø + cos x = 2
4
æ 5x ö
Þ sin ç ÷ = 1
è 4ø
& cos x =1 (as sin q £ 1 & cos q £ 1)

Now consider
cosx = 1 Þ x = 2p, 4p, 6p, 8p .......
5x 2p 10p 18p
and sin =1 Þ x= , , .......
4 5 5 5
Common solution to above APs will be the AP having
First term = 2p
8p 40p
Common difference = LCM of 2p and = = 8p
5 5
\ General solution will be general term of this AP i.e. 2p + (8p)n, n Î I
Þ x = 2(4n + 1)p, n Î I
108
Illustration 46. Find the general solution of equation sin4x + cos4x = sinx cosx.
Solution Using half-angle formulae, we can represent given equation in the form :
2 2
æ 1 - cos2x ö æ 1 + cos2x ö
ç 2 ÷ +ç 2 ÷ = sin x cos x
è ø è ø
Þ (1 – cos2x)2 + (1 + cos2x)2 = 4sinx cosx
Þ 2(1 + cos22x) = 2sin2x
Þ 1 + 1 – sin22x = sin2x
Þ sin22x + sin2x = 2
Þ sin2x = 1 or sin2x = –2 (which is not possible)
p
Þ 2x = 2np + ,nÎI
2
p
Þ x = np + , n Î I Ans.
4
Illustration 47. Solve the equation (sinx + cosx)1+sin2x = 2, when 0 £ x £ p .
Solution We know, – a2 + b2 £ a sin q + b cos q £ a2 + b2 and –1 £ sinq £ 1.
\ (sinx + cosx) admits the maximum value as 2

and (1 + sin 2x) admits the maximum value as 2.
Also ( 2 )2 = 2 .
\ the equation could hold only when, sinx + cosx = 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2
Now, sinx + cos x = 2
æ pö
Þ cos ç x - ÷ = 1
è 4ø
p
Þ x = 2np + ,nÎ I ...... (i)
4
and 1 + sin 2x = 2
p
Þ sin2x = 1 = sin
2
p
Þ 2x = mp + (–1)m ,mÎI
2
mp p
Þ x= + ( -1)m ...... (ii)
2 4
p
The value of x in [0, p] satisfying equations (i) and (ii) is x = (when n = 0 & m = 0) Ans.
4
Note – sin x + cos x = - 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2 also satisfies but as x > 0, this solution is not
in domain.
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JEE-Mathematics
1
Illustration 48. Solve for x and y : 2 cos2 x y 2 - y + 1 £ 1
2
1
cos2 x
1
Solution 2 y2 - y + £1 ....... (i)
2
1 2 2
2 æ 1ö æ 1ö
2 cos x
çè y - ÷ø + çè ÷ø £ 1
2 2
1
2
Minimum value of 2 cos x =2
2 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö 1
Minimum value of çè y - ÷ø + çè ÷ø =
2 2 2
1
2 1
Þ Minimum value of 2 cos x
y2 - y + is 1
2
1 2 2
Þ (i) is possible when 2 cos2 x æç y - 1 ö÷ + æç 1 ö÷ = 1
è 2ø è 2ø
1
Þ cos2x = 1 and y =
2
Þ cosx = ±1 Þ x = np, where n Î I.
1
Hence x = np, n Î I and y = . Ans.
2
æ xö 1 p
Illustration 49. The number of solution(s) of 2cos2 çè ÷ø sin2x = x2+ 2 , 0 £ x £ , is/are -
2 x 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) none of these
æ xö 1
Solution Let y = 2cos2 çè ÷ø sin2x = x2+ 2
2 x
1
Þ y = (1 + cosx)sin2x and y = x2 +
x2
when y = (1 + cosx)sin2x = (a number < 2)(a number £ 1)
Þ y<2 .... (i)
2
1 1
and when y = x2 + = æç x - ö÷ + 2 ³ 2
x 2
è xø
Þ y³2 .... (ii)
No value of y can be obtained satisfying (i) and (ii), simultaneously
Þ No real solution of the equation exists. Ans. (A)
Note–If L.H.S. of the given trigonometric equation is always less than or equal to k and RHS is
always greater than k, then no solution exists. If both the sides are equal to k for same value of q,
then solution exists and if they are equal for different values of q, then solution does not exist.
110
TRANSFORMING PRODUCT INTO SUM, CHANGE OF VARIABLE, BOUNDEDNESS OF FUNCTIONS.
1. Solve 4sinq sin2q sin4q = sin3q.
2. Solve for x : sinx + sin3x + sin5x = 0.
3. If x2 – 4x + 5 – siny = 0, y Î [0, 2p) , then -
p p
(A) x = 1, y = 0 (B) x = 1, y = (C) x = 2, y = 0 (D) x = 2, y =
2 2
1
4. If sinx + cosx = y + , y > 0, x Î [0, p] , then find the least positive value of x satisfying the given condition.
y
é pù
5. Find the number of solution of the equation sin5x cos3x = sin9x cos7x in ê 0, ú .
ë 4û
6. Find number of real roots of the equation secq + cosecq = 15 lying between 0 and p.
æ 7p ö
7. If cos 3x + sin ç 2x - ÷ = -2 then x is equal to, (k Î z)
è 6 ø
p p p
(A) ( 6k + 1) (B) ( 6k - 1) (C) ( 2k + 1) (D) None of these
3 3 3
22.0 TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES

AL
There is no general rule to solve trigonometric inequations and the same rules of algebra are valid provided the
domain and range of trigonometric functions should be kept in mind.
1
Illustration 50. Find the solution set of inequality sin x > .
2
1 p 5p
Solution When sinx = , the two values of x between 0 and 2p are and .
2 6 6
y
1/2
p 2p
x
–2p –p 0 p p 5p
6 2 6
–1
1 p 5p
From the graph of y = sin x, it is obvious that between 0 and 2p, sinx > for < x <
2 6 6
1 p 5p
Hence, sin x > Þ 2np + < x < 2np + ,nÎI
2 6 6
æ p 5p ö
Thus, the required solution set is È ç 2np + ,2np + ÷ Ans.
n ÎI è 6 6ø
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JEE-Mathematics
é p 3p ù
Illustration 51. Find the value of x in the interval ê - , ú for which 2 sin 2x + 1 £ 2 sin x + 2 cos x
ë 2 2 û
Solution We have, 2 sin 2x + 1 £ 2 sin x + 2 cos x

Þ 2 2 sin x cos x - 2 sin x - 2 cos x + 1 £ 0
Þ 2sin x( 2 cos x - 1) - 1( 2 cos x - 1) £ 0
Þ (2sin x - 1)( 2 cos x - 1) £ 0
æ 1 öæ 1 ö
Þ ç sin x - 2 ÷ ç cos x - ÷£0
è øè 2ø
Above inequality holds when :
1 1
Case-I – sin x - £ 0 and cos x - ³0
2 2
1 1
Þ sin x £ and cos x ³
2 2
Now considering the given interval of x :
1 é p p ù é 5 p 3p ù
for sin x £ : x Î ê- , ú È ê ,
2 ë 2 6û ë 6 2 úû
1 é p pù
and for cos x ³ : x Î ê- , ú
2 ë 4 4û
é p pù
For both to simultaneously hold true : x Î ê - , ú
ë 4 6û
1 1
Case-II – sin x - ³ 0 and cos x £
2 2
Again, for the given interval of x :
1 é p 5p ù
for sin x ³ : xÎê , ú
2 ë6 6 û
1 é p p ù é p 3p ù
and for cos x £ : x Î ê- , - ú È ê ,
2 ë 2 4 û ë 4 2 úû
é p 5p ù
For both to simultaneously hold true : x Î ê , ú
ë4 6 û
é p p ù é p 5p ù
\ Given inequality holds for x Î ê - , ú È ê , ú Ans.
ë 4 6û ë4 6 û
Illustration 52. Find the values of a lying between 0 and p for which the inequality : tan a > tan3 a is valid.
Solution We have : tan a - tan3 a > 0 Þ tana (1– tan2a) > 0
– + – +
Þ (tana)(tana + 1)(tana – 1) < 0 0 1
–1
So tana < –1, 0 < tana < 1
æ p ö æ p 3p ö
\ Given inequality holds for a Î ç 0, ÷ È ç , ÷ Ans.
è 4ø è2 4 ø
112
TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES
1
1. Find the solution set of the inequality : cos x ³ - .
2
2. Find the values of x in the interval [0, 2p] for which 4sin2x – 8sinx + 3 £ 0.
3. If 0 £ x £ 2p and |cosx| £ sinx, then

é pù ép pù é p 3p ù
(A) x Î ê0, ú (B) x Î ê , ú (C) x Î ê , ú (D) None of these
ë 4û ë4 2û ë4 4 û
4. The solution of log1/2 sinq > log1/2 cosq in [0, 2p] is
æ pö æ p pö æ pö
(A) ç 0, ÷ (B) ç , ÷ (C) ç 0, ÷ (D) None of these
è 2ø è 4 2ø è 4ø
5. If 3(1 + sinx) ³ 1 + cos2x, x Î [0, p] then the number of value of x is

6. The number of values of x in [0, 2p] satisfying cos x - sin x ³ 2 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
7. Find number of solutions of cosec x £ 1 in [0, p].
l If x + y = 45°, then :
(a) (1 + tanx)(1 + tany) = 2 (b) (cotx – 1)(coty – 1) = 2
l For equations of the type sin q = k or cos q = k, one must check that | k | < 1.
l Avoid squaring the equations, if possible, because it may lead to extraneous solutions. Reject extra solutions if
they do not satisfy the given equation.
l Do not cancel the common variable factor from the two sides of the equations which are in a product because
we may loose some solutions.
l The answer should not contain such values of q, which make any of the terms undefined or infinite.
(i) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
p
(ii) If tan q or sec q is involved in the equations, q should not be odd multiple of .
2
(iii) If cot q or cosec q is involved in the equation, q should not be multiple of p or 0.
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JEE-Mathematics
SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration 1. Prove that
tana + 2 tan2a + 22 tan2a + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 a + 2n cot 2na = cota
Solution We know tan q = cot q – 2 cot 2q .....(i)
Putting q = a, 2a,22a, ..............in (i), we get
tan a = (cot a – 2 cot 2a)
2 (tan 2a) = 2(cot 2a – 2 cot 22a)
22 (tan 22 a) = 22 (cot 22 a – 2 cot 23a)
..........................................................
2n–1 (tan 2n–1 a) = 2n–1 (cot 2n–1 a – 2 cot 2n a)
Adding,
tana + 2 tan2a + 22 tan2a + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 a = cota – 2n cot 2na
\ tana + 2 tan2a + 22 tan2a + ...... + 2n–1 tan 2n–1 a + 2n cot 2n a = cot a
A B C D 1
Illustration 2. If A,B,C and D are angles of a quadrilateral and sin sin sin sin = , prove that
2 2 2 2 4
A = B = C = D = p/2.
æ A B öæ C Dö
Solution ç 2 sin 2 sin 2 ÷ ç 2 sin 2 sin 2 ÷ = 1
è øè ø
ì æA -Bö æ A + B öü ì æC-Dö æ C + D öü
Þ ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ ý ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ý = 1
î è 2 ø è 2 øþ î è 2 ø è 2 øþ
Since, A + B = 2p – (C + D), the above equation becomes,
ì æA-Bö æ A + B öü ì æC-Dö æ A + B öü
Þ ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ ý ícos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷ý = 1
î è 2 ø è 2 øþ î è 2 ø è 2 øþ
æA+Bö æ A + B öì æA-Bö æ C - D öü æA-Bö æC-Dö

Þ cos2 ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ ícos ç ÷ - cos ç ÷ ý + 1 - cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷=0
è 2 ø è 2 øî è 2 ø è 2 øþ è 2 ø è 2 ø
æA+Bö
This is a quadratic equation in cos ç ÷ which has real roots.
è 2 ø
2
ì æA-Bö æ C - D öü ì æA-Bö æ C - D öü
Þ ícos ç
2 ÷ - cos ç 2 ÷ ý - 4 í1 - cos ç 2 ÷ .cos ç 2 ÷ ý ³ 0
î è ø è øþ î è ø è øþ
2
æ A-B C-Dö
ç cos 2 + cos 2 ÷ ³ 4
è ø
A-B C-D A-B C-D

Þ cos + cos ³ 2 , Now both cos and cos £1
2 2 2 2
A-B C-D
Þ cos = 1 & cos =1
2 2
A-B C-D
Þ =0=
2 2
Þ A = B, C = D.
p
Similarly A = C, B = D Þ A = B = C = D =
2
114
Illustration 3. Solve the following equation : tan2q + sec2q + 3 = 2 ( 2 sec q + tan q)

2 2
Solution We have tan q + sec q + 3 = 2 2 sec q + 2 tan q
Þ tan2 q - 2 tan q + sec 2 q - 2 2 sec q + 3 = 0
Þ tan2 q + 1 - 2 tan q + sec 2 q - 2 2 sec q + 2 = 0

Þ (tan q - 1)2 + (sec q - 2)2 = 0
Þ tan q = 1 and sec q = 2
As the periodicity of tanq and secq are not same, we get
p
q = 2np + , nÎI Ans.
4
5
Illustration 4. Find the solution set of equation 5(1 + log5 cosx) =
.
2
Solution Taking log to base 5 on both sides in given equation :
æ 5ö
(1 + log5 cosx). log55 = log5 çè ÷ø
2
Þ log5 5 + log5 cosx = log55 – log52
Þ log5 cos x = –log52
1
Þ cos x =
2
p
Þ x = 2np ± ,nÎI Ans.
3
æ p pö æ a p bp ö
Illustration 5. If the set of all values of x in ç - , ÷ satisfying |4 sin x + 2| < 6 is ç , ÷ then find the
è 2 2ø è 24 24 ø
a-b
value of .
3
Solution |4 sin x + 2| < 6
Þ - 6 < 4 sin x + 2 < 6

Þ - 6 - 2 < 4 sin x < 6 - 2
-( 6 + 2) 6- 2
Þ < sin x <
4 4
5p p æ p pö
Þ - <x< for x Î ç - , ÷
12 12 è 2 2ø
ap bp
Comparing with <x< ,

24 24
we get, a = –10, b = 2
a-b -10 - 2
\ = =4 Ans.
3 3
115
JEE-Mathematics
Illustration 6. Find the values of x in the interval [0, 2p] which satisfy the inequality :
3|2 sin x –1| > 3 + 4 cos2x.
Solution The given inequality can be written as :
3|2 sinx – 1| > 3 + 4 (1– sin2x)
Þ 3|2sin x –1| > 7 – 4 sin2x
Let sin x = t Þ 3|2t – 1|> 7 – 4t2
1
Case I – For 2t – 1 > 0 i.e. t > we have, |2t – 1| = (2t – 1)
2
Þ 3(2t –1) > 7 – 4t2 Þ 6t – 3 > 7 – 4t2
Þ 4t2 + 6t – 10 > 0 Þ 2t2 + 3t – 5 > 0
5
Þ (t–1) (2t + 5) > 0 Þ t£- and t > 1
2
1
Now for t > , we get t > 1 from above conditions i.e. sin x > 1
2
p
The inequality holds true only for x satisfying the equation sin x = 1 \ x = (for x Î [0,2p])
2
1
Case II – For 2t – 1 < 0 Þ t<
2
we have, |2t – 1| = – (2t – 1)
Þ –3(2t – 1) > 7 – 4t2 Þ –6t + 3 > 7 – 4t2
Þ 2
4t – 6t – 4 > 0 Þ 2t2 – 3t – 2 > 0
1
Þ (t – 2) (2t + 1) > 0 Þ t<– and t > 2
2
1 1
Again, for t < we get t < – from above conditions
2 2
1 7p 11
i.e. sin x < – Þ £x£ p (for x Î [0,2p])
2 6 6
é 7p 11p ù ì p ü
Thus, x Î ê , úÈí ý Ans.
ë 6 6 û î2 þ
Illustration 7. Find the values of q, for which cos 3q + sin 3q + (2 sin 2q – 3) (sinq – cosq) is always positive.
Solution Given expression can be written as :
4cos3q – 3 cosq + 3 sinq – 4 sin3q + (2 sin2q – 3) (sinq – cosq)
Applying given condition, we get
Þ –4 (sin3q – cos3q) + 3(sinq – cosq) + (sinq – cosq) (2sin2q – 3) > 0
Þ –4(sinq – cosq) (sin2q + cos2q + sinqcosq) + 3(sinq – cosq) + (sinq – cosq) (2sin2q–3)>0
Þ –4(sinq – cosq) (1+ sinq cosq) + 3(sinq – cosq) + (sinq – cosq) (4 sinq cosq – 3) > 0
Þ (sinq – cosq) {–4 – 4sinq cosq + 3 + 4sinq cosq –3} > 0
Þ –4(sinq – cosq) > 0
æ pö æ pö
Þ -4 2 sin ç q - ÷ > 0 Þ sin ç q - ÷ < 0
è 4 ø è 4ø
p
Þ 2np – p < q – < 2np, n Î I
4
3p p
Þ 2np – < q < 2np +
4 4
æ 3p pö
Þ q Î ç 2np - ,2np + ÷ , n Î I Ans.
è 4 4 ø
116
ANSWERS
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
3 4 5
1. 10p cm 2. , ,
5 5 3
3. 2 4. 8
187 -133 -84 156

7. (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) 8. (C)
205 205 205 205
9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (AB)
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1 1
1. 3.
3 16
7. (BD)
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
2 -1 2 +1 1 5 +1
1. (a) ; (b) ; (c) 2 -1 2. (a) - ; (b)
2 2 2 2 2 8
3. 0 4. 1
5. (B) 6. (AD)
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
9
1. 7 & –7 2. –
8
3. 4 + 10 & 4 - 10 4. 0
5. 1 6. 1
7. (ABCD)
c c c
8. (a) max.= 2sin ; (b) max.= sin2 ; (c) min.= 2tan
2 2 2
9. (a) Minimum Value = 3–5 ; Maximum Value = 35
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
1. (a)-(r); (b)-(p,r); (c)-(q); (d)-(s) 2. 6

3. (C) 4. (A)
5. (C) 6. (C)
117
JEE-Mathematics
BEGINNER'S BOX-6
p p 4np
1. (a) q = np + ( -1)n , nÎI; (b) q = (2n + 1) , n Î I ; (c) q = , nÎI
6 3 3
np p
(d) q = , nÎI ; (e) q = np ± , nÎI ; (f) q = 2np + ( -1)n +1 p , nÎ I
2 12
p np kp p
2. (a) x = np + (–1)n+1 , nÎ I (b) a = or a = - , n,k Î I
6 2 2 8
p -1
æ 17 - 1 ö
(c) q = np ± , n Î I (d) q = np + (–1)na, where a = sin çç ÷÷
3 è 8 ø
æ -1 - 17 ö
or sin -1 ç ÷÷ , n Î I
ç 8
è ø
p 3p p p 3p p ü p p
3. q = ìí - , - ,- , , , ý 4. (a) x = 2np – , n Î I ; (b) 2mp + , m Î I
î 4 4 2 4 4 2þ 4 2
p p
5. 0 6. Infinite 7. 2np ± + 8. (0)
4 12
BEGINNER'S BOX-7
mp p np p
1. q = np or q = ± ; n,m Î I 2. x = , n Î I and kp ± , k Î I
3 9 3 3
p
3. D 4. x =
4
5. 5 6. 3
7. (A)
BEGINNER'S BOX-8
é 2p 2p ù é p 5p ù
1. È ê2np - , 2np + 2. ê , ú
nÎI ë 3 3 úû ë6 6 û
3. (C) 4. (C)
5. (D) 6. (C)
7. 1
118
SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
æ pö æ 3p ö æ 7p ö
tan ç x - ÷ .cos ç + x ÷ - sin 3 ç - x÷
è 2ø è 2 ø è 2 ø simplifies to -
1. The expression
æ pö æ 3p ö
cos ç x - ÷ . tan ç + x÷
è 2ø è 2 ø
2 2 2 2
(A) (1 + cos x) (B) sin x (C) – (1 + cos x) (D) cos x
2 2 2 2
2. Exact value of cos 73° + cos 47° – sin 43° + sin 107° is equal to -
1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) None of these
2 4
sin 22° cos 8° + cos158° cos 98°

3. The expression when simplified reduces to -
sin 23° cos 7° + cos157° cos 97°
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these
æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
4. The two legs of right triangle are sinq + sin ç - q ÷ and cosq – cos ç - q ÷ . The length of its hypotenuse is
è 2 ø è 2 ø
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) some function of q
sin(a + q) - sin(a - q)
5. The expression is –
cos(b - q) - cos(b + q)
(A) independent of a (B) independent of b
(C) independent of q (D) independent of a and b
6. The tangents of two acute angles are 3 and 2. The sine of twice their difference is -
7 7 7 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 48 50 25
sin 2a - sin 3a + sin 4 a

7. If = tan ka is an identity then the value of k is equal to -
cos 2a - cos 3a + cos 4 a
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
2
8. Exact value of cos 20° + 2 sin 55° – 2 sin 65° is -
1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 2 (D) zero
2
1
9. The most general solution of tanq = – 1 and cosq = is :
2
7p n 7p 7p
(A) np + ,nÎI (B) np+(–1) ,nÎI (C) 2n p + ,nÎI (D) none of these
4 4 4
119
JEE-Mathematics
é 4 æ 3p ö ù é æp ö ù
10. The expression, 3 ê sin ç - a÷ + sin4 (3p + a ) ú – 2 ê sin 6 ç + a ÷ + sin 6 (5 p - a ) ú when simplified is equal
ë è 2 ø û ë è 2 ø û
to -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) sin 4a + cos 6a
1 æ 1ö
11. If cos q = a + ÷ then cos 3q in terms of ‘a’ =
2 çè aø
1 æ 3 1ö æ 1ö 1 æ 3 1ö
(A) a + 3÷ (B) 4 ç a3 + ÷ (C) çè a + 3 ÷ø (D) none of these
4 çè a ø è a3 ø 2 a
1 1
12. + =
cos 290° 3 sin 250º
2 3 4 3
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) none of these
3 3
1 - 4 sin10° sin70°
13. The value of the expression is –
2 sin10°
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none of these
14. Which of the following number ( s ) is / are rational ?

(A) sin15° (B) cos15° (C) sin15°cos15° (D) sin15°cos75°
15. If a + b + g = 2p, then -

a b g a b g a b b g g a
(A) tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan (B) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b g a b g a b b g g a
(C) tan + tan + tan = - tan tan tan (D) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16. The value of sin10° + sin20° + sin30° +......+ sin360° is -

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) none of these
3p
17. If A and C are two angles such that A + C = , then (1+cotA)(1+cotC) equals -
4
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) -1 (D) -2
18. If sin aq + cos bq = 0 then the possible values of q form :

(A) an AP (B) two APs (C) One GP (D) two GPs
sec x 1
19. The number of solutions of the equation = in [0, 2p] is equal to -
1 - cos x 1 - cos x
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
2 æ p pö
20. The number of solutions of the equation 8 tan q + 9 = 6 sec q in the interval çè - , ÷ø is :
2 2
(A) two (B) four (C) zero (D) none of these
21. If cos(sinx) = 0, then x lies in -

æ p pö æp ö æ p ö æ 3p ö
(A) ç , ÷ È ç , p ÷ (B) ç - ,0 ÷ (C) ç p , ÷ (D) null set
è 4 2ø è 2 ø è 4 ø è 2 ø
120
2 2
22. If tanA and tanB are the roots of x – 2x – 1 = 0, then sin (A + B) is -
1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 0
2 2
cosec x
23. If cos 2x - 3 cos x + 1 = , then which of the following is true ?
cot x - cot 2x
p
(A) x = (2n + 1) , n Î I (B) x = 2np , n Î I
2
æ 2ö
(C) x = 2np ± cos -1 ç ÷ , n Î I (D) no real x
è5ø
24. The solutions of the equation sinx + 3sin2x + sin3x = cosx + 3cos2x + cos3x in the interval 0 £ x £ 2p, are
p 5p 2p p 5p 9p 13p 4 p 9p 2p 13p p 5p 9p 4 p
(A) , , (B) , , , (C) , , , (D) , , ,
8 8 3 8 8 8 8 3 3 3 8 8 8 3 3
é 5p 5p ù 4 2
25. If x Î ê - , ú , then the greatest positive solution of 1 + sin x = cos 3x is -
ë 2 2 û
5p
(A) p (B) 2p (C) (D) None of these
2
26. General solution for |sin x| = cos x is -

p p p
(A) 2np + ,nÎI (B) 2np ± ,nÎI (C) np + ,nÎI (D) None of these
4 4 4
27. The general solution of sin x – 3 sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x – 3 cos 2x + cos 3x is :
p np p n 5p p 3
(A) np + (B) + (C) (-1) × + (D) 2np + cos -1
8 2 8 2 8 2
x
The number of solutions of 2cos æç ö÷ = 3 + 3 , x Î [0, 2p] is :
x –x
28.
è 2ø
121
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 1 : MULTIPLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS

1. Let m = tan 3 and n = sec 6, then which of the following statement(s) does/do not hold good ?
(A) m & n both are positive (B) m & n both are negative
(C) m is positive and n is negative (D) m is negative and n is positive
1 - sin A sin A 1
2. If + = , for all permissible values of A, then A belongs to -
1 + sin A cos A cos A
(A) first quadrant (B) second quadrant (C) third quadrant (D) fourth quadrant
17 5
3. If sec A = and cosec B = then sec (A + B) can have the value equal to -
8 4
85 85 85 85
(A) (B) - (C) - (D)
36 36 84 84
4. Which of the following when simplified reduces to unity ?
1 - 2 sin 2 a sin(p - a)
(A) (B) + cos(p - a)
æp ö æp ö a
2cot ç + a ÷ cos 2 ç - a ÷ sin a - cos a tan
è4 ø è4 ø 2
(1 - tan 2 a )
2
1 1 + sin 2a
(C) + (D)
4 sin 2 a cos 2 a 4 tan 2 a (sin a + cos a)2
sin 3q 11 q
5. If = then tan can have the value equal to -
sin q 25 2
1 1
(A) 2 (B) (C) – 2 (D) -
2 2
6. If cos(A – B) = 3/5, and tanA tanB = 2, then -

1 -2 -1
(A) cos A cos B = (B) sin A sin B = (C) cos( A + B) = (D) None of these
5 5 5
p
7. If A + B = and cosA + cosB = 1, then -
3
2
(A) cos(A – B) = 1/3 (B) | cosA – cosB | =

3
1 1
(C) cos(A - B) = - (D) |cos A - cos B|=
3 2 3
3 3
8. If tan q + cot q = 52, then the value of tan2 q + cot2 q is equal to -
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 16 (D) 17
122
9. The maximum value of log20(3sinx – 4cosx + 15) is less than
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
q
10. If tan = cosecq – sin q , then -
2
2 q
(A) sin = 2 sin 2 18° (B) cos 2q + 2cos q + 1 = 0
2
2 q
(C) sin = 4 sin 2 18° (D) cos2q + 2cosq – 1 = 0
2
11. Factors of cos4q – cos4f are -

(A) (cosq + cosf) (B) (cosq – cos f) (C) (cosq + sinf) (D) (cosq – sin f)
12. The general solution of the following equation : 2(sinx – cos2x) – sin2x(1 + 2sinx) + 2cosx = 0 is/are -
næ pö
(A) x = 2np ; n Î I (B) np + (–1) ç - ÷ ; n Î I
è 2ø
n p n p
(C) x = np + (–1) ;nÎI (D) x = np + (–1) ;nÎI
6 4
3 2
13. The value(s) of q, which satisfy the equation : 2cos 3q + 3cos3q + 4 = 3sin 3q is/are -
2np 2p 2np 2p 2np 2p 2np 2p
(A) + , nÎI (B) - , nÎI (C) + , nÎI (D) - , nÎI
3 9 3 9 5 5 5 5
14. The solution(s) of the equation cos2x sin6x = cos3x sin5x in the interval [0, p] is/are -
p p 2p 5p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 2 3 6
2 2
15. If cos 2x + 2cos x = 1, x Î (–p, p), then x can take the values -
p p 3p
(A) ± (B) ± (C) ± (D) None of these
2 4 4
2 2
16. The solution(s) of 4cos xsinx – 2sin x = 3sinx is/are -
n p
(A) np ; n Î I (B) np + (–1) ;nÎI
10
3p ö
(C) np + (–1) æç -
n
÷; n Î I (D) None of these
è 10 ø
2
17. If 4cos q + 3 = 2( 3 + 1)cosq, then q is -
p p p
(A) 2np ± ,nÎI (B) 2np ± ,nÎI (C) 2np ± ,nÎI (D) None of these
3 4
123
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 2 : COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
(SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTION)
Comprehension - 1
2 n–1
Continued product cosa cos2acos2 a .......... cos2 a
ì sin2 a n
ï n , if a ¹ np
ï 2 sin a
ïï 1 p
= í n, if a = n i.e. 2n a = p - a
ï2 2 +1
ï 1 p
ï- n , if a = n i.e. 2n a = p + a
ïî 2 2 -1
Where, n Î I (Integer)
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
2p 4p 6p
18. The value of cos cos cos is -
7 7 7
1 1 1 1
(A) - (B) (C) (D)
2 2 4 8
p 7
19. If a =
15
, then the value of Õ cos ra is -
r=1
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) - (C) (D)
128 128 64 32
æ p ö æ 3p ö æ 5p ö æ 7p ö æ 9p ö æ 11p ö æ 13p ö
20. The value of sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ is -
è 14 ø è 14 ø è 14 ø è 14 ø è 14 ø è 14 ø è 14 ø
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
8 32 64
Comprehension - 2
p
If q increases from 0 to then value of sinq, tanq and secq increases while cosq, cotq and cosecq decreases.
2
p
The following pairs (sinq, cosq), (tanq , secq) and (secq , cosecq) have the same value at q =
4
21. If A = 1125° then cosA – sinA will be

(A) positive (B) negative (C) zero (D) Ö3
22. If A = 295° then secA + cosecA will be

(A) positive (B) negative (C) zero (D) not defined
23p
23. If A = then cotA – tanA will be-
8
(A) positive (B) negative (C) zero (D) two
124
SECTION - 1 : NUMERICAL ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS
2
1. The value of (tan20° tan40° tan80°) is :
æ 3p ö cos a
2. If tan a = 2 and a Î ç p, ÷ then the value of the expression is equal to ..................
è 2 ø sin a + cos3 a
3
sin4 t + cos 4 t - 1
3. The expression when simplified reduces to ..................
sin6 t + cos6 t - 1
4. Exact value of tan 200° (cot 10° – tan 10°) is ..................
p p p p p
5. 96 3 sin cos cos cos cos has the value = ..................
48 48 24 12 6
cot 2x - tan 2x p
6. The least value of the expression for 0 < x < is ..................
æ 5p ö 8
1 + sin ç - 8x ÷
è 2 ø
r r
7. Number of values of q in [0, 2p] for which vectors v1 = (2cos q)iˆ - (cos q)jˆ + kˆ and v 2 = (cos q)iˆ + 5ˆj + 2kˆ are
perpendicular is .................
8. The number of pairs (x, y) satisfying the equation sinx + siny = sin(x + y) and |x|+|y| = 1 is ......... .
SECTION - 2 : MATRIX - MATCH QUESTIONS
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r, s and t. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.
9. If maximum and minimum values of expression are l and µ respectively then match the columns :
Column-I Column-II
6 6
(A) sin q+cos q for all q (p) l + µ = 2
(B) log éë 2(sin q - cos q) + 3ùû for all q (q) l + µ = 6

5
7 + 6 tan q - tan 2 q p
(C) for all real values of q : (r) l – µ = 10
(1 + tan 2 q) 2
p
(D) 5cosq + 3cos(q + ) + 3 for all real (s) l – µ = 14
3
5
values of q (t) l + µ =
4
125
JEE-Mathematics
10. Match the following column :
Column I Column II
p
(A) A+ B+C= (p) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A .tan B.tan C
2
(B) A+B+C=p (q) tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
p
(C) A+B= (r) (tan A + 1) (tan B + 1) = 2
2
p
(D) A+B= (s) tan A . tan B = 1
4
A B B C C A
(t) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
11. Match the following column :

Column-I Column-II
(A) The expression

[cos2(a + b) + cos2(a – b) – cos 2a cos 2b], is (p) independent of a
(B) The expression
cos2a + cos2(a + b) – 2 cos a ·cos b ·cos(a + b), is (q) independent of b
sin(a - b)sin(a + b)
(C) The expression , is (r) independent of a and b
1 - tan 2 a cot 2 b
(D) The expression (s) dependent on a and b.

2 sin2b + 4cos(a + b) sin a · sin b + cos2(a + b), is
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.
12. On the left, equation with interval is given and on the right number of solutions are given, match the column.
Column-I Column-II
(A) n|sinx|= m |cosx| in [0, 2p] (p) 2

where n > m and are positive integers
5
(B) å cos rx = 5 in [0, 2p]
r =1
(q) 4
2
(C) 21+|cos x|+|cos x| ......¥ = 4 in (–p, p) (r) 3
(D) tanq + tan2q + tan3q = tanq tan2q tan3q in (0, p) (s) 1
126
13. If a and b are the roots of the equation, a cos q + b sin q = c then match the entries of column-I with the
entries of column-II.
Column-I Column-II
2b
(A) sin a + sin b = (p) a+c
c-a
(B) sin a . sin b = (q) c+a
a b 2bc
(C) tan + tan = (r) a + b2
2
2 2
a b c2 - a2
(D) tan . tan = (s)
2 2 a 2 + b2
127
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 1 : SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
1. Let A and B denote the statements

A : cos a + cos b + cos g = 0;
B : sin a + sin b + sin g = 0
3
If cos (b – g) + cos(g – a) + cos(a – b) = - , then :- [AIEEE 2009]
2
(1) Both A and B are true (2) Both A and B are false
(3) A is true and B is false (4) A is false and B is true
2 4
2. If A = sin x + cos x, then for all real x :- [AIEEE-2011]
3 13 3 13
(1) 1 £ A £ 2 (2) £A£ (3) £A£1 (4) £A£1
4 16 4 16
3. The possible values of q Î (0, p) such that sin (q) + sin (4q) + sin(7q) = 0 are: [AIEEE 2011]
2p p 4 p p 3p 8 p p 5p p 2p 3p 8p
(1) , , , , , (2) , , , , ,
9 4 9 2 4 9 4 12 2 3 4 9
2p p p 2p 3p 35p 2p p p 2p 3p 8p
(3) , , , , , (4) , , , , ,
9 4 2 3 4 36 9 4 2 3 4 9
4. The value of cos 255° + sin 195° is : [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
3 -1 3 -1 3 +1 3 -1
(1) – (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 2 2 2
æ fö
5. Suppose q and f (¹ 0) are such that sec(q + f), sec q and sec(q – f) are in A.P. If cos q = k cos çè ÷ø for some
2
k, then k is equal to : [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
1
(1) ± (2) ± 2 (3) ±2 (4) ±1
2
2
6. If the sum of the square of the roots of the equation x – (sin a – 2) x – (1 + sin a) = 0 is least, then a
is equal to : [AIEEE ONLINE-2012]
p p p p
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 3 2 4
7. Let A = {q : sin (q) = tan (q)} and B = {q : cos (q) = 1} be two sets. Then :
[JEE-MAIN ONLINE - 2013]

(1) A = B (2) A Ì B and B –A ¹ f
(3) A Ë B (4) B Ë A
1 k k
8. Let fk (x) = (sin x + cos x) where x Î R and k ³ 1. Then f4(x) – f6(x) equals: [JEE MAIN-2014]
k
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 12 6 3
128
æ pö
9. If 2cosq + sinq = 1 çè q ¹ ÷ø , then 7cosq + 6sinq is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
2
1 46 11
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4)
2 5 2
3 2
10. The number of values of a in [0, 2p] for which 2 sin a – 7 sin a + 7 sin a = 2, is :
(1) 6 (2) 1 (3) 4 (4) 3
3 1
11. If cosa + cosb = and sin a + sinb = and q is the arithmetic mean of a and b, then sin2q + cos2q
2 2
is equal to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE - 2015]
7 4 3 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 5 5 5
12. If 0 £ x < 2p, then the number of real values of x, which satisfy the equation cosx + cos2x + cos3x + cos4x = 0,
is : [JEE (Main) 2016]
(1) 3 (2) 5 (3) 7 (4) 9
1 2
13. If m and M are the minimum and the maximum values of 4 + sin 2x - 2cos 4 x, x Î R, then M – m is
2
equal to [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2016]
9 15 1 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 4 4
p
14. If A > 0, B > 0 and A + B = , then the minimum value of tanA + tanB is :
6
2
(1) 2 – 3 (2) 4 – 2 3 (3) 3– 2 (4)
3
15. { } {
Let P = q :sin q - cos q = 2 cos q and Q = q :sin q + cos q = 2 sin q } be two sets. Then :

(1) P = Q (2) Q Ë P (3) P Ë Q (4) P Ì Q and Q – P ¹ f
16. The number of x Î [0, 2p] for which 2 sin 4 x + 18 cos 2 x - 2cos 4 x + 18 sin 2 x = 1 is :
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 2 (4) 8
2
17. Let S = {q Î [–2p, 2p] : 2cos q + 3sinq = 0}. Then the sum of the elements of S is :
13p 5p
(1) (2) p (3) 2p (4)
6 3
129
JEE-Mathematics
2 2
18. The value of cos 10° – cos10°cos50° + cos 50° is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE - 2019]
3 3 3 3
(1) (1 + cos 20°) (2) (3) + cos 20° (4)
2 4 4 2
19. The value of sin 10º sin30º sin50º sin70º is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE - 2019]
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
36 32 18 16
æ pö æ 3p ö æ pö æ 3p ö
20. The value of cos 3 ç ÷ ·cos ç ÷ + sin 3 ç ÷ ·sin ç ÷ is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE - 2019]
è 8ø è 8ø è 8ø è 8ø
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 2 2 2 2
1. The number of distinct solutions of the equation log 1 | sin x |= 2 - log 1 |cos x | in the interval [0, 2p], is —
2 2
130

4 5 p
1. Let cos(a + b) = and let sin(a – b) = , where 0 £ a, b £ . Then tan 2a = [AIEEE-2010]
5 13 4
25 56 19 20
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 33 12 7
2. In a DPQR, if 3 sinP + 4 cosQ = 6 and 4 sinQ + 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal to : [AIEEE-2012]
3p 5p p p
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 6 6 4
2
3. Statement 1 : The number of common solutions of the trigonometric equations 2sin q – cos2q = 0 and
2
2cos q – 3sinq = 0 in the interval [0, 2p] is two
2
Statement 2 : The number of solutions of the equation, 2cos q – 3sinq = 0 in the interval [0, p]
is two. : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2013]
(1) Statement 1 is true ; Statement 2 is true ; Statement 2 is a correct explanation for Statement 1.
(2) Statement 1 is true ; Statement 2 is false.
(3) Statement 1 is false ; Statement 2 is true.
(4) Statement 1 is true ; Statement 2 is true ; Statement 2 is not a correct explanation for Statement 1.
4. The number of solutions of the equation sin2x – 2cosx + 4 sinx = 4 in the interval [0, 5p] is :
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 5
p+q æ p qö
5. If cosec q = (p ¹ q ¹ 0), then cot çè + ÷ø is equal to: [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2014]
p-q 4 2
q p
(1) pq (2) pq (3) (4)
p q
6. If 5(tan 2 x - cos 2 x) = 2cos 2x + 9 , then the value of cos 4x is : [JEE Main-2017]
2 7 3 1
(1) (2) - (3) - (4)
9 9 5 3
æ p p 1ö
7. If sum of all the solutions of the equation 8 cos x. ç cos æç + x ö÷ .cos æç - x ö÷ - ÷ = 1 in [0, p] is kp, then k is
è è6 ø è6 ø 2ø
equal to [JEE-MAIN-2018]
2 13 8 20
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 9 9 9
æp pö
8. For any q Î ç , ÷ , the expression 3(sinq – cosq)4 + 6(sinq + cosq)2 + 4sin6q equals :
è4 2ø
[JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
6 4 2 2
(1) 13 – 4 cos q (2) 13 – 4 cos q + 2 sin qcos q
2 4 2 2 2
(3) 13 – 4 cos q + 6 cos q (4) 13 – 4 cos q + 6 sin qcos q
p p p p
9. The value of cos 2
× cos 3
× ..... × cos 10
× sin is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
2 2 2 210
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
256 2 512 1024
131
JEE-Mathematics
æ pö
10. The maximum value of 3cosq+5sin çè q - ÷ø for any real value of q is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
6
79
(1) 19 (2) (3) 31 (4) 34
2
p
11. If 0 £ x < , then the number of values of x for which sin x-sin2x+sin3x = 0, is
2
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 4
æ pö 3
12. The sum of all values of q Î ç 0, ÷ satisfying sin 2 2q + cos 4 2q = is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE-2019]
è 2ø 4
p 3p 5p
(1) (2) p (3) (4)
2 8 4
4 4
13. If sin a + 4cos b + 2 = 4 2 sin a cos b ; a, b Î [0, p ] , then cos(a + b) – cos(a – b) is equal to :
(1) 0 (2) - 2 (3) –1 (4) 2
1
14. All the pairs (x, y) that satisfy the inequality 2 sin 2 x - 2 sin x + 5 × £ 1 also satisfy the eauation.
sin 2 y
4
(1) sin x = |siny| (2) sin x = 2 sin y (3) 2|sinx| = 3siny (4) 2sin x = siny
15.
é 5p 5p ù is :
The number of solutions of the equation 1 + sin4 x = cos 2 3x, x Î ê - ,
ë 2 2 úû
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 7 (4) 3
16. Let S be the set of all a Î R such that the equation, cos2x + asinx = 2a – 7 has a solution. Then S is equal
to : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE - 2019]
(1) [2, 6] (2) [3, 7] (3) R (4) [1, 4]
æ pö æ 3p ö æ pö æ 3p ö
17. The value of cos 3 ç ÷ ·cos ç ÷ + sin3 ç ÷ ·sin ç ÷ is : [JEE-MAIN ONLINE - 2020]
è 8ø è 8ø è 8ø è 8ø
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 2 2 2 2
2 sin a 1 1 - cos 2b 1 æ pö
1. If = and = , a, b Î çè 0, ÷ø , then tan(a + 2b) is equal to _____.
1 + cos 2a 7 2 10 2
132
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
1. (a) If + = , then [JEE 2009, 4 + 4]
2 3 5
2 sin8 x cos8 x 1
(A) tan2 x = (B) + =
3 8 27 125
1 sin8 x cos8 x 2
(C) tan2 x = (D) + =
3 8 27 125
p 6
æ (m – 1)p ö æ mp ö
*(b) For 0 < q <
2
, the solution(s) of å cosec çè q +
m =1 4 ÷ cos ec ç q + 4 ÷ = 4 2 is (are) -
ø è ø
p p p 5p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 12
1
2. The maximum value of the expression is [JEE 2010,3+3]
sin q + 3 sin q cos q + 5 cos2 q
2
æ -p p ö np
3. The number of values of q in the interval ç , ÷ such that q ¹ for n = 0, ±1,±2 and tanq = cot5q as
è 2 2ø 5
well as sin2q = cos4q, is [JEE 2010, 3]
4. {
Let P = q : sin q - cos q = 2 cos q } { }
and Q = q : sin q + cos q = 2 sin q be two sets. Then
(A) P Ì Q and Q - P ¹ f (B) Q Ì

/ P
(C) P Ì
/ Q (D) P = Q [JEE 2011,3]
1 1 1
5. The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the equation = + is
p
æ ö æ 2 p ö æ 3p ö
sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
ènø è n ø è n ø
[JEE 2011, 4]
æ q qö
6. Let q, j Î [0,2p] be such that 2 cos q(1 - sin j) = sin2 q ç tan + cot ÷ cos j - 1 , tan ( 2p - q ) > 0 and
è 2 2ø
3
-1 < sin q < - . Then j cannot satisfy- [JEE 2012, 4]
2
p p 4p 4p 3p 3p
(A) 0 < j < (B) <j< (C) <j< (D) < j < 2p
2 2 3 3 2 2
7. For xÎ(0, p),the equation sinx + 2sin 2x – sin3x = 3 has [JEE 2014]
(A) infinitely many solutions (B) three solutions
(C) one solutions (D) no solutions
133
JEE-Mathematics
5
8. The number of distinct solutions of the equation cos 2 2x + cos 4 x + sin 4 x + cos 6 x + sin 6 x = 2 in the interval
4
[0, 2p] is ––––– [JEE 2015]
13
1
9. The value of å æ p (k - 1)p ö æ p kp ö
is equal to [JEE 2016]
k =1
sin ç + ÷ sin ç + ÷
è4 6 ø è4 6 ø
(A) 3 - 3 (B) 2(3 - 3) (C) 2( 3 - 1) (D) 2(2 + 3)
ì pü
10. Let S = íx Î ( -p, p ) :x ¹ 0, ± ý . The sum of all distinct solutions of the equation
î 2þ
3 sec x + cosec x + 2(tan x - cot x) = 0 in the set S is equal to [JEE 2016]
7p 2p 5p
(A) - (B) - (C) 0 (D)
9 9 9
134
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B C A B C D B A C B
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C B B C A B B B D C
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans. D C D B B B B B
EXERCISE-2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. ABC AD ABCD ABD ABCD AC BC A BCD AD
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. ABCD ABC AB ABD ABC ABC AC D A D
Que. 21 22 23
Ans. C A B
EXERCISE-3
5 2
l Numerical 1. 3 2. 3. 4. 2 5. 9
9 3
6. 2 7. 2 8. 6
l Match the Column 9. (A)®(t), (B)®(p), (C)®(q,r), (D)®(q,s)
10. (A)® q, (B)® p,t, (C)® s, (D)® r
11. (A)® p,q,r, (B)® p, (C)® s, (D)® q
12. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p)
13. (A) ® (r), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q)
EXERCISE-4(A)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 4
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 1 2 1 4 3 2 4 3
Que. 1
Ans. 8
135
JEE-Mathematics
EXERCISE-4(B)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 1 3
Que. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Ans. 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
Que. 1
Ans. 1
EXERCISE-5
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. (a) AB (b) CD 2 3 D 7 ACD D 8 C C
136
Not To Be Discussed in Class

1. If cos (q + f) = mcos(q – f), then tan q is equal to -
æ1+ m ö æ1- m ö æ1- m ö æ1+ m ö

(A) ç ÷ tan f (B) ç ÷ tan f (C) ç ÷ cot f (D) ç ÷ cot f
è1- m ø è1+ m ø è1+ m ø è1- m ø
2. If the expression 4 sin 5a cos 3a cos 2a is expressed as the sum of three sines then two of them are sin 4a and
sin 10a. The third one is -
(A) sin 8a (B) sin 6a (C) sin 5a (D) sin 12a
3. The product cot 123°. cot 133° . cot 137° . cot 147°, when simplified is equal to -
(A) – 1 (B) tan 37° (C) cot 33° (D) 1
1
4. Given sin B = sin (2A + B) then, tan (A + B) = k tan A, where k has the value equal to -
5
2 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D)
3 2
5. If a and b are two positive acute angles satisfying a – b = 15°and sina = cos 2b then the value of
a + b is equal to-
(A) 35° (B) 55° (C) 65° (D) 85°
6. logt (4 sin 9º cos 9º); where t1= 4 sin 63° cos 63°, equals -
1
5 +1 5 -1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) None of these
4 4
sin(2q)
7. If (a + b) tan(q - f) = (a – b) tan(q + f), then is equal to -
sin(2f)
a b 2 2
(A) ab (B) (C) (D) a b
b a
8. If q is internal angle of n sided regular polygon, then sinq is equal to -

p 2p p n
(A) sin (B) sin (C) sin (D) sin
n n 2n p
9. If ÐB1OA1 = 60° & radius of biggest circle is r. According to figure trapezium A1B1D1C1, C1D1D2C2,
C2D2D3C3........ and so on are obtained. Sum of areas of all the trapezium is - B 1
r2 9r 2 D1
(A) (B) D2
2 3 2 3 D3
O
9r 2 r2 C3
(C) (D) C2
3 9 3 C1
A1
2 2
10. If y = sec q + cos q, q ¹ 0, then- [AIEEE-2002]
(A) y = 0 (B) y < 2 (C) y > –2 (D) y > 2.
161
JEE-Mathematics
1 - tan 2 15°
11. The value of = [AIEEE-2002]
1 + tan 2 15°
3
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) (D) 2
2
2 p
12. If a is a root of 25 cos q + 5 cos q – 12 = 0, < a < p, then sin 2a = [AIEEE-2002]
2
24 24 13 13
(A) (B) - (C) (D) -
25 25 18 18
1
13. If sin (a + b) = 1, sin (a-b) = , then tan (a+ 2b)tan (2a + b) = [AIEEE-2002]
2
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) zero (D) None of these
4
14. If tan q = - , then sin q is- [AIEEE-2002]
3
4 4 4 4 4 4
(A) - but not (B) - or (C) but not - (D) None of these
5 5 5 5 5 5
4xy
15. sec 2 q = is true if and only if - [AIEEE-2003]
(x + y)2
(A) x + y ¹ 0 (B) x = y,x ¹ 0 (C) x = y (D) x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0
16. If u = a 2 cos 2 q + b 2 sin 2 q + a 2 sin 2 q + b 2 cos 2 q then the difference between the maximum and minimum
2
values of u is given by- [AIEEE-2004]
2 2 2 2
(A) 2(a + b ) (B) 2 a 2 + b2 (C) (a + b) (D) (a – b)
21 27
17. Let a, b be such that p < a-b < 3p. If sin a + sin b = – and cos a + cos b = - , then the value
65 65
a -b
of cos is- [AIEEE-2004]
2
3 3 6 -6
(A) - (B) (C) (D)
130 130 65 65
1
18. If 0 < x < p, and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is- [AIEEE-2006]
2
(4 - 7) (4 + 7) (1 + 7) (1 - 7)
(A) (B) - (C) (D)

3 3 4 4
a 7 7
19. If tan q = where a, b are positive reals then the value of sinq sec q + cosq cosec q is -
b
(a + b)3 (a 4 + b4 ) (a + b)3 (a 4 - b4 ) (a + b)3 (b4 - a 4 ) (a + b)3 (a 4 + b4 )

(A) (B) (C) (D) –
(ab)7 / 2 (ab)7 / 2 (ab)7 / 2 (ab)7 / 2
162
C
20. If A + B + C = p & sin æç A + C ö÷ = k sin , then tan A tan B =
è 2ø 2 2 2
k -1 k +1 k k +1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
k +1 k -1 k +1 k
2 é yù
æ cot2 x.cos2 x ö log ê2 cos 2 ú
ë û 2 2
21. l=ç ÷ and m = a a , at y = 4p, then l + m is equal to -
è cot2 x - cos2 x ø
(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 17 (D) none of these
sin3 q - cos3 q cos q

22. – – 2 tanq cot q = – 1 if -
sin q - cos q 1 + cot2 q
(A) q Î ç 0, ÷ (B) q Î ç , p÷ (C) q Î ç p, ÷ (D) q Î ç ,2p÷
è 2ø è2 ø è 2ø è 2 ø
23. In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. If the measures of angles A and B satisfy the equation
2
2 tanx – k (1 + tan x) = 0, where k Î (0, 1), then the measure of the angle C is -
p p 5p p
(A) (B) (D) (D)
6 3 12 2
2 2
24. If A and B are acute positive angles satisfying the equations 3sin A + 2sin B = 1
and 3sin2A – 2sin2B = 0 then A + 2B is-
p p 2p
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
3 2 3
25. 2 sin11° 15' is equal to –
2+ 2- 2 2+ 2+ 2
(A) 2- 2+ 2 (B) 2- 2- 2 (C) (D)
2 2
2
26. If 60° + a & 60° – a are the roots of sin x + bsinx + c = 0, then -
2 2 2
(A) 4b + 3 = 12c (B) 4b + 3 = 12 c (C) 4b – 3 = –12c (D) 4b – 3 = 12c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
27. If x + y = 9 & 4a + 9b = 16, then maximum value of 4a x + 9b y – 12abxy is -
(A) 81 (B) 100 (C) 121 (D) 144
28. Let A,B,C are 3 angles such that cosA + cosB + cosC = 0
and if cosA cosB cosC = l(cos3A + cos3B + cos3C), then l is equal to -
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 6 9 12
n
29. Let n be an odd integer. If sin nq = å br sinr q , for every value of q , then -
r =0
(A) b0 = 1, b1 = 3 (B) b0 = 0, b1 = n
(C) b0 = -1, b1 = n (D) b0 = 0, b1 = n2 - 3n + 3
163
JEE-Mathematics
30. Value of tan75° - tan15° - 3 .tan75°.tan15° is
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) None of these
3p 1
31. If < a < p, 2cot a + is equal to
4 sin 2 a
(A) 1+ cot a (B) –1–cot a (C) 1 – cot a (D) – 1 + cot a
cos q + cos 3q
32. is equal to
sin q - sin 3q
2
(A) 1 + cot q (B) cot q (C) – cot q (D) – tan q
sin 2 20° + cos 4 20°

33. Value of is
sin4 20° + cos 2 20°
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) none of these
2
34.
( sin 2
a sin 2 b + sin 2 a cos 2 b + cos 2 a ) + ( sin 2 (2p + a) + cos 2 (6 p - a) + 1)
is equal to
æ 2æp ö 2æ pö ö
ç sin ç 3 - 4 p ÷ + cos ç 8 p + 3 ÷ + 2 ÷
è è ø è ø ø
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) none of these
2
cos 81°
35. The value of =
sin 3° sin 57° sin 63 °
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) none of these
3 3 3
36. If (cosq + cos2q) = cos q + cos 2q, then the least positive value of q is equal to -
p p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2
37. The number of solution(s) of sin2x + cos4x = 2 in the interval (0, 2p) is -
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2
38. The complete solution of the equation 7cos x + sin x cos x – 3 = 0 is given by -
p p
(A) np + ; (n Î I) (B) np - ; (n Î I)
2 4
-1 4 3p 4
(C) np + tan ; (n Î I) (D) np + , kp + tan -1 ; (n,k Î I)
3 4 3
39. If 0 £ a, b £ 90° and tan(a + b) = 3 and tan(a – b) = 2 then value of sin2a is -

1 1 1
(A) - (B) (C) (D) None of these
2 2 2
2 2
x x
40. Number of values of ‘x’ in (– 2p, 2p) satisfying the equation 2sin + 4.2cos = 6 is -
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 2
164
1
41. The most general solution of tanq = –1, cosq = is -
2
7p n 7p 7p
(A) np + , nÎI (B) np + (-1) , nÎI (C) 2np + , nÎI (D) None of these
4 4 4
æ qö
42. If sin q + 7 cos q = 5, then tan ç ÷ is a root of the equation :
è 2ø
2 2 2 2
(A) x - 6x + 1 = 0 (B) 6x - x - 1 = 0 (C) 6x + x + 1 = 0 (D) x - x + 6 = 0
1
43. A triangle ABC is such that sin(2A + B) = . If A, B, C are in A.P., then the angle A, B, C aree
2
respectively :
5p p p p p 5p p p 5p p 5p p
(A) , , (B) , , (C) , , (D) , ,
12 4 3 4 3 12 3 4 12 3 12 4
1
44. The number of solutions of the equation |cotx| = cotx + (0 £ x £ 2p) is :
sin x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
3 2 2 3
45. The number of solutions of the equation sin x cosx + sin x cos x + sinx cos x = 1 in the interval [0, 2p] is :
tan 3x - tan 2x
46. The set of values of x for which = 1 , is :
1 + tan 3x tan 2x
ìpü ì p ü ì p ü
(A) f (B) í ý (C) ínp + ,n Î I ý (D) í 2np + ,n Î I ý
î4 þ î 4 þ î 4 þ
2 2
47. The value of a for which the equation 4cosec (p (a + x)) + a – 4a = 0 has a real solution, is :
(A) a = 1 (B) a = 2 (C) a = 10 (D) none of these
48. Set of values of x in (-p, p) for which |4sinx – 1|< 5 is given by -
æ p 3p ö æ p 3p ö æ p 3p ö p 3p ö
(A) ç , ÷ (B) ç - , ÷ (C) ç , - ÷ (D) æç - , - ÷
è 10 10 ø è 10 10 ø è 10 10 ø è 10 10 ø
49. Set of values of 'a' in [0, 2p] for which log æ 1ö

(2 sin a - 1) £ 0 , is -
çx+ ÷
è xø
é p 5p ù æ p 5p ö æ p ö æ 5p ö æ 5p 7p ö
(A) ê , ú (B) ç , ÷ (C) ç 0 , ÷ È ç , p÷ (D) ç , ÷
ë6 6 û è6 6 ø è 6ø è 6 ø è 6 6 ø
50. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5p] satisfying the equation 3 sin2x – 7 sinx +2 = 0 is - [JEE 98]
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 10
51. General solution of tan 5q = cot 2q is- [AIEEE 2002]

np p np p np p np p
(A) q = + (B) q = + (C) q = + (D) q = + ,n Î Z
7 14 7 5 7 2 7 3
165
JEE-Mathematics
2
52. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 3p] satisfying the equation 2 sin x + 5 sin x – 3 = 0 is-
[AIEEE 2006]
(A) 6 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
1
53. If 0 < x < p, and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is - [AIEEE 2006]
2
(4 - 7) -(4 + 7) (1 + 7) (1 - 7)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 4 4
p
54. If a + b = and b + g = a then tan a equals - [JEE 2001 Screening, 1M out of 35M]
2
(A) 2(tan b + tan g ) (B) tan b + tan g (C) tan b + 2 tan g (D) 2 tan b + tan g
1 1
55. If q and f are acute angles satisfying sin q = , cos f = , then q + f Î [JEE 2004 Screening]
2 3
æ p pù æ p 2p ö æ 2p 5 p ö æ 5p ö
(A) ç , ú (B) ç , ÷ (C) ç , (D) ç , p ÷
è 3 2û è2 3 ø è 3 6 ÷ø è 6 ø
56. In an equilateral triangle, 3 coins of radii 1 unit each are kept so that they touch each other and also the sides
of the triangle. Area of the triangle is - [JEE 2005 Screening]
A
(A) 4 + 2 3 (B) 6 + 4 3
7 3 7 3
(C) 12 + (D) 3 +
4 4
B C
æ pö
57. Let q Î ç 0, ÷ and t1 = (tan q)tan q , t 2 = (tan q)cot q , t 3 = (cot q)tan q , t 4 = (cot q)cot q , then - [JEE 06,3M,–1M]
è 4ø
(A) t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 (B) t4 > t3 > t1 > t2 (C) t3 > t1> t2 > t4 (D) t2 > t3 > t1 > t4
sin x 2
58. 1- ³
1 + sin x 3 , then set of all possible values of sin x is :
æ 1ù é1 ö æ 1 1ö é 1 1ù
(A) ç -¥, - ú È ê , ¥ ÷ (B) ç - , ÷ (C) ê - , ú (D) None of these
è 2û ë 2 ø è 2 2ø ë 2 2û
SECTION - 2 : MULTIPLE CHOICE CORRECT QUESTIONS
sin x cos x
59. ƒ(x) = + is constant in which of following interval -
2
1 + tan x 1 + cot2 x
(A) ç 0, ÷ (B) ç , p ÷ (C) ç p, (D) ç ,2p ÷
è 2ø è2 ø è 2 ÷ø è 2 ø
æ qö
60. For a positive integer n, let fn (q) = ç tan ÷ (1 + sec q)(1 + sec 2q)(1 + sec 4q)....(1 + sec 2n q) . Then [JEE 99, 3M]
è 2ø
æ pö æ pö æ pö æ p ö
(A) f2 ç ÷ = 1 (B) f3 ç ÷ = 1 (C) f4 ç ÷ = 1 (D) f5 ç =1
è 16 ø è 32 ø è 64 ø è 128 ÷ø
166
61. If sin q + sin q + sin q + sin q + ......¥ = sec 4 a , then sinq is equal to -
2 2 (1 - cos2a ) (1 + cos2a)
(A) sec a tan a (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) cot2 a cosec2 a
(1 + cos2a)2 (1 - cos2a )2
62. If 2tan10° + tan50° = 2x, tan20° + tan50° = 2y, 2tan10° + tan70° = 2w and tan20° + tan70° = 2z, then
which of the following is/are true -
(A) z > w > y > x (B) w = x + y (C) 2y = z (D) z + x = w + y
2 2 2 2 2 n–1
63. If (3 – 4sin 1)(3 – 4sin 3)(3 – 4sin 3 ) ...... (3 – 4sin (3 )) = sina/sinb, where n Î N & a, b are integers in
radian, then the digit at the unit place of (a + b) may be-
(A) 4 (B) 0 (C) 8 (D) 2
m m
cos A + cos B ö æ sin A + sin B ö
64. The expression æç ÷ +ç ÷ where m Î N, has the value -
è sin A - sin B ø è cos A - cos B ø
m æ A - Bö
(A) 2 cot çè 2 ÷ø , if m is odd (B) 0, if m is odd
m æ A - Bö
(C) 2 cot çè , if m is even (D) 0, if m is even
2 ÷ø
65. The value of tan 3x – tan 2x – tan x is not equal to : JM-02(E)

(A) tan x tan 2x tan 3x (B) tan 2x cot x cot 3x (C) cot x cot 2x cot 3x (D) tan x tan 2x
6 6 2
66. The equation sin x + cos x = a has real solution, if
é 1ù é 1 1ù é1 ù
(A) a Î [–1, 1] (B) a Î ê -1, - ú (C) a Î ê - , ú (D) a Î ê , 1ú
ë 2û ë 2 2û ë2 û
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
67. Let a = cos x + cos ç x + ÷ + cos ç x + ÷ and b = sin x + sin ç x + ÷ + sin ç x + 3 ÷ then which one
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è ø
of the following hold(s) good?
(A) a = 2b (B) b = 2a (C) a + b = 0 (D) a ¹ b
68. The value of x satisfying the equation cos (ln x) = 0, is

p/2 –(2009)p/2 1000p – 3p/2
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) e
69. A circle centred at 'O' has radius 1 and contains the point A. Segment AB is
tangent to the circle at A and ÐAOB = q. If point C lies on OA and BC
bisects the angle ABO then OC equals
cos 2 q
(A) sec q (sec q – tan q) (B)
1 + sin q
1 1 - sin q
(C) (D)
1 + sin q cos 2 q
167
JEE-Mathematics
70. Which one of the following trigonometric statement does holds good?
æp ö æp ö æp ö 1 + tan x
(A) tan çè + x ÷ø = cot çè - x ÷ø (B) tan çè + x ÷ø =
4 4 4 1 - tan x
æp ö æp ö cos 2x
(C) tan çè + x ÷ø = sec 2x + tan 2x (D) tan çè + x ÷ø =
4 4 1 + sin 2x
1 - sin A sin A 1
71. If + = , for all permissible values of A, then A can belong to
1 + sin A cos A cos A
(A) First Quadrant (B) Second Quadrant
(C) Third Quadrant (D) Fourth Quadrant
72. The value(s) of q, which satisfy 3 – 2cosq – 4sinq – cos2q + sin2q = 0 is/are -
p
(A) q = 2np ; n Î I (B) 2np + ;nÎI
2
p
(C) 2np – ;nÎI (D) np ; n Î I
2
2 2 2
73. If cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x = 1 then -
p p
(A) x = (2n + 1) ,nÎI (B) x = (2n + 1) ,nÎI
4 2
p
(C) x = np ± ,nÎI (D) None of these
6
SECTION - 3 : COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

Paragraph-1
1
Let Pn(x) = (sinnx + cosnx) " n Î N and Q(m) = (cos 63°)m + (cos 57°)m + (cos 63°)m – 1 · (cos 57°)m – 1
n
" m Î N. Also given log102 = 0.3010; log103 = 0.4771.
74. The value of log1.3 ( Q(2)) is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) – 1
p
75. The value of 12 ( P4 (x) - P6 (x)) at x = equals
10
1
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D)

12
100
æ8 ö
76. Number of zeroes in ç P2 (x) ÷ after decimal before a significant figure starts, is
è9 ø
(A) 30 (B) 31 (C) 35 (D) 36
168
Paragraph-2
a is a root of the equation (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2x

b is a root of the equation 3 cos2x – 10 cos x + 3 = 0 and
g is a root of the equation 1 – sin 2x = cos x – sin x. 0 £ a, b, g £ p/2
77. cos a + cos b + cos g can be equal to
3 6 +2 2+6 3 3 +8 3 3+2
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
6 2 6 6
78. sin a + sin b + sin g can be equal to
14 + 3 2 5 3+4 2 1+ 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 2 6 6 2
79. sin (a – b) is equal to
1- 2 6 3-2 2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) (D)
6 6
SECTION - 4 : MATRIX - MATCH QUESTIONS
80. Match the following Column
Column-I Column-II
(A) Number of solution cos x = |x| is (P) 2

(B) The value(s) of x satisfying the equation x 0.5 log x (x - x) = 3log 9 4 , is
2
(Q) 3
(C) Number of values of x satisfying the equation logtanx(2 + 4cos x) = 2 2
in [0, 2p] (R) 4

(D) If the sum of the values of x satisfying equation, (S) 1
5 1 kp
5 sin x + - 5 = 2 sin 2 x + 2 , in (0, p) is
2 sin x 2 sin x 2
then k equals (T) 5
81. Match the following Column

Column I Column II
é p ù é 3p ù
(P) |4sin x – 1| < 5 , xÎ[0, p] (1) êë 0, 4 úû U êë 4 , p úû
é 3p ù
(Q) 4sin2 x – 8 sin x + 3 £ 0, xÎ[0, 2p] (2) êë 2 , 2p úû U{0}
é 3p ù
(R) |tanx| £ 1; x Î [0, p] (3) êë 0, 10 úû
é p 5p ù
(S) cos x – sin x ³ 1 ; xÎ[0, 2p] (4) êë 6 , 6 úû
Codes:
(P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) 2 3 4 1
(B) 4 2 1 3
(C) 2 4 3 1
(D) 3 4 1 2
169
JEE-Mathematics
2
é 2 æ 3p ö æ 3p öù
82. If [1 – sin (p + a) + cos (p + a)] + ê1 - sin ç + a ÷ + cos ç - a ÷ ú = a + b sin 2a then the value of ‘a’ &
ë è 2 ø è 2 øû
‘b’ are.................. & .................. respectively.
4 p 3p 5p 7p
83. Find the value of sin + sin 4 + sin 4 + sin 4
16 16 16 16
p
84. Find the smallest positive values of x & y satisfying, x - y = , cot x + cot y = 2
4
5
85. If (1 + sin t)(1 + cos t) = . Find the value of (1 – sin t)(1 – cos t).
4
sin 2 2q sin 2 4 q sin 2 8q p

86. The value of 2
+ 2
+ 2
(where q = ) is equal to :
cos q cos 2q cos 4 q 7
p 3p 5p 17p 2p 4p 6p 20 p
87. If P = cos + cos + cos + ... + cos and Q = cos + cos + cos + ... + cos ,
19 19 19 19 21 21 21 21
then find P – Q
1 1 1
88. Let A1 , A 2 - - - - A n be the vertices of an n-sided polygon such that = + . Find the value
A1 A 2 A1 A 3 A1 A 4
of n. (JEE 1994)
89 . Determine the smallest positive value of x (in degrees) for which

tan ( x + 100º ) = tan ( x + 50º ) tan x tan ( x - 50º ) (JEE 1993)
æ p öæ 3p öæ 5p öæ 7p ö 1
90. Prove that ç 1 + cos ÷ç 1 + cos ÷ç 1 + cos ÷ç 1 + cos ÷ = (JEE 1984)
è 8 øè 8 øè 8 øè 8 ø 8
2p cos x + cos y = 3
91. The solution set of the system of equations, x + y = , , where x & y are real, is ............
3 2
1
92. If cosec q + cot q = , then q lies in ................. quadrant.
2
p
93. Number of solutions of the equation sin 5q cos 3q = sin 9q cos 7q in éê0, ùú is .................
ë 4û
2
94. If cos 2q + 9 sin 2q – 6 sin q + 54 cos q = 1 then the value of 100 tan q + 9 tan q is equal to ............
95. If sinA = sinB & cosA = cosB, find the values of A in terms of B.
x
sec 2
96. Solve the equation : 1 + 2cosec x = – 2.
2
97. Solve for x, 13 - 18 tan x = 6tanx – 3, where – 2p < x < 2p.
170
98. Solve : cotq + cosecq = 3 for values of q between 0° & 360°.
99. Solve : sin5x = cos2x for all values of x between 0° & 180°.
100. Solve the equation : (1 – tanq) (1 + sin2q) = 1 + tanq.
101. Find the general solution of sec4q – sec2q = 2.
3 3
102. Solve the equation : cos3x.cos x + sin3x.sin x = 0.
103. Solve for x : sin3a = 4sinasin(x + a) sin(x – a) where a is a constant ¹ np, n Î I.
104. Solve the inequality : sin3x < sinx.
SECTION - 6 : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

3
105. If cos (y – z) + cos (z – x) + cos (x – y) = – , prove that cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 = sin x + siny + sinz.
2
sin 4 a cos 4 a 1 sin8 a cos 8 a 1

106. Prove that from the equality + = follows the relation + = .
(a + b)
3 3 3
a b a+b a b
107. For all values of a , b , g prove that :

a+b b+g g+a
cos a + cos b + cos g + cos (a + b + g) = 4 cos . cos . cos .
2 2 2
cos a - e q 1+e a
108. If cos q = , prove that tan = ± tan .
1 - e cos a 2 1-e 2
2 n-1 n-1
109. Prove that : cosec q + cosec 2 q + cosec 2 q + ...... + cosec 2 q = cot (q/2) - cot 2 q
5
rp 5
rp 1 æ p ö
110. Let x1 = Õ cos 11 and x2= å cos , then show that x1 · x2 = çè cos ec - 1÷ , where P denotes the
r =1 r =1 11 64 22 ø
continued product.
¥ ¥
111. Let q Î R and å sin ( 2 q)
k =2
k
= a. Find the value å éëcot ( 2 q) - cot ( 2 q)ùû sin ( 2 q)
3 k k 4 k
in terms of 'a'.
k =0
æAö æBö æCö æAö æBö æCö

112. If A + B + C = p prove that cot ç ÷ + cot ç ÷ + cot ç ÷ = cot ç ÷ ´ cot ç ÷ ´ cot ç ÷ (JEE 2000)
è2ø è 2ø è 2ø è 2ø è2ø è2ø
113. Find all values of q satisfying the equation sin7q = sinq + sin3q, where 0 £ q £ p.
é pù
114. For all q Î ê 0, ú , show that cos(sinq) ³ sin(cosq). (JEE 1981)
ë 2û
115. If cosecq - sinq = m; secq - cosq = n, eliminate q. (JEE 1970)
171
JEE-Mathematics
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C A B C

116. Prove that = 8 cos cos cos (JEE 1977)
cos A + cos B + cos C - 1 2 2 2
2 a 2 + ac + b 2
2
117. If a & b satisfy the equation, acos2q + bsin2q = c then prove that : cos a + cos b = .
a 2 + b2
æ 7p ö æ pö æ 3p ö
118. If X = sin ç q + ÷ + sin çè q - ÷ø + sin çè q + ÷,
è 12 ø 12 12 ø
æ 7p ö æ pö æ 3p ö
Y = cos ç q + ÷ + cos çè q - ÷ø + cos çè q + ÷
è 12 ø 12 12 ø
X Y
then prove that - = 2 tan2q.
Y X
119. Prove that ; cosec x . cosec 2x . sin 4x . cos 6x . cosec 10x
cos 3x cos 5x cos 7x cos 9x

= sin 2x sin 4x + sin 4x sin 6x + sin 6x sin 8x + sin 8x sin10x .
p
120. If tan a = where a = 6b, a being an acute angle,
q
1
prove that ; (p cosec2b – q sec2b) = p2 + q2
2
æp yö 3æ p y ö é 3 + sin 2 x ù
121. If tan ç + ÷ = tan ç + ÷ prove that siny = sinx ê ú
è 4 2ø è 4 2ø 2
ë 1 + 3 sin x û
p 1 2cos a ö
122. If a = then find the value of æç + .
7 è cos a cos 2a ÷ø
123. If a + b = g , prove that cos² a + cos² b + cos² g = 1 + 2 cos a cos b cos g.
a-b
124. If tan2 x · tan2 y = then prove that (a – b cos 2x) (a – b cos 2y) is independent of x and y..
a+b
125. If A + B + C = p and cot q = cot A + cot B + cot C, show that,

sin (A - q) . sin (B - q) . sin (C - q) = sin3 q.
126. Express sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C as the product of three trigonometrical ratios, where A,B,C are the angles of
0
a triangle. If the given expression is zero, then at least one angle of the triangle is 60 . (JEE 1962)
x y z 4xyz
127. If xy + yz + zx = 1 show that + + = (JEE 1971)
1- x 2
1- y 2
1- z 2
(1 - x )(1 - y 2 )(1 - z 2 )
2
128. Find all values of q, between 0 & p, which satisfy the equation cosq cos2q cos3q = 1/4.
172
129. Find the general solution of the trigonometric equation :
16 cos 4 x - 8 cos 2 x + 1 + 16 cos 4 x - 24 cos 2 x + 9 = 2 .
æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
130. Number of solution of cos 3 x + cos 3 ç + x ÷ + cos 3 ç + x ÷ = 0 in [0, 2p]
è 3 ø è 3 ø
p
131. Solve : 2 sin çæ 3x + ÷ö = 1 + 8 sin 2x .cos 2 2x .
è 4ø
132. Solve for x, (–p £ x £ p) the equation : 2(cosx + cos2x) + sin2x(1 + 2 cosx) = 2sinx.
p
133. Find the smallest positive value of x and y satisfying the equations : x – y = & cotx + coty = 2.
4
134. Find the value(s) of k for which the equation sinx + cos(k + x) + cos(k – x) = 2 has real solutions.
135. (a) Solve : sin2q = cos3q, 0° £ q £ 360°.
6 4 2
(b) Find the value of tan 20° – 33 tan 20° + 27 tan 20° – 1
(c) Prove that in an acute angled triangle ABC, the least values of SsecA and Stan2A are 6 and 9 respectively.
A B C
(d) If A+B+C = p ; prove that tan² + tan² + tan² ³ 1.
2 2 2
(e) Prove that the triangle ABC is equilateral iff , cot A + cot B + cot C = 3.
æAö æAö
(f) Prove that in triangle ABC, the least values of Scosec ç ÷ and Ssec2 ç ÷ are 6 and 4 respectively..
è2ø è2ø
136. Let S1 be the set of all those solutions of the equation (1 + a)cosq cos(2q – b) = (1 + a cos2q) cos(q – b)
which are independent of a and b and S2 be the set of all such solutions which are dependent on a and b.
(i) The sets S1 and S2 are given by -
(ii) Condition that should be imposed on a and b such that S2 is non-empty -
(iii) All the permissible values of b, if a = 0 and S2 is a subset of (0, p) is
137. Prove That

2p p 2p
(a) 4 cos · cos – 1 = 2 cos
7 7 7
( ) ( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
(b) 4 sin 27° = 5 + 5 - 3- 5
p 3p 5p 7p
(c) tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + tan2 = 28
16 16 16 16
173
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 7 : ASSERTION–REASON QUESTIONS
Assertion & Reason

These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
2 4xy
138. Statement-I– sec q = is positive for all real values of x and y only when x = y
(x + y)2
Because
2
Statement-II– t ³ 0 " t Î R
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
139. Statement-I– If A is obtuse angle in DABC, then tan B tan C < 1

Because
tan B + tan C
Statement-II– In DABC, tan A =
tan B tan C - 1
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
3æ 2p ö 3æ 4p ö æ 2p ö æ 4p ö
3 a+
140. Statement-I– cos a + cos ç a + ÷ + cos ç a + 3 ÷ = 3cosa cos ç a + 3 ÷ cos çè 3 ø
÷
è 3 ø è ø è ø
Because
3 3 3
Statement-II– If a + b + c = 0 Û a + b + c = 3abc
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
141. Statement-I – For any real value of q ¹ (2n+1)p or (2n + 1)p/2, nÎI, the value of the expression
cos 2 q - 1
y= is y £ 0 or y ³ 2 (either less than or equal to zero or greater than or equal to two)
cos 2 q + cos q
Because
Statement-II – sec q Î (–¥,–1] È [1,¥) for all real values of q.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
142. Statement-I – The equation 3 cos x - sin x = 2 has exactly one solution in [0, 2p].
Because
Statement-II – For equations of type acosq + bsinq = c to have real solutions in [0, 2p], c £ a 2 + b2
should hold true.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
********
174
ANSWER KEY
YEAR LONG REVISION EXERCISE
SECTION - 1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B D D C D B B C D
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C B A B B D A B A A
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B D B A D D D B A
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. B C A A C B A D B C
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. C B B B A A B B B C
Que. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Ans. A D B C B B B D
SECTION - 2
Que. 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Ans. BD ABCD ABD ABCD ABCD BC BCD BD ABC ABD
Que. 69 70 71 72 73
Ans. ACD ABC AD AB ABC
SECTION - 3
Que. 74 75 76 77 78 79
Ans. D A C AB AC C
SECTION - 4
80.(A)®(P), (B)®(S), (C)®(P), (D)®(Q) 81. (D)
SECTION - 5
3 5p p 13
82. a = 4 & b = – 2 83. 84. x = , y= 85. - 10
2 12 6 4
86. 7 87. 1 88. n = 7 89. 30º, 55º
91. f (Null set) 92. 2 quadrant
nd
93. 5 94. 8181
p 2
95. A = 2np + B 96. x = ( 4n - 1) 97. a,a+p,a–p,a–2p(where a = tan -1 )
2 3
450 810 1170
98. q = 60º or 300º 99. x = 90 , 90 , , 150 , ,
7 3 7 7 7
p p
100. q = np or q = np – ,nÎI 101. q = ( 2n ± 1)
4 10
p p
102. x = ( 2n + 1) 103. x = np ±
4 3
p p 3p 5p
104. 2np – < x < 0 + 2np or 2np + <x< + 2np or 2np + p < x < 2np +
4 4 4 4
175
JEE-Mathematics
SECTION - 6
a p 2p p 5p 7p 11p
111. 113. 0, , , p, , , ,
4 3 3 12 12 12 12
2 2/3 2 2/3
115. (m n) + (mn ) =1 122. 4
3A 3B 3C p 3p 5p 7p p 2p
126. - 4 cos cos cos 128. , , , . ,
2 2 2 8 8 8 8 3 3
é p pù é 2p 5p ù
129. x Î ê np + , np + ú È ê np + , np + nÎI
ë 6 3û ë 3 6 úû
p 17 p
130. 6 131. x = 2np + , 2np +
12 12
æ p p pö 5p p
132. çè - , - p, p, , - ÷ø 133. x = , y=
2 3 3 12 6
3 1 1 n –1
134. - £a£ or x = [np + (–1) sin (1 – 2a + 3 )
2 2 2
135. (a) 18º, 90º, 162º, 324º, 306º, 270º (b) 2
np ( -1)
n
b
136. (i) S1 = {np : n Î Z} , S2 = {q : q = + sin -1 ( a sin b ) + , n Î Z}
2 2 2
(ii) |a sin b| £ 1
np b
(iii) if a = 0 & q < p Þ 0 < + < p Þ –np < b < 2p – np
2 2
SECTION - 7
138. (B) 139. (A) 140. (C) 141. (B)
142. (A)
********
176

Trigonometric Functions and Equations (Unit - 1)

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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Recap of Early Classes

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND EQUATION

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

(1) sin q. cosec q = 1

(6) sec2 q – tan2 q = 1 or sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q or tan2 q = sec2 q - 1

Illustration 4. 2(sin6q + cos6q ) – 3 ( sin4q + cos4q ) + 1 is equal to

Illustration 5. Prove that : sec2q + cosec2q = sec2q × cosec2q.

3.0 DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS

4.0 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS

o nly sin e A ll +ve

5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES

(a) sin (2np + q) = sin q, cos (2np + q) = cos q, where n Î I

sin(90° + q) = cosq cos(90° + q) = –sinq tan(90° + q) = – cot q

Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

N.D. ® Not Defined

3p 1 + tan q + cos ecq

Illustration 8. sin(p + q) sin(p – q) cosec2q.

7.0 GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(i) y = sinx (ii) y = cosx

(v) y = secx (vi) y = cosecx

(-2p,1) (0,1) (2p,1) Y=1 Y=1

–5 p/2,0 –3p/2,0 –p/2,0 p/2,0 3p/2,0 5p/2,0 –p,0 p,0

8.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES

cot B cot A - 1 cot B cot A + 1

l Some more results

Illustration 9. Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.

3 1 3 cos 20° - sin20°

4(sin 60.cos 20° - cos 60°.sin 20°)

Illustration 10. Prove that tan70° = cot70° + 2cot40° .

4(sin 30º cos10º - cos 30º sin10º )

INTRODUCTION, BASIC IDENTITIES, DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS, TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

11. Which of the following is correct ?

9.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE

10.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT

FG C + DIJ cos FG C - DIJ

F C + DIJ sin FG C - DIJ

cos C + cos D = 2 cos GH

cos C – cos D = 2 sin GH

sin 5q + sin 2q - sin q

Illustration 14. Show that sin12°.sin48°.sin54° = 1/8

1é 2sin18° ù 1é sin 36° cos 36° ù

1é 2sin 36° cos 36° ù 1 é sin 72° ù 1 é 1 ù 1

11.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES

(i) sin (A+B+C) = sinAcosBcosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB – sinAsinBsinC

12.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES

(a) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 2q in terms of the angle q

(iv) 1 – cos2q = 2 sin2 q

(b) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 3q in terms of the angle q

(i) sin3q = 3sinq – 4sin3q.

(ii) cos3q = 4cos3q – 3cosq.

Illustration 16. Prove that : tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + A) = 3tan3A

3 + tan A + 3 tan A + 3 tan2 A - 3 + tan A + 3 tan A - 3 tan2 A

8 tan A tan A - 3 tan 3 A + 8 tan A

9 tan A - 3 tan 3 A æ 3 tan A - tan3 A ö

Illustration 17. Prove that : = tan 4 A .

3 - 4 cos 2A + cos 4A 3 - 4 cos 2A + 2cos 2 2A - 1