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Biology Form 5 Chapter 9
Biology Form 5 Chapter 9
Biology Form 5 Chapter 9
ECOSYSTEM
9.1
COMMUNITY
&
ECOSYSTEM
TERMS TO KNOW!!
HABITAT SPECIES POPULATION COMMUNITY
The natural A group of similar A group of The populations of
surrounding or organisms, able to organisms of the all organisms form
the living place interbreed and same species different species
of an organisms produce offsprings which live in the living in the same
same habitat habitat whilst
interacting with
each other
ECOSYSTEM
A few communities that live together in a habitat and interact with each
other including non-living components (abiotic)
NICHE
The role of an organism in an ecosystem
which includes its behaviour and interactions
with biotic and abiotic components in the
surroundings of its habitat
ecological species
niche niche
The role of a The way in which a species
species in its interacts with biotic and
surroundings abiotic components within
its suroundings
ECOSYSTEM
producers pH value
consumers temperature
decomposers light intensity
topography
microclimate
air humidity
pH
pH influences the growth and distribution of living organisms
Most organisms are capable living in neutral or almost neutral (pH 6-7)
Soil is a habitat for millions of worms and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa)
The pH of soil is important for suitability of worms, microorganisms and plants to living
Coconut trees
Pineapple prefer
(pH < 7)
alkaline Worms can live in neutral range
(pH > 7) (pH 6-8)
Temperature
Organisms have specific adaptive characteristic to live within their different temperature ranges
A little change in temperature causes a reduction in the metabolic rate of organisms
The enzymes that catalyse physiological responses are sensitive towards temperature changes
Most animal can live Polar bears live in Foxes can live in
Taller plants in tropical Only small plants (such as Coniferous forests have with
rainforests that are ferns) can grow under canopy temperature climate lower
exposed to high light (which provide low light density of plants due to low
Atmospheric pressure
The soil layer becomes A mountain slope which faces the
This area has less growth the one facing towards the land
Plants at different levels of
of plants except for This slope also gains more rainfall
altitudes are different in types,
some short, thorny shrubs distribution
sizes and density
with small and pointed The slope that receives more
Ex: Pine trees grow at higher
leaves sunlight is denser with plants
alt. are smaller in size
Temperature
Heat Balance
Microclimate Atmospheric
depends on Pressure
Milipedes
Air Humidity
Air humidity is the quantity of water vapour in the air which affects the distributions of
organisms in a habitat
There are more organisms occupying areas of high humidity than in dry areas (low humidity)
Low air humidity increases water loss in a stoma through transpiration (chap. 2)
This situation enhances the absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil
Transpiration also provides a cooling effect, therefore plants can maintain optimum temperature
for enzyme action
BIO EXPLORATION
A rhinoceros has a big body & its TSA/V
as the air humidity decreases in muddy water. When mud dries up, it
Differentiation
AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH
Organism that Photosynthesis Digestion Organism which
synthesises its own process process cannot synthesise its
food from non-organic own food but
materials by using light Plants Animal depends on a
energy and chemical Some Human various external
energy bacteria Fungi sources
TYPES OF NUTRITION
AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH
PHOTOTROPH CHEMOAUTOTROPH SAPROPHYTE HOLOZOIC PARASITE
Organisms that Bacteria which Saprophytic Organisms that eat Organisms that
synthesise complex synthesise organic organisms which solid organic absorb nutrients
organic compounds coumpounds using obtain food in the substances (other from the hosts
from together with light energy released from form of organic organisms), then
(photosynthesis) oxidation of inorganic materials from digested and
substances (ammonia) dead and decaying absorbed into the
through chemosynthesis organic substances body.
Nitrobacter sp.
TROPHIC LEVELS
Microorganisms
decompose waste
substances into
simpler organic
substances
In a food chain:
It starts with the producer and ends with either a secondary consumer/tertiary consumer
Organisms feed on organisms from the previous trophic level
Energy is transferred from the consumed organisms to the feeding organisms
Energy is transferred between trophic levels when an organism eats other organisms grow
which it gains its energy. This energy is transferred to the organism after it has digested
and assimilated the food to form new substances in the body.
In a food web:
It consists of several
food chains
se e
organisms at every trophic
s
inc crea
Tertiary consumer
level in a food chain 400 kg/km^2
re a
de
Dr
ym
nis ms
rga nis
ms
ass
Secondary consumer
2100 kg/km^2
f o orga
de
Shows the total
cre
g ni
csa
Siz er of
a se
d ne
Primary consumer
csa
eo
of all organisms in
mb
g ni
s
21000 kg/km^2
every trophic level
Nu
Producer
Biomass is measured
21000000 kg/km^2 by using dry mass
PYRAMID OF ENERGY The food energy may be stored in
Demonstrates the total body tissues, or transferred into
energy which is present environment in form of excrement
in an ecosystem (faeces) or discharged as urine
When food
Energy source
molecules are
Light Chemical Tertiary consumer
0.1% decomposed for
rs
(photosynthesis) respiration and
sfe
90
This chemical other reactions,
ra n
%e
energy (only 10%) yt Secondary consumer some energy is
ne
1%
erg
rgy
environment
en
g ni
csa
to next trophic
los
d ne
10 %
through heat
d ne
level
s
Primary consumer
csa
g ni
10%
90% of the
Producer
energy is
dissipated
100%
PARASITSM
INTERACTION An interaction that
SAPROPHYTISM benefits one
SYMBIOSIS
organism but
An interaction in which Occurs when different harms the other
an organism gets its species that live together, organism
food from dead interact with each other
organic materials
MUTUALISME COMMENSALISM
An interaction that gives An interaction that
benefits to both organisms provides benefits to
only organism without
causing any harm to
the other organism
INTERACTION
PREDATION COMPETITION
An interaction Occurs when
involving an organisms in a
organism (predator) habitat compete
that eats another in order to get
organism (prey) basic needs such
as food, water,
light and mates
Pneumatophore
Seeds
Roots
Adaptation Features
of Mangrove Trees
Buttress
Prop roots
Roots
Leaves Prevent escaping water vapour from air currents
and decreasing water loss from the leaf.
Mangrove leaves have thick cuticles and sunken stomata which can reduce the rate of
transpiration
Theses leaves have succulent leaves that can store water and special structure known as
hydathode to eliminate excess salt
Mature leaves can store salt, which will fall off when the concentration of salt stored is too high
Thick cuticles
can be seen by
their thick waxy
appearance
Excess salt
Pneumatophore roots
Pneumatophore roots are short root projections from the soil surface for aeration in water-
submerged areas
The root allows the gas exchange between the submerged root and atmosphere through lenticels
Example: Avicennia sp.
Plants start to
conquer an
uninhabited area,
breed and form
colonies in that A few species of dominant
area plants in a habitat are
gradually being replaced by
other species called successor
COASTAL ZONE
Coastal zone is the area that is most exposed to big waves
This zone is dominated by pioneer species [ex: Avicennia sp. & Sonneratia sp.]
An enlarged root system and pneumatophores help the trees to trap mud and organic
substances which are brought by high tides
Mud accumulation slowly begins and as a result, the soil becomes higher denser
Rhizophora sp. succeeds and replaces the pioneer species
Pandanus sp.
Nypa fruticans
Importance of
Mangrove Ecosystem
PROTECTION ZONE
Importance of
Mangrove Ecosystem
FISHERY RESOURCES
Importance of
Mangrove Ecosystem
FORESTRY RESOURCES
Importance of
Mangrove Ecosystem
FOOD AND MEDICINE RESOURCES
9.2
POPULATION
ECOLOGY
POPULATION ECOLOGY POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
A branch of ecology which How the organisms of
studies the interaction of a same species are able to
population with its spread out in a habitat
surroundings
Water
Salt Con
ral te
ne
i
nt
M
Soil pH Light
The optimum temperature for plant growth is between T
25°C - 30°C E
High temperature can cause enzyme to denatured.
M
Biochemical processes in plants are disrupted and they:
+ stunt the growth of plants P
+ increase the rate of water evaporation by transpiration E
+ slow the rate of photosynthesis R
Low temperatures reduce the activities of A
enzymes which slow down the biochemical reaction
T
U
R
E
W
Water is needed for enzyme activities, photosynthesis,
transport and support in herbaceous plants A
Dry regions such as a desert and tundra areas as at the T
poles have low population distribution and also low E
density of plants R
L
I Light is very important for the process of
G photosynthesis in plants
H Areas which receive little light have a
lower number of plants
T
The pH of soil is important for nutrient absorption by the roots
Soil in which the pH is either too acidic or too alkaline will soil
cause lower absorption of nutrients by plants ph
The growth of plants will be disrupted due to lack of nutrients
A quadrat is a square-framed
structure which is made of wood,
iron or plastic