Namma Kalvi

www.nammakalvi.org

ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy 12

,ay; 5 ehfhpfk;/ bjhHpy;/ tzpfk;

ciueil kjuhrg;gl;odk; 5
bra;a[s; bja;tkzpkhiy ,uhkyp=;f mofshh;

,ay;
bra;a[s; njthuk; jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;
bra;a[s; mfehD}W mk;@tdhh;
Jizg;ghlk; jiyf;Fsk; njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
,yf;fzk; gokk;

,ay; 5
ciueil cyfk;
kjuhrg;gl;odk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y. mJ ek;gpf;if ikak;. fhuzk; ?
m) neuo/ kiwKf ntiytha;g;g[fspd; fsk;
M) bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs; thfd cw;gj;jpapy; g=;F
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
,) bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
<) m/ M/ , midj;Jk;  [tpil: <]
2. Tw;W: ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; berthsh;fs; brd;id nehf;fp te;jdh;.
fhuzk;: fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;/ Jzp rhu;e;jjhfnth ,Ue;jJ.
m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; rhp  [tpil: <]
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW ? 1. khtypg[ur; bryt[
M) gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha; ? 2. fy;nfhlhp
,) gy;yhtuk; ? 3. mU=;fhl;rpafk;
<) vGk;g{h; ? 4. Ttk;
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 [tpil: ,]
201
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

12 FWtpdh
1. fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
ŠŠ fhypd; bkf;fd;rpapd; bjhFg;g[fisf; bfhz;L 1869,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l E}yfk;.
ŠŠ Xiyr;Rtofs;/ jhs;Rtofs;/ g[j;jf=;fs; vdg; bgUk; bjhFg;g[fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5
rpWtpdh
,ay;

1. brd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahs=;fspy; ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ŠŠ brd;id efhpd; xt;bthU gFjpf;Fk; tuyhW cz;L.
ŠŠ me;jg; gz;ghl;L milahs=;fis vz;zpf;ifapy; mlf;Fjy; kpff; fodk;.
ŠŠ 
,e;jpa rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy ghzpapy; fl;lg;gl;l fl;ll=;fs; ,d;W brd;idapd;
gHikiag; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
ŠŠ 
Mtz=;fis Kiwahff; ifahSk; Mtzf; fhg;gfk; (bkl;uh!; buf;fhl; Mgp!;)
rhurdpf; fl;ll Kiwapy; mike;jJ.
ŠŠ 
bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iw/ gz;ghl;il mwptjw;F vGk;g{h; mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ nfhl;il
mU=;fhl;rpafk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
ŠŠ ,e;jpahtpd; bghJE}yfk; fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; etPdkhf tsh;e;J tUk; bghpa E}yfk;.

beLtpdh
1. `xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk;~ eP=;fs; ghh;j;j my;yJ thH;e;j xU efuk; Fwpj;J
,U gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
Kd;Diu :
xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk; cz;L vd;gjpy; ehd; ghh;j;J tsh;e;j
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

brd;id efuj;ijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.

brd;id :
bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; EiHt[thapy; vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; brd;id ,d;W jkpHfbj=;Fk;
gutp thGk; jkpHh;fspd; gz;ghl;L milahsk;. brd;id ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ik
efu=;fSs; xd;W kw;Wk; jkpHfj;jpd; jiyefuk;. brd;id vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; gFjpa[k;
mjd; Rw;Wg;gFjpfSk; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpypUe;nj thH;e;jjw;fhd jla=;fisf;
bfhz;Ls;sd.
khDl vr;rk; :
gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l fy;nfhlhp ,e;jpa mfH;tha;t[j;Jiw tuyhw;wpy;
jpUg;g[Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. TLth+;nrhp/ gy;yhtuk;/ g[Hy; nghd;w gFjpfspy; ,d;W
fpilf;Fk; khDl vr;r=;fs; ekJ gHikia czu;j;Jfpd;wd. ,d;W brd;idapd; xU
gFjpahf tps=;Fk; kapyhg;g{h; 2Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypah;gh~ vDk;
JiwKfkhfr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

202
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
ghly; bgw;w jyk; :
jpUbthw;wpa{h;/ jpUthd;kpa{h;/ kapyhg;g{h; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s nfhapy;fs; ghly; bgw;w/ 12
Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l jykhf cs;sd.
ePh;epiy ? tofhy; :
tlbrd;idf;Ff; bfhw;wiyahW/ kj;jpa brd;idf;Ff; Ttk;/ bjd; brd;idf;F
milahW fPnH ghyhW ,it ehd;Fk; ,izf;Fk; gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;/ fhl;ld; fhy;tha;
,Ue;jd. 18 bghpa Xilfs;/ 540f;Fk; nkw;gl;l rpwpa Xilfs; vd ,aw;ifaha; tofhy; 5
bgw;wpUe;jJ. Mdhy; mit v=;F nghapd vd;W bjhpatpy;iy.

,ay;
efuk; ? cUthf;fk; :
brapd;l; $hh;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns cs;s tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp `bts;is efuk;~
vd;Wk; btspna ,Ue;j FoapUg;g[ `fUg;gh; efuk;~ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lJ. fpHf;fpe;jpa
epWtdk; bgUk;ghYk; tzpfj;ijna bra;jJ. ,jdhy; berthsh;fs; brd;idia nehf;fp
te;jdh;. mth;fs; thH;e;j gFjpjhd; tz;zj;Jf;fhud; ngl;il vd;gJ tz;zhug;ngl;il
vd;Wk; rpd;djwpg;ngl;il rpe;jhjhpg; ngl;il vd;Wk; njhd;wpaJ. tlbrd;idia
kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;Wk; bjd;brd;idia brd;idg;gl;odk; vd;wdh;. M=;fpnyah;
,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J kjuh!; vd;W miHj;jdh;. mJ ,d;W brd;idahf cs;sJ.
M=;fpnyahpd; mjpfhu ikakhd ,e;efuk; M=;fpnyaiu vjph;f;f Kjy; jskhf mike;j
efukhf tps=;fpaJ.
fy;Y}hpfs; ? gs;spfs; :
ŠŠ 1715,y; cUthd `g[dpj nkhp njthya ju;kg; gs;sp~.
ŠŠ 1812,y; cUthd brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hp.
ŠŠ 1837,y; cUthd fpwp!;Jtf; fy;Y}hp.
ŠŠ 1840,y; gpurpbld;rp gs;sp (khepyf; fy;Y}hp).
ŠŠ 1857,y; brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
ŠŠ 1914,y; cUthd ,uhzpnkhpf; fy;Y}hp.
nghd;w fy;Y}hp gHik tha;e;J mwptpd; efukhf tps=;FfpwJ.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
gz;ghl;L milahs=;fs; :
brd;idapd; xt;bthU gFjpf;Fk; tuyhW cz;L. gz;ghl;L milahs=;fis
vz;zpf;ifapy; mlf;FtJ fodk;. ,e;jpa rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy ,d;Wk; brd;idapd;
gHikiag; giwrhw;Wfpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fl;ll=;fshfj; jkpH;ehL
Mtzf; fhg;gfk;/ vGk;g{h; mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ nfhl;il mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ fd;dpkhuh
E}yfk; nghd;wit tps=;Ffpd;wd.
ek; brd;id (,d;iwa brd;id):
,d;W brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y. mJ ek;gpf;if ikak;. brd;idia
ikakpl;L bjhHpw;rhiyfSk;/ epWtd=;fSk; Vw;gLj;jp neuo/ kiwKf tha;g;g[fs;
cUthfpd;wd. fzpdp bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs;/ thfd cw;gj;jpapy; ,d;W brd;id
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa mstpy; bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
kpd;dQg; bghUs;fs; cUthf;Fk; ikakhft[k; jpfH;fpwJ.
Kot[iu:
,j;jF bgUikbfhz;l brd;id efuk; ehd; ghh;j;J thH;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; 203
bgUikbfhz;l gHikiag; giwrhw;Wk; efukhf tps=;FfpwJ.
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org

12 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. M=;fpnyah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F moj;jskhft[k; mjpfhu ikakhft[k; tps=;fpa flw;fiu efuk;
5

m) kjuhrg;gl;odk;
,) g[Jr;nrhp
M) fhtphpg{k;gl;odk;
<) bfhw;if [tpil: m]
,ay;

2. bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; EiHt[thapy; vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ

m) jpUg;gjp M) brd;id
,) jpUtde;jg[uk; <) fd;dpahFkhp  [tpil: M]

3. jkpHfj;jpd; jiyefuk;
m) kJiu M) nfhak;g[j;J}h; ,) jpUr;rp <) brd;id  [tpil: <]

4. 
brd;idf;F mUnfa[s;s Foak;/ mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; nghd;w gFjpfspy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l
mfHha;t[g; gzp epWt[tJ
m) mg;gFjpapd; kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; gHikia xU ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;Fk; Kw;gl;lJ
vd;gij
M) mg;gFjpapd; kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; gHikia ,uz;lhapuk;; Mz;LfSf;Fk; Kw;gl;lJ
vd;gij
,) mg;gFjpfspy; kdpj thH;t[ eilbgwtpy;iy vd;gij
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M]
5. brd;idapy; Xlf;Toa ................... gLif kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd fs=;fspy;
xd;W vdyhk;.
m) milahw;Wg; M) ghyhw;Wg;
,) Ttkhw;Wg; <) bfhw;wiyahw;Wg;  [tpil: <]
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

6. 
,e;jpa mfHha;t[j;Jiw tuyhw;wpy; bgUk; jpUg;g[Kidia Vw;gLj;jpa fy;nfhlhp
fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l ,lk;
m) TLth+;nrhp M) gy;yhtuk; ,) g[Hy; <) kapyhg;g{h; [tpil: M]
7. fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypah;gh~ vd;Dk; JiwKfkhfr; Rl;lg;gLk;
brd;idapd; ,d;iwa xU gFjp
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp M) kPdk;ghf;fk; ,) kapyhg;g{h; <) tlgHdp [tpil: ,]
8. gy;yhtuj;jpy; cs;s gy;yth; Filtiu ................... fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;kd; M) Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd;
,) Kjyhk; ee;jpth;kd; <) @d;whk; ee;jph;tkd; [tpil: m]
9. brd;idapy; fpilj;jtw;Ws; kpfg; gHikahd fy;btl;L
m) gy;yhtuk; fy;btl;L M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp fy;btl;L
,) kapyhg;g{h; fy;btl;L <) khjtuk; fy;btl;L [tpil: m]
10. brd;idapy; ee;jpth;kd; fy;btl;L fpilf;fg;bgw;Ws;s ,lk;
204 m) gy;yhtuk; M) khjtuk; ,) jpUty;ypf;nfzp <) tlgHdp [tpil: ,]
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

11. 
ts;sy; gr;irag;gh; ................... ejpf;fiuapy; Fspj;Jtpl;L mUfpy; cs;s nfhtpypy;
tHpgl;ljhf xU Fwpg;g[/ mtuJ ehl;Fwpg;gpy; cs;sJ. 12
m) Ttk; M) milahW
,) bfhw;wiyahw;W <) ghyhw;W [tpil: m]

12. gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;thapy; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp/ g. $Pthde;jk; cs;spl;l ez;gh;fSld;

glFg; gazk; bra;jth;
m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fz;zjhrd; <) fhkuhrh; [tpil: M]
5

,ay;
13. brd;idapny xUtha;f;fhy; g[Jr;
nrhp efh; tiu ePSk; ? vd;W `khtypg[ur; bryt[~ vDk; jiyg;gpy; ftpijahf;fpath;
m) kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp M) g. $Pthde;jk;
,) fz;zjhrd; <) ghujpjhrd;  [tpil: <]
14. fp.gp. 1647,y; vGjg;gl;l gj;jpuk; xd;wpy; ~~bjhz;lkz;lyj;Jg; g[Hy; nfhl;lj;J +hapW
ehl;Lr; brd;dg;gl;odk;~ vd;W fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;ghy; mwpag;gLk; bra;jp
m) Fg;gk; efukhf khw;wk; bgw;w tuyhW M) tskpF brd;idapd; tzpf nkk;ghL
,) brd;id kf;fspd; bry;t thH;f;if <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]

15. 
kapyhg;g{Uf;F tlf;nf rpy Fg;g=;fs; kl;Lnk ,Ue;j kzy;btspia M=;fpnyah;
Fonaw;wj;Jf;fhd ,lkhfj; njh;e;bjLj;jth;
m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) fhy;gh;l; ,) ,uhgh;l; fpist; <) jhk!; gpl; [tpil: m]
16. Ttk; Mw;iw ................... vd;Wk; miHj;jdh;.
m) tlgHdp MW M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW
,) khjtuk; MW <) gy;yhtuk; MW [tpil: M]
17. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) tlbrd;id ? 1. ghyhW
M) bjd;brd;id ? 2. Ttk;
,) kj;jpabrd;id ? 3. milahW
<) bjd;brd;idf;Fk;fPH; ? 4. bfhw;wiyahW
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 ,) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 <) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 [tpil: m]

18. 
gpuhd;rp!; nl kapyhg;g{Uf;F tlf;nf rpy Fg;g=;fs; kl;Lnk ,Ue;j kzy;btspiar;
brd;dg;ghpd; ,Ukfd;fsplkpUe;J th=;fpa ehs;
m) 22.08.1639 M) 23.09.1739 ,) 23.08.1640 <) 24.10.1642 [tpil: m]
19. brapd;l; $hh;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns ,Ue;j gFjp ................... vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) bts;isah; efuk; M) nfhl;ilefuk;
,) jkpHh; efuk; <) fUg;gh; efuk; [tpil: m]
20. brapd;l; $hh;$; nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ug;gth;fspd; njitfis epiwntw;Wk; gzpahsh;fs;/
tzpfh;fs; nghd;nwhUf;fhf btspna mikj;j FoapUg;g[fs; ................... vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) bts;isah; efuk; M) fUg;gh; efuk;
,) nfhl;il efuk; <) jkpHh; efuk; [tpil: m]
205
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
21. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
12 m) tlbrd;idg; gFjpfs; ? 1. kjuh!;
M) bjd;brd;idg; gFjpfs; ? 2. kjuhrg;gl;odk;
,) M=;fpnyah;fs; ? 3. brd;idg;gl;odk;
m) 2/ 3/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 3 ,) 1/ 2/ 3 <) 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m]

5
22. 1646Mk; Mz;od; fzf;bfLg;gpd;go brd;idefhpd; kf;fs; bjhif
m) 18/000 M) 25/000 ,) 19/000 <) 29/000 [tpil: ,]
,ay;

23. brd;id efuhl;rp cUthf;fgg;l;l Mz;L

m) 1639 M) 1646 ,) 1688 <) 1768 [tpil: ,]
24. xU=;fpize;j brd;id khfhzj;jpd; Kjy; jiyth;
m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) vyp nay; ,) jhk!; gpl; <) jhdpnay; [tpil: M]
25. vypnaiyj; bjhlh;e;J brd;id khfhzj;jpd; jiytuhdth;
m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) jhk!; gpl;
,) ,uhgh;l; fpist; <) jhk!; kd;nuh  [tpil: M]

26. ................... Ml;rpf;fhyj;ijr; brd;idapd; bghw;fhyk; vd;gh;.

m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) vyp nay;
,) jhk!; gpl; <) ,uhgh;l; fpist;  [tpil: ,]

27. brd;idapy; Inuhg;gpa Kiwf; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtd=;fs; njhd;wpa E}w;whz;L

m) fp.gp. 17 M) fp.gp. 16 ,) fp.gp. 18 <) fp.gp. 19 [tpil: ,]
28. Mrpahtpy; cUthd Kjy; Inuhg;gpaf; fy;tp Kiwapyhd g[dpj nkhp njthya ju;kg; gs;sp
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1615 M) 1635 ,) 1675 <) 1715  [tpil: <]
29. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hp ? 1) 1914
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

M) fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}hp ? 2) 1857

,) gpurpbld;rp fy;Y}hp ? 3) 1840
<) brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; ? 4) 1837
c) ,uhzpnkhp fy;Y}hp ? 5) 1912
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 3/ 1 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 5/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5 [tpil: m]
30. M=;fpnyahpd; epjp cjtpapd;wp ,e;jpah; xUtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epWtdk;
m) ,uhzpnkhpf; fy;Y}hp M) gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hp
,) brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hp <) fpwpj;Jtf;fy;Y}hp [tpil: M]

31. ,e;njh?rhurdpf; fl;llg; ghzpapy; 1768,y; fl;o Kof;fg;gl;l Kjy; fl;llk;;

m) nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid M) brd;idg;gy;fiyf;fHfk;
,) upg;gd; fl;llk; <) tpf;nlhhpah mu=;F [tpil: m]
32. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bghJE}yfk;
m) ruRtjpkfhy; E}yfk; M) bfhy;fj;jh E}yfk;
206
,) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; <) jpUtde;jg[uk; E}yfk; [tpil: ,]
 www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
33. mz;zhrhiyf;F (kt[z;l; nuhL) mLj;jjhf kjuhrg;gl;odj;jpd; kw;bwhU Kf;fpakhd
rhiy ................... beL+;rhiyahFk;. 12
m) g{tpUe;jty;yp M) jpUbthw;wpa{h;
,) rpe;jhjphpg;ngl;il <) kt[ypthf;fk;  [tpil: m]

34. 1856,y; bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;l ,lk;

m) vGk;g{h;
,) ,uhag[uk;
M) fpz;o
<) jpUthd;kpa{h;  [tpil: ,]
5

,ay;
35. M=;fpnyaUf;Fk; brd;id khefUf;Fk; Vwj;jhH 300 Mz;Lfhykhf ,Ue;j cwt[ Kot[f;F
te;j ehs;
m) 1942 mf;nlhgh; 2 M) 1945 $^d; 15
,) 1947 Mf!;l; 15 <) 1950 $dthp 26 [tpil: ,]
36. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) brd;id ,yf;fpar; r=;fk; ? 1) 1869
M) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; ? 2) 1812
,) fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; ? 3) 1860
<) mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk; ? 4) 2010
m) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 ,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 [tpil: m]
37. fhypd; bkf;fd;rpapd; bjhFg;g[fis mog;gilahff; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l E}yfk;
m) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; M) ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk;
,) fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; <) brd;id ,yf;fpar; r=;fk; [tpil: ,]
38. Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;bghpa E}yfk;
m) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; M) jpUtde;jg[uk; E}yfk;
,) ruRtjpkfhy; E}yfk; <) mz;zhE}w;whz;L E}yfk;  [tpil: <]

FWtpdh
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
1. brd;id efuhl;rp/ khfhzk; cUthd mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
efuhl;rp :
1646Mk; Mz;od; efhpd; kf;fs; bjhif 19000. ,ij mwpe;J 1688,y; efuhl;rp
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
khfhzk; :
ŠŠ M=;fpnyau; Ml;rp bra;tjw;F trjpahf bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; gy gFjpfis cs;slf;fpr;
brd;id khfhzj;ij cUthf;fpdu;.
ŠŠ jiyth; ? vyp nay; mtiuj; bjhlh;e;J jhk!; gpl;. ,tuJ Ml;rpf;fhyk; brd;idapd;
bghw;fhyk; vd;gu;.
2. ky;ypau;gh ? tpsf;Ff.
bjhy; gH=;fhy khDl vr;r=;fis czu;j;Jk; gHikahd brd;idapd; xU gFjpahf
tps=;Fk; kapyhg;g{h; fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypau;gh~ vDk;
JiwKfkhfr; Nl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
207
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
3. brd;id ? Xh; fhl;Lkuk; tpsf;Ff.
12 ŠŠ ,e;jpahtpy; @d;W E}w;whz;Lfshf M=;fpnyahpd; Ml;rpf;F moj;jskhft[k;/ mjpfhu
ikakhft[k; tps=;fpa flw;fiu efuk; kjuhrg;gl;odk;.
ŠŠ mJ ,d;W gug;gug;ghd brd;id khefukhf tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;fg;glhj
,e;efuk; fhl;Lkuk; nghy; jd; kdk; nghd nghf;fpy; tsh;fpwJ.

5
ŠŠ mjdhy; brd;id Xh; fhl;Lkuk; vd;gJ rhyg; bghUe;Jk;.

4. brd;id efhpd; gHikahd nfhapy;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

,ay;

jpUbthw;wpa{h;/ jpUKy;iythapy;/ jpUthd;kpa{h;/ kapyhg;g{h; ,it Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F

Kd;g[ ghly; bgw;w js=;fs; MFk;.
5. brd;id vd;w bgah; tsh;r;rp bgw;wjid tpsf;Ff.
ŠŠ 
tlbrd;idg; gFjpia kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;Wk;/ bjd;brd;idg; gFjpia
brd;idg;gl;odk; vd;Wk; mikj;jdu;.
ŠŠ M=;fpnyau; ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J kjuh!; vd;W bgah; Nl;odu;.
ŠŠ kjuh!; gpd;g[ bkl;uh!; MfpaJ.
ŠŠ ,d;W brd;id vd;W bgUiknahL tps=;FfpwJ.

6. bkl;uh!; buf;fhl; MgP!; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

Mtz=;fis Kiwahff; ifahSk; gHf;fk; bfhz;l M=;fpnyah;fshy; cUthf;fg;
gl;lJ. rhurdpf; fl;ll Kiwapy; mike;jJ. ,d;W jkpH;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk; vd;W
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. brd;idf;F ,aw;if bfhLj;j tofhy;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.
ŠŠ tlbrd;id ? bfhw;wiyahW/ bjd;brd;id/ milahW.
ŠŠ kj;jpa brd;id ? Ttk;/ ghyhW.
,it ehd;ifa[k; ,izg;gJ/ gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;.
8. brd;id efhpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy fhy;tha;fisf; TWf.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

fhl;ld; fhy;tha;/ gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;/ tpUfk;ghf; fhy;tha;.

9. 
brd;idapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; tofhy;fshf vj;jid bghpa Xilfs;/ rpwpa Xilfs;
fhzg;gl;ld>
ŠŠ 18 bghpa Xilfs;/ 540 rpwpa Xilfs;.
ŠŠ kiHePh; rpwpa Xilfs; tHpahf bghpa Xilfis mile;J gpwF MWld; nrh;;e;J flypy;
fyf;fpwJ.

10. ghujpjhrd; gf;fp=;fhk;fhy;thapy; glFg; gazk; bra;jth;fs; vd;W ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;>

kapiy rPdp. nt=;flhrhkp/ g. $Pthde;jk;
11. Ttk; ejpapy; Fspj;Jtpl;L nfhapypy; tHpgl;lth; ahh;>
ts;sy; gr;irag;gh; Ttk; ejpapy; Fspj;Jtpl;L mUfpy; cs;s nfhapypy; tHpgl;lth; Mthh;.

12. 
brd;idapy; fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdk; fhy;gjpg;gjw;F 400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;
g[fH;bgw;wpUe;j fpuhk=;fs; ahit>
nrj;Jg;gl;L (nrw;Wg;gl;L)/ E=;fk;ghf;fk;/ tpahrh;gho/ khjtuk;/ nfhak;ngL/ jhk;guk;.
208
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
13. brapd;l; $hh;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp/ btspna FoapUg;g[fs; cs;s
gFjp vt;thW miHf;fg;gl;lJ> 12
ŠŠ bts;isau; efuk; = cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp.
ŠŠ fUg;gu; efuk; = btspna FoapUg;g[fs; ,Ue;j gFjp.

14. kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; gFjp vJ>

cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp bts;isau; efuKk;/ btspna cs;s FoapUg;g[ gFjp fUg;gu;
efuKk; ,ize;j gFjp. kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;W miHg;gu;.
5

,ay;
15. fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp Kjd;Kjyhf brd;idapy; bra;j tzpfk; ahJ>
fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp Kjd;Kjyhf brd;idapy; bra;j tzpfk; Jzp tzpfk; MFk;.

rpWtpdh
1. brd;id bjhd;ika tha;e;j efuk; vd;gJw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
ŠŠ brd;idf;F mUnfa[s;s Foak;/ mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; nghd;w gFjpapy; nkw;bfhz;l
mfHha;t[. bfhw;wiyahw;Wg; gLif. gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l fy;nfhlhp.
ŠŠ TLth+;nrhp/ gy;yhtuk;/ g[Hy; nghd;w gFjpfspy; ,d;Dk; fpilf;Fk; khDl vr;rk;.
ŠŠ kapyhg;g{h;2Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; ky;ypah;gh vDk; JiwKfkhfr;
Rl;lg;gl;lJ. jpUbey;ntypf;nfzpapy; fpilj;j ee;jpth;kd; fy;btl;L
nghd;wit brd;idapd; bjhd;ikia tpsf;Fk; rhd;whf mikfpwJ.
2. brd;id mwptpd; efuk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
ŠŠ 18Mk; E}w;whz;onyna Inuhg;gpa Kiwf; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtdk; njhd;wpd.
ŠŠ 1715,y; g[dpj nkhp njthya ju;kg;gs;sp
ŠŠ 1812 brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hp
ŠŠ 1840 khepyf; fy;Y}hp (gpurpbld;rp fy;Y}hp)
ŠŠ 1857 brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;
ŠŠ 1914 ,uhzpnkhp fy;Y}hp ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
,it kl;Lky;yhky; M=;fpnyahpd; cjtpapd;wp ,e;jpah; xUtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
fy;Y}hpahf gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hp tps=;FfpwJ. kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp/ ftpd;fiyf; fy;Y}hp
nghd;w gy;Jiw rhh;e;j fy;Y}hpfs; ,=;Fs;sd.
3. ,e;njh?rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy ? tpsf;Ff.
Kfyhaf; fl;llf;fiy/ gphpj;jhdpaf; fl;llf;fiy/ ,e;jpag; ghuk;ghpa ghzp.
,it @d;iwa[k; fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l fl;llf;fiy.
rhd;W:
ŠŠ 1768,y; cUthd nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid  kj;jpaj; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;
ŠŠ vGk;g{h; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;  cah;ePjpkd;wk;
ŠŠ upg;gd; fl;llk;  tpf;nlhhpah mu=;F
4. kjuhrg;gl;odj;jpd; nghf;Ftuj;Jg; gw;wp rpy rhd;Wfs; jUf.
ŠŠ ele;J brd;wghij/ khl;Ltz;ofs; brd;w ghij M=;fpnyah; tUiff;Fg; gpwF
rhiyfshf khwpd. 209
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
ŠŠ brd;id mz;zhrhiy (kt[z;l; nuhL) mLj;jjhf g{tpUe;jty;yp beL+;rhiy.
12 ŠŠ 1856 cUthd ,uhag[uj;jpy; cUthd bjhlh; tz;o epiyak;.
ŠŠ brd;id kj;jpaj; bjhlh;tz;o epiyak;.
ŠŠ vGk;g{h; bjhlh; tz;o epiyak;.

5. brd;idapd; gHik/ mwpt[g; g[ul;rp nghd;wtw;iw rhd;Wld; epWt[f.

5 ŠŠ brd;id ,yf;fpa r=;fk; 1812y; cUthd E}yfk;.
ŠŠ 
1860,y; fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; mUf=;fhl;rpafkhf bjhl=;fg;gl;L ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
,ay;

bghJ E}yfk; vd;w bgUik bgWfpwJ.

ŠŠ 1869,y; cUthd fPH;j;jpirr; Rto E}yfk;.2010,y; cUthd Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ
bghpa E}yfkhd mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;.
ŠŠ jkpHha;t[ E}yfk;.
ŠŠ cyfj; jkpHhuha;r;rp epWtd E}yfk;.
ŠŠ nuh$h Kj;ijah Muha;r;rp E}yfk;.
ŠŠ kiwkiyaofs; E}yfk;.
ŠŠ brk;bkhHpj; jkpHha;t[ E}yfk;.
ŠŠ c.nt.rh E}yfk; nghd;wit.
brd;idapd; gHikiaa[k; mwpt[g; g[ul;rpiaa[k; tpsf;Ftjhf mikfpwJ.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 110

1. xU jpl;lkpl;l bgUefuk; cUthtjw;F ePtph; jUk; gupe;Jiufis/ `fdt[ efuk;~ vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; xg;gilthf cUthf;Ff.
fdt[ efuk;
ŠŠ jkpHfj;jpd; jpUr;rpia ,uz;lhtJ jiyefukhf khw;WtJ. ,jw;fhf ehty;gl;L fpuhkk;
xd;iwa[k; cUthf;fpdh;. Mdhy; me;jf; fdt[ jpl;lk; ,d;W fhyhtjpahfptpl;lJ.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

mj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghpe;Jiu bra;J epiwntw;Wtnj vd; fdt[.

ŠŠ jpUr;rpia ,uz;lhtJ jiyefuhf khw;wp ehty;gl;L fpuhkj;jpy; 1000 Vf;fhpy; mz;zh
efh; gFjpiaj; Jiz efuk; vd;w bgahpy; cUthf;fpndhk;. gj;jhapuk; FLk;g=;fs;
thH;tjw;F trjp bra;ag;gl;L mfykhd rhiyfs;/ Muk;g Rfhjhu jpl;lk; cs;spl;l
gRik bjhHpw;rhiyfs;/ jukhd fy;tp epiya=;fspd; ghjhs rhf;filfs; mikf;f
ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ ghjhs rhf;fil ePiur; Rj;jk; bra;a jdp ,ae;jpuk;/ ,aw;if ntshz; m=;fho/
Fspql;lg;gl;l E}yfk; rpwhUf;fhd jdp E}yfk; vdj; jdp jdpahf E}yf=;fs; mikf;f
ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ befpHp ,y;yhj efukhft[k; jpwe;j btsp fHpg;gplk; ,y;yhj efukhft[k; cUthf;f
ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ tPl;Lf;F xU kuk; fz;og;ghf tsh;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;lj;ij mky;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ jilaw;w kpdrhuk;/ J}a;ikahd FoePh;" ghJfhg;g[ trjp nghd;w trjpfs; bra;a ntz;Lk;
vd;W ghpe;Jiu bra;ntd;.
210

 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
5 bja;tkzp khiy
? ,uhkyp=;f mofs;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; 5

,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthh;~ ? ,j;bjhlh; czh;j;Jk; gz;g[
m) neh;kiwg; gz;g[ M) vjph;kiwg; gz;g[
,) Kuz;gz;g[ <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil:
M]

FWtpdh
1. `jUkkpF brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsh; jynkh=;F fe;jntns~ bjhlUf;Fg; gjt[iu
vGJf.
mwk; bra;thh; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lj;Jf; jpUf;nfhtpypy;
vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntns-

rpWtpdh
1. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; fe;jntsplk; vj;jifnahh; cwt[ ntz;Lbkdf; nfl;fpwhh;>
ŠŠ brd;id fe;jnfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;nfhtpypy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntns- Fsph;e;j
Kfj;ija[ila J}a;ikahd khzpf;f kzpna- mUs; epiwe;j irtkzpna-
ŠŠ vdf;F xU bewpg;gl;l kdJld; cd; kyh; nghd;w jpUtofis epidf;fpd;w cj;jkh;jk;
cwt[ ntz;Lk;. cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk;/ g[wj;jpy; xd;Wk; ngRk; t+;rfh; cwt[ vd;idg;
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
gw;whjthW fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ rpwe;j thH;tpay; bewpfisg; gpd;gw;w vdf;F mUs;g[hpa ntz;Lk;. kjkhd nga; vd;id
mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lk;. bgz;zhiria vd; kdk; Jwf;f ntz;Lk;;. vd;Wk; cd;id
kwthjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ 
epd; fUizahfpa epjp/ nehaw;w thH;t[ cilatdhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W
fe;jnfhl;lj;Jf; fe;jntsplk; ,uhkyp=;fh; ntz;Lfpwhh;.

beLtpdh
1. brd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;g{h;/ fe;jf;nfhl;lg;gFjpfs; bra;a[spy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd>
kapyhg;g{h;:
ŠŠ 
,sk;bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; jpUtpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfisa[ila
bghpa Ch; jpUkapiy. 211
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
ŠŠ m=;FvGr;rpkpf;f tpHhf;fs; epfGk; kapiy fghyPr;ruk; vd;Dk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk;
12 ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu Muthu tpHh md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu rpwg;ghf
eilbgWfpwJ.mt;tpHhtpidf; fz;Fspuf; fhz ntz;Lk;.

fe;jnfhl;lk;:
ŠŠ 
mwk; bra;nthh;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;nfhtpypy;

5 vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntns- Fsph;e;j Kfj;njhw;wj;ija[ila J}a khzpf;f kzpna-

kzpfSs; mUs; epiwe;j irtkzpna-
ŠŠ vdf;F xU bewpg;gl;l kdJld; cd;Dila kyh; nghd;w jpUtofis epidf;fpd;w
,ay;

cj;jkh;fspd; cwt[ ntz;Lk;. cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; g[wj;jpy; xd;Wk; ngRk; t+;rfhpd;

cwt[ vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ cdJ g[fiHg; ngr ntz;Lk;" bgha; ngrhky; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. rpwe;j thH;tpay;
bewpiag; gpd;gw;w vdf;F mUs ntz;Lk;. kjg;nga; vd;id mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
bgz;zhiria vd; kdk; kwf;f ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ ey;y mwpt[k;/ fUizahfpa epjpa[k; nehaw;w thH;t[k; cilatdhf ehd; ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;. MWKf=;fs; cila bja;tkhfpa kzpna ,j;jifa rpwg;g[fis vdf;F
mUs;thahf vd;W fe;jnfhl;lj;jpy; bgUkhdplk; ntz;Lfpwhh;.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
kyuo ? ctikj;bjhif
kwth ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
tsh;jyk; ? tpidj;bjhif

cWg;gpyf;fzk;

epidf;fpd;w = epid + f; + fpd;W + m itj;J = it + j; + j; + c

epid ? gFjp it ? gFjp
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

f; ? re;jp j; ? re;jp
fpd;W ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
ngRthh; = ngR + t; + Mh;
ngR ? gFjp
t; ? vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
Mh; ? gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

g[zh;r;rp tpjp
1. cs;bshd;W = cs; + xd;W
ŠŠ `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; capu;tupd; xw;W ,ul;Lk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ cs;s; + xd;W vd;whdJ.
ŠŠ `cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go (s; + x = bsh) cs;bshd;W
vdg; g[zh;e;jJ.
212
 www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
2. xUika[ld; = xUik + cld;
ŠŠ `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ xUik + a; + cld; vd;whdJ. 12
ŠŠ `cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ (a; + c = a[) xUika[ld; vd;W g[zh;e;jJ.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf 5

,ay;
1. brd;idapy; thH;e;J tlY}h; brd;W Md;kpf ikaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath;
m) ts;syhh; M) +hdpahuofs;
,) fpUghde;j mofs; <) ,th;fspy; vtUkpyh; [tpil: m]
2. ts;syhuJ rpe;jidfspd; Cw;Wf;fskhf ,Ue;jJ
m) ts;Sth; nfhl;lk; M) fe;j nfhl;lk;
,) jpy;iy nfhl;lk; <) fzgjp nfhl;lk; [tpil: M]

3. Md;knea xUikg;ghl;ila[k; rka xUikg;ghl;ila[k; xsp tHpghl;ila[k; Kd;itj;j

rPh;jpUj;jr; rpe;jid cUthd ,lk;
m) brd;id M) tlY}h; ,) flY}h; <) rpjk;guk; [tpil: m]
4. cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bkhd;W ngRthh;
cwt[fy thik ntz;Lk; vd;W ghoath;
m) ,uhkyp=;f mofs; M) +hdpahuofs;
,) jha[khdth; <) jpU.tp.f. [tpil: m]
5. bja;tkzpkhiyapd; ghtif
m) fyp tpUj;jk;
M) vz;rPh;f; fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jk;
,) mWrPh;f; fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jk;
<) gd;dpUrPh;f; fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jk;  [tpil: <] ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
6. Jwt[f;F vjpuhd Mir vd;W ts;syhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ.
m) kz;zhir M) bgz;zhir ,) bghd;dhir <) g[fHhir [tpil: M]
7. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) kyuo ? 1. bgabur;rk;
M) kwth ? 2. tpidbar;rk;
,) tsh;jyk; ? 3. <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
<) epidf;fpd;w ? 4. tpidj;bjhif
c) itj;J ? 5. ctikj;bjhif
m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 5/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 5/ 4 <) 5/ 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m]

8. 
,uhkyp=;f mofs; ,aw;wpa jpUtUl;ghtpy; ................. jpUKiwapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ
bja;tkzpkhiy.
m) @d;whk; M) ehd;fhk; ,) Ie;jhk; <) Mwhk; [tpil: ,]
213
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
9. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; gpwe;j Ch;
12 m) rpjk;guj;ij mLj;j kUJ}h; M) flY}iu mLj;j tlY}h;
,) j+;iria mLj;j ty;yk; <) kapyhL;Jiwia mLj;j njuHe;J}h;
 [tpil: m]

10. jpUtUl;gh ................. jpUKiwfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5 m) ehd;F M) MW ,) gd;dpU <) gjpdhW [tpil: ,]

11. kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; vd;Dk; ciueil E}y;fspd; Mrphpah;
,ay;

m) FkuFUguh; M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs; ,) jha[khdth; <) jpU.tp.f. [tpil:M]

FWtpdh
1. ,uhkyp=;f mofshh; vGjpa ciueil E}y;fs; ahit>
kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk;.
2. ,uhkyp=;f mofshhpd; rPh;j;jpUj;j rpe;jid ahit>
Md;k neak;/ rka xUikg;ghL/ xsp tHpghL.
3. ,uhkyp=;f mofshh; jpUtUl;gh @yk; btspg;gLj;Jk; bra;jp ahJ>
ŠŠ thoa gapiuf; fz;lnghJ thondd;.
ŠŠ Cid cUf;fp cs;bshsp bgUf;Fk; jd;ika[ilad.

4. ts;syhh; bja;tkzpkhiy v=;F tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd; kPJ ghoa[s;shh>

brd;id fe;jnfhl;lj;J KUfg;bgUkhd; kPJ ghoa[s;shh;.
5. jpUtUl;gh ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŠŠ jpUtUl;gh vd;gJ ts;syhh; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[.
ŠŠ jpUtUl;gh ? 5818 ghly;fs;.
ŠŠ gh ? MrphpatpUj;jk;.
ŠŠ bjhFg;g[ ? MW jpUKiw.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

ŠŠ ghlg;gFjp ?Ie;jhk; jpUKiw ? bja;tkzpkhiy.

rpWtpdh
1. ts;syhh; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgah; ? ,uhkyp=;f mofshh;
bgw;nwhh; ? ,uhikah ? rpd;dik
cld;gpwe;njhh; ? rghgjp/ guRuhkd;/ cz;zhKiy Re;juhk;ghs;
gpwg;g[ ? mf;nlhgh; 5/ 1823
Ch; ? kUJ}h; ? rpjk;guk;
rpwg;g[ ? Md;kPfthjp/ rj;jpa +hd rigia epWtpath;.
KHf;fk; ? mUl;bgU+;n$hjp?jdpbgU=;fUiz thoa gapiuf; fz;lnghbjy;yhk;
thondd;.
E}y;fs; ? kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk;.
214
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 112 12

1. bja;tkzpkhiyg; ghly; fUj;JfSf;F ,izahd jpUf;Fws;fisj; bjhFj;Jj; jUf.
g[wk;Twpg; bgha;j;Jcaph; thH;jypd; rhjy; kyh;kpir Vfpdhd; khzo nrh;;e;jhh;
mw=;TWk; Mf;fk; jUk; (Fws; ? 183) epykpir ePLthH; thh; (Fws; 3)
gUFthh; nghypDk; gz;gpyhh; nfz;ik me;jzh; vd;nghh; mwnthh;kw;(W) vt;t[aph;f;Fk; 5
bgUfypd; Fd;wy; ,dpJ (Fws; ? 811) bre;jz;ik g{z;blhGf yhd; (Fws; 30)

,ay;
bghwpthapy; Ie;J mtpj;jhd; bgha;jPh; xGf;f bgha;ahik bgha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw
bewpepd;whh; ePLthH; thh;. (Fws; ? 6) bra;ahik bra;ahik ed;W (Fws; 297)
,idau;,th; vkf;F ,d;dk;ahk; vd;W gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
g[idapDk; g[y;byd;Dk; el;g[. (Fws; ? 790) gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F (Fws; 350)



,ay;
bra;a[s;
5 njthuk;
? jpU+hdrk;ge;jh;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. fyptpHh/ xyptpHh tpsf;fk; jUf. ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
ŠŠ fyptpHh ? jpUkapiyapy; bfhz;lhLk; vGr;rpkpf;f tpHh
ŠŠ xyptpHh ? fghyPr;ruk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu Muthu tpHh.

rpWtpdh
1. g=;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpHh eilbgw;w Kiwiaj; jpU+hd rk;ge;jh; vt;thW gjpt[ bra;fpwhh;>
ŠŠ nfhtpy; jpUtpHh kfpH;r;rpiag; gfph;e;J bfhs;Sk; ehfhpfj;jpd; btspg;ghL.
ŠŠ Chpd; bgUikf;Fhpa milahs=;fSs; xd;W.
ŠŠ tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j Ch; jpUkapiy.
ŠŠ ,=;F ,sk; bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpa[ila Ch;.
ŠŠ vGr;rpkpf;f tpHhf;fs; epfGk;.
ŠŠ kapiy fghyPr;ruk; vd;Dk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; kpirapLk; g=;Fdp
cj;jpu Muthu tpHhtpidf; fz;L ,iwtd; mUs;bgw jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; gjpt[
215
bra;fpwhh;.
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
12
khkapiy ? chpr;brhw;bwhlh;

cWg;gpyf;fzk;

fz;lhd; = fhz;(fz;) + l; + Md; mku;e;jhd; = mku; + j;(e;) + j; + Md;

5 fhz; ? gFjp (fz; vdf; FWfpaJ mku; ? gFjp
tpfhuk;) j; ? re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)
,ay;

l; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

Md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp Md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

g[zh;r;rp tpjp

1. g{k;ghtha; = g{ + tha;
g{g;bgah;Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk; vd;w tpjpg;go/ gh?t[f;F ,dkhd k; njhd;wp/
g{k;ghtha; vd;W g[zh;e;jJ.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. kapyhg;g{hpy; ,iwtDf;Ff; bfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpHh
m) g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh M) jpUf;fhh;j;jpif tpHh
,) rpj;jpuh bgsh;zkp tpHh <) ijg;g{r tpHh [tpil: m]
2. njthuk; je;j jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; Kj;Jg;gy;yf;fpy; bry;tJ nghd;w fhl;rp ,lk;bgw;Ws;s
17Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; Rtnuhtpak; mike;Js;s ,lk;
m) kapyhg;g{h; M) jpUbey;ntyp ,) jpUbthw;wpa{h; <) ts;spa{h; [tpil: M]
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

3. kapiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd;

m) fghyPRtuh; M) jhd;njhd;wpehjh;
,) yp=;nfRtuh; <) bgUt[ilahh; [tpil: m]

4. `khkapiy~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[

m) bgabur;rk; M) tpidbar;rk;
,) cupr;brhw;bwhlh; <) ctikj;bjhlh; [tpil: ,]
5. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) Ig;grp ? 1. tpsf;Fj; jpUtpHh
M) fhh;j;jpif ? 2. jpUthjpiutpHh
,) khh;fHp ? 3. XztpHh
<) khrp ? 4. flyhl;L tpHh
m) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 [tpil: m]
216
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
6. gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfisg; ghoath;
m) jpUeht[f;furh; M) jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; 12
,) Re;juh; <) khzpf;fthrfh; [tpil: M]

7. jpU+hdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly;fisj; bjhFj;jth;

m) nrf;fpHhh; M) ,uhruhr nrhHd;
,) ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp <) ,th;fspy; vtUkpyh; [tpil: ,] 5
8. fz;lhd; vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw

,ay;
m) fhz;(fz;) + l; + Md; M) fz; + l; + Md;
,) fhz; + l; + l; + Md; <) fhz;L + Md; [tpil: m]

9. 
rk;ge;jh;/ mg;gh;/ Re;juh; Mfpnahh; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy;
................. vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m) njthuk; M) jpUthrfk;
,) jpUr;rjfk; <) jpUj;bjhz;lj;bjhif [tpil: m]

FWtpdh
1. jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; kfpH;r;rpiag; gfph;e;J bfhs;Sk; ,lkhff; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit>
ŠŠ nfhtpy; kfpH;r;rpiag; gfph;e;J bfhs;Sk; ,lkhf cs;sJ.
ŠŠ Chpd; bgUikf;Fhpa milahs=;fSs; xd;whft[k; tps=;FfpwJ.

2. jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; v=;F tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh bfhz;lhLfpwhh;>

jpUkapiy vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; kapyhg;g{h; efupy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;F tpHh
bfhz;lhLfpwhh;.
3. kyp tpHh/ fyp tpHh/ gyp tpHh/ xyp tpHh tpsf;fk; jUf.
ŠŠ kyp tpHh ? tpHhf;fs; epiwe;jJ
ŠŠ fyp tpHh ? vGr;rp jUk; tpHh
ŠŠ gyp tpHh ? g{irapLk; cj;jpu tpHh ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
ŠŠ xyp tpHh ? Muthu tpHh
4. jpUKiwfs; vj;jid> bjhFj;jth; ahh;>
jpUKiwfs; ? 12/ bjhFj;jth; ? ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp.
5. jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; ghoa njthuk; jpUKiwapy; ve;jg; gFjpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd>
gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfs; jpU+hdrk;ge;jh; ghoait.
6. rk;ge;jh; ghlypy; tputpf; fplf;Fk; bra;jpfs; rpy TWf.
ŠŠ rkaf; nfhl;ghLfs;.
ŠŠ ,ir jj;Jtk;.
ŠŠ jkpGf;F ,Ue;j cah;epiy.
ŠŠ rKjhaj;jpd; bghUshjhu fiy gz;ghl;L epiyfs;.

217
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

12 rpWtpdh
1. jpU+hdrk;ge;hh; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgah; ? rk;ge;jd;
gpwg;g[ ? rPh;fhHp
bgw;nwhh; ? rptghjtpUjah; ? gftjp mk;ikahh;
5 fhyk; ? 7Mk; E}w;whz;L
rpwg;g[ ? mWgj;J @tUs; Kjypy; itj;J vz;zg;gLk; ehy;tUs; xUth;.
,ay;

Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfs; vGjpath;.

2. njthuk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŠŠ njthuk; ? nj + thuk; ? ghkhiy" nj + Muk; ? g{khiy.
ŠŠ mg;gh;/ Re;juh;/ rk;ge;jh; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[.
ŠŠ njthuk; bkhj;jg; ghly;fs; ? 8227.
ŠŠ 
ek; ghlg;gFjp Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwapy; ,uz;lhtJ jpUKiw rk;ge;jh; ghoa
jpUkapyhg;g{h; gjpfk;.
ŠŠ bjhFj;jth; ? ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp/

3. kapyhg;g{hpd; rpwg;g[fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ŠŠ klyhh;e;j bj=;fpd; kapiy  fU+;nrhiy NH;e;j fghyPr;ruk;
ŠŠ ,Usfw;Wk; nrhjpj; bjhd;kapiy  k=;Fy; kjpjtGk; khltPjp kapyhg;g{h;
ŠŠ fw;whh;fs; Vj;Jk; fghyPr;ruk;  Ch;jpiu ntiy cyht[k; cah;kiy
ŠŠ fz;zhh; kapiyf; fghyPr;ruk;

4. kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;bgWk; tpHhf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

khjk; tpHh
Ig;grp ? Xz tpHh
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

fhh;j;jpif ? tpsf;Fj; jpUtpHh

khh;fHp ? jpUthjpiu tpHh
ij ? ijg;g{r tpHh
khrp ? flyhl;L tpHh
g=;Fdp ? g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 114

1. c=;fs; gFjpapy; bfhz;lhlg;gLk; jpUtpHf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;o ehspjH; xd;wpd;

bra;jpg;gpuptpw;F mspf;Fk; tifapy; bra;jpahf vGJf.
nkyhsh;/
jpdj;je;jp ehspjH; (bra;jpg;gphpt[)/
flY}h; mYtyfk;/
flY}h;.
218
 www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
tzf;fk;/
rpjk;guk; eluhrh; nfhapy; MUj;uh jhprdk; tpHh kpfr; rpwg;ghf eilbgw cs;sJ.
12
mt;tpHhtpidg; gw;wpa jfty;fs; eh=;fs; jUfpnwhk;. mij c=;fs; ehspjHpypy; btspapl;L
kf;fs; tUifj;je;J ,iwaUis ntz;Lfpnwhk;.
bra;jp
MUj;uh jhprd epfH;r;rp epuy; 5
g+;rrig/ bghw;rig/ Mfha jyk; vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; rpjk;guk; eluhrUf;F MUj;uh jhprd

,ay;
tpHh.
cyfg;g[fH; bgw;w eluhrh; Myaj;jpy; Mz;LnjhWk; ,uz;L tpHhf;fs;
eilbgWk; Mdp khjk; jpUk+;rd tpHht[k;/ khh;fHp khjk; MUj;uh jhprdKk; eilbgWk;.
bfhonaw;wj;Jld; bjhl=;fpa kWehs; fhiy 4 kzpf;F eil jpwf;fg;gl;L rptfhkpRe;jphp
mk;ghs; rnkj eluh$ @h;j;jpf;Fj; jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp/ nfhg{i$/ g+;rh=;fk; goj;jy;.
khh;fHp Kjy; ehs; bfhonaw;wj;Jld; Jtf;fk;. njnuhl;lk; tUk; 25Mk; njjpa[k;/
26Mk; njjp mjpfhiy 3 kzp Kjy; 6 kzp tiu rptfhkp Re;jhp mk;ghs; rnkj _kj; Mde;j
eluhr@h;j;jpf;F kfh mgpn&fk; kw;Wk; MUj;uh jhprdk; eilbgw cs;sJ.
fhyre;jp g{i$/ ufrpa g{i$ eilbgWk;. fhiy 9.30 kzpf;F rpwg;g[ my=;fhuj;jpy;
eluhrh; rd;djpapd; vjpnu cs;s bfhokuk; Kd;g[ fhl;rp jUthh;.
jPl;rpjh;fs; rpwg;g[ g{i$fs; bra;th;. 9.30 kzpastpy; kfhjPghujid fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;.
bjhlh;e;J g+;r@h;j;jpfs; cl;gpufhuk;/ btspg;gpufhuj;jpy; Ch;tykhfr; bry;th;.
,ut[ 8 kzpf;F bfhoku g{i$ gpwF g+;r@h;j;jpfs; j=;fk; bts;sp thfdj;jpy; 4
tPjpfspy; cyh/.
ŠŠ +hapwd;W bts;sp g{j thfdj;jpy; tPjp cyh
ŠŠ 21Mk; ehs; fUl thfdj;jpy; tPjp cyh
ŠŠ 22Mk; ehs; ahid thfdj;jpy; tPjp cyh
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
ŠŠ 23Mk; ehs; j=;fifyhr thfdj;jpy; tPjp cyh
ŠŠ 24Mk; ehs; j=;fujj;jpd; gp&hldh; btl;Lf;Fjpiuapy; tPjp cyh.
ŠŠ 25Mk; ehs; njnuhl;lk;.
ŠŠ 26Mk; ehs; mjpfhiy 3 kzp Kjy; 6 kzp tiu uh$rig vd;fpw Mapu=;fhy; kz;lgj;jpy;
rptfhkp Re;jhp mk;ghs; rnkj _kj; Mde;j eluhr @h;j;jpf;F kfh mgpn&fj;Jld; kjpak;
2kzpf;F MUj;uh jhprdk; eilbgw cs;sJ.
,iwad;gh;fs; tUif je;J ,iwaUs; bgw ntz;Lfpnwhk;.



219
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

12
,ay;
bra;a[s;
5 mfehD}W
? mk;@tdhh;

5 ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;

gyt[s; bjhpf
1. `tpspawp +kyp~ ? ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpy=;F vJ>
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu ,) eha; <) ahHp [tpil: ,]

FWtpdh
1. `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujth;~ bjhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
bgU=;fly; ? rpWFog; gujth;.

rpWtpdh
1. `bey;ypd; nenu btz;fyk; cg;g[~ ? ,j;bjhlupd; tHp gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
cg;g[f;Fg; gjpyhf (khw;whf) bey;iy tpw;wdh; vd;w bra;jpapd; @yk; r=;ff; fhyj;jpy;
gz;lkhw;W tzpfk; epfH;e;jJ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ.
tpsf;fk; :
ckzu; xUthpd; kfs; mHFk; ,sika[k; tha;e;jts;. jd; iffspy; mzpe;jpUe;j
tisay;fs; xypf;f tPjpf;Fr; brd;whs;. mg;nghJ me;j tPjp tHpahf te;j tzpfid nehf;fp.
`cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyj; je;J cg;gpidg;
bgw;Wf; bfhs;s thuPnuh- vd;W Ttpdhh;~.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

`bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;g[ vdr;~

nrhp tpiykhW Twypd; kida;~
vd;w ghlyofs; @yk; mwpa KofpwJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bgU=;fly; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
cHhmJ ? bra;a[spir msbgil
btuP,a ? brhy;ypir msbgil
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

bra;j = bra; + j; + m rhw;wp = rhw;W + ,

bra; ? gFjp rhw;W ? gFjp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
220 m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
g[zh;r;rp tpjp
12
1. bgU=;fly; = bgUik + fly;
ŠŠ `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik bfl;L bgU + fly; vd;whdJ.
ŠŠ `,dkpfy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ f?t[f;F ,dkhd `=~ njhd;wp/ bgU=;fly; vd;W g[zh;e;jJ.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs; 5

,ay;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) ntl;lk; ? 1. fhdtd;
M) brW ? 2. kPd;gpoj;jy;
,) ckzh; ? 3. tay;
<) g[dtd; ? 4. cg;g[ tzpfh;
m) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m]
2. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) +kyp ? 1. nrW
M) gfL ? 2. tpiy
,) ms;sy; ? 3. eha;
<) bfhs;is ? 4. vUJ
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m]
3. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) vd;W}H; ? 1. kiybtog;g[
M) tplh; ? 2. Nhpa btg;gk;
,) fjH; ? 3. m+;rpa
<) bthP,a ? 4. tpiut[ ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 ,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 [tpil: M]
4. `kjh;fay; kiyg;gpd; md;d~ ? vd;gjpy; `fay;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) kPd; M) tpHp
,) tpz;kPd; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]

5. bghpa fly; gug;gpy; kPd; ntl;ilahLgth;

m) Fwth; M) Mah; ,) vapdh; <) gujth;  [tpil: <]
6. `bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;g[~ vd;gJ ahUila Tw;W>
m) gujthpd; Tw;W M) ckzh; kfs; TtpaJ
,) jiytpapd; Tw;W <) jiykfd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;jJ  [tpil: <]
7. cg;g[ Vw;wpr;bry;Yk; tz;o rpf;fpf; bfhz;l ,lk;
m) kzw;jpl;L M) fU+;nrW
,) tha;f;fhy; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M]
221
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
8. `bta;a caph;f;Fk; nehahfpd;nw~ vd;W ahh; ahhplk; TwpaJ>
12 m) ckzh; kfs; je;ijaplk; M) je;ij ckzh; kfsplk;
,) jiykfd; gh=;fdplk; <) gh=;fd; jiykdplk; [tpil: ,]
9. cg;g[ tpisa[k; fsj;jpw;F ................. vd;W bgah;.
m) msk; M) ghyk; ,) epyk; <) fsp [tpil: m]

5 10. gH=;fhyj;jpy; jkpH;ehl;oy; re;ijf;Fhpa cw;gj;jpg; bghUshf tps=;fpaJ

m) cg;g[ M) Kj;J ,) Jzp <) Vyk; [tpil: m]
,ay;

11. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

m) bgU=;fly; ? 1. bra;a[spir msbgil
M) cHhmJ ? 2. brhy;ypir msbgil
,) bthP,a ? 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m]

12. 
ghly; itg;g[ Kiwapy; ghly; vz;zpw;F Vw;gj; jpizfs; thpirahf itj;Jj;
bjhFf;fg;gl;l E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W ,) FWe;jhif <) ew;wpiz [tpil: m]
13. mfehD}W ................. E}y;fSs; xd;W
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) ePjp <) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F [tpil: m]
14. mfehD}W ................. gphpt[fis cilaJ.
m) @d;W M) ehd;F ,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: m]
15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) fspw;wpahid epiu ? 1) 100 ghly;fs;
M) kzpkpil gtsk; ? 2) 120 ghly;fs;
,) epj;jpyf;nfhit ? 3) 180 ghly;fs;
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

m) 2/ 3/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3 ,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 1/ 3/ 2 [tpil: m]
16. rhpahdf; Tw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
i) mfg;ghly;fs; kl;Lnk ghoath;fSs; xUth; mk;@tdhh;
ii) bea;jy; jpiz ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; mk;@tdhh;.
iii) ,tuJ ghly;fs; vl;Lj;bjhifapy; ew;wpid/ FWe;bjhif/ mfehD}W/ I=;FWE}W
Mfpatw;wpYk; bjhFf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd.
m) i), ii), rhp M) ii), iii) rhp ,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp  [tpil: <]

FWtpdh
1. gujth;fs; bjhHpyhd ntl;ilahLgit/ tpistpg;git vit>
ntl;ilahLgtd; : fly; gug;gpy; kPd; ntl;ilahLgth;
tpistpg;gd : cg;gs=;fspy; cHt[ bra;ahky; cg;g[ tpistpg;gth;
2. ckzg; bgz;zpd; njhw;wj;ij tpthp.
222 ŠŠ mHFk; ,sika[k; tha;e;jts;.
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
ŠŠ mts; jk; iffspy; mHfpa tisay;fs; xypf;f bjUtpy; iftPrp elg;gts;.
ŠŠ `cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyj; je;J cg;gpidg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;s thhPnuh-~ vd;W Ttpdhs;. 12
3. jiykfd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;jij mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; @yk; tpsf;Ff.
ŠŠ 
`tz;oia ,Gf;Fk; vUJfspd; Jd;gj;ijj; je;ij nghf;fpaJ nghy. jiytpiaf;
fz;ljdhy; vdf;nfw;gl;l Jd;gj;ij eP nghf;Fjw;F chpatd; vd;W jiytd;
gh=;fdplk; Twpdhd;.
5
ŠŠ 
vUijj; jiytDf;Fk; je;ijiag; gh=;fDf;Fk; cg;gpd; vilahy; vUJ tUe;Jk;

,ay;
epiya fhjy; tUj;jj;jpw;Fk; cs;Siw itj;Jg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. cg;g=;fHp vd;why; vd;d>
flYf;F mUfpy; kzy; jpl;Lfspy; fly;ePh; nj=;fp ,Uf;Fk; gFjpf;F cg;g=;fHp vd;gh;.
5. fy; cg;ig vt;thW tpistpg;gh;>
ŠŠ 
cg;g=;fHpfspy; cs;s fly; ePiug; ghj;jpfspy; njf;fp btapypy; Mtpahf;fp cg;g[g;
gotjw;F Vw;w tifapy; mikg;gh;.
ŠŠ 
,t;thW mikf;fg;gl;l gFjp Milnghy; goa[k; ,e;j cg;igf; Tl;or; nrfhpj;Jg;
gf;Ftg;gLj;jp tpw;gid bra;th;.
6. cg;gsk; vd;why; vd;d>
fly; ePiug; ghj;jpfspy; njf;fp btapypy; Mtpahf;fp cg;g[ gotjw;F Vw;wtifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ij cg;gsk; vd;gh;.

rpWtpdh
1. mfehD}W ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŠŠ mfk; + ehd;F + E}W.
ŠŠ vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; mfk; rhh;e;j E}y;.
ŠŠ beLe;bjhif vd;Wk; miHg;gh;.
ŠŠ 13 mo rpw;bwy;iya[k; 31 mo ngbuy;iya[k; bfhz;lJ. ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
ŠŠ @d;W bgUk; gphpt[fis cilaJ:
fspw;wpahid epiu ? 120" kzpkpilg; gtsk; ? 180" epj;jpyf; nfhit ? 100
ŠŠ jpiz mikg;g[:
ghiy ? 1/ 3/ 5/ 7" kUjk; ? 6/ 16/ 26" Fwp+;rp ? 2/ 8/ 12/ 18
bea;jy; ? 10/ 20/ 30" Ky;iy ? 4/ 14/ 24
vd;w Kiwapy; jpiz mikg;g[ mike;Js;sJ.
2. mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; tUk; bea;jy; jpizapd; Kjw;bghUs;/ fUg;bghUs;/ chpg;bghUs;
tpsf;Ff.
jpiz ? bea;jy;
bgUk;bghGJ : MW bgUk;bghGJfSk;" rpWbghGJ : vw;ghL
Kjw;bghUs; : flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk;
fUg;bghUs;:
bja;tk; ? tUzd;
223
kf;fs; ? gujd;/ guj;jpah;
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
czt[ ? kPd; cg;g[f;Fg; bgw;wbghUs;
12 tpy=;F ? Kjiy/ Rwh
g{ ? bea;jy;/ jhiy
kuk; ? g[d;id
gwit ? flw;fhfk;
Ch; ? gl;odk;/ ghf;fk;
5 giw ? kPd; nfhl;giw
ahH; ? tpshpahH;
,ay;

gz; ? brt;tHpg;gz;
bjhHpy; ? kPd; gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpisj;jy;
chpg;bghUs; : ,u=;fYk; ,u=;fy; epkpj;jKk;
rhd;W: `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujth;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;.

beLtpdh
1. mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; tHpahfj; jiykfd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;j bra;jpia tpsf;Ff.
ŠŠ gHe;jkpHh;fspd; bjhHpy; epyj;jpd; ,ay;igr; rhh;e;J mike;jpUe;jJ.
ŠŠ flw;fiuapy;
thGk; kf;fs; kPd; gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpistpj;jy; nghd;w bjhHpy;fs; bra;J/
mg;bghUl;fis gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; cg;g[ tzpfj;ijr; bra;jdh;.
ŠŠ gujth; flypy; kPd; ntl;ilahLth;.
ŠŠ cg;gs=;fspy; cHt[ bra;ahkny cg;g[ tpistpg;gh;.
ŠŠ btz;ikahd cg;ig tz;oapy; Vw;Wth;.
ŠŠ vUJfis tpul;l jhH;nfhy; itj;jpUg;gh;.
ŠŠ nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; btg;gj;jhy; gpst[gl;l Fd;iwf; fle;J bjhiytpy; cs;s Ch;fspy;
tpw;gidr; bra;th;.
ŠŠ mj;jifa ckzhpd; bgz; mHFk;/ ,sika[k; tha;e;jts;.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

ŠŠ mHfpatisay;fs; xypf;fj; bjUtpy; ele;J brd;W cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyj; je;J

cg;igg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;s thhPnuh- vd;W Tt[fpwhh;.
ŠŠ Tt[tijf; nfl;L eha; Fiuf;fpwJ.
ŠŠ vjph;ghuhj mg;bgz; mr;rk; bfhz;L kPd;fs; nghh; bra;tJnghy; fz;fs; kUz;ld.
ŠŠ kUz;l mg;bgz;zpd; fz;fis ehd; fz;nld;.
ŠŠ 
jpidg;g[dk; mikf;Fk; fhdth; giHa g[dj;ijj; jPapl;L mHpf;Fk;nghJ cUthFk;
g[ifahy; bgz;zpd; je;ijapd; tz;oahdJ nrw;wpy; rpf;fpf; bfhz;lJ.
ŠŠ Jd;gj;jpy; cs;s vUJf;Fj; je;ij cjtp bra;jhh;.
ŠŠ vUJ mile;j Jd;gk; nghy; bgz;zpd; fz;fshy; ehd; Jd;gk; mile;njd;.
ŠŠ tz;oia ,Gf;Fk; vUJfspd; Jd;gj;ijj; je;ij nghf;fpaJ nghy; vdf;F Vw;gl;l
Jd;gj;ij eP nghf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W jiykfd; gh=;fw;F ciuj;jhd;.
cs;Siw :
vUijj; jiytDf;Fk;
224
je;ijiag; gh=;fDf;Fk;
 www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
vd cg;gpd; vilahy; vUJ tUe;Jk; epiyiaf; fhjy; tUj;jj;jpw;F cs;Siw itj;Jg;
ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. 12

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 117

1. jw;fhyj;jpy; tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; kfsph; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu vGJf.

xU bgz; ek; r@fj;jpy; btw;wp bgw ntz;Lkhdhy; 100 rjtPjk; ntiy bra;jhy;
5
nghjhJ. 200 rjtPjk; cz;ikahd fLikahd ciHg;igf; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;. mjd;

,ay;
mog;gilapy; ,d;iwaf; fhyj;jpy; jpUthqhpy; bgz;fs; j=;fs; thH;f;ifia tzpfj;jpYk;
<LgLj;jp/ rpwe;J tps=;Ffpd;wdh;.
mt;tifapy; jpUthqhpy; gpwe;J brd;idapy; gpiHg;g[j; njo te;j bgz; ,d;W
tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Ffpwhs;. mtiug; gw;wp rpy thpfs;.
tWik/ fy;tp/ bghUshjhuk;/ ftiy/ nrhfr;NHy; vd;W brhy;ypf; bfhs;sf;Toa
NHypy; brd;id te;j bgz; VjhtJ bra;aj; Jof;fpwhs;.
Kd; mDgtk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tlkhepy njhHp @yk; gpdhapy; jahhpf;f
Muk;gpj;jhh;. gpwF 500 qgha; fld; th=;fp @yg;bghUs; @yk; bghUl;fs; thapyhf jhnk
jdpahf bjhHpy; bra;a Muk;gpj;jhh;. jhd; jahhpj;j gpdhapiy/ muR mYtyf=;fs;/ jghy;
epiya=;fs;/ cztf=;fspy; nehpilahfr; brd;W tpw;f Muk;gpj;jhh;. nghjpa tUkhdk;
fpl;oaJ. tpahghuj;ij nkYk; rpwf;fr; bra;a mjpf @yjdk; itj;J ,uz;L bgz;fis
cjtpf;F itj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
juk; cah;juk; vd;w nehf;fj;njhL ciHj;j bgz;kzp ,d;W jd;dplk; Ik;gJf;Fk;
nkw;gl;l bgz;fisa[k; tzpfj;jpy; <Lglr; bra;jhh;. jd; epWtdj;Jf;F epiy Vb$d;!p
vd;w bgah; itj;J gpdhapy; tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Ffpwhh; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
MQf;Fg; bgz; rkk; vd;W kfsph; jw;fhyj;jpy; tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Ffpd;wdh;
vd;gjw;F ,Jnt rhd;whFk;.
2. gH=;fhyj; bjhHpy;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;ju=;f ciu cUthf;Ff.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
gHe;jkpH; kf;fs; thH;tjw;fhfg; bghUs; njLtijf; flikahff; bfhz;ldh;.
mjw;fhfg; gw;gy bjhHpy; tiffis nkw;bfhz;ldh;. jk; thHpl=;fSf;F Vw;g
bjhHpy;fis njh;e;bjLj;jdh;. kiyehl;L kf;fs; njbdLg;gJ jpid tpijg;gJ/ fhl;Lg;
gFjpapy; thH;gth; epiu nka;g;gJ" ghy; filtJ" tay;btspapy; cs;nshh; cHt[ bra;J
efh; mikj;J Ml;rp bra;tJ nghd;w gzpfisa[k; bra;jdh;. flw;fiug; gFjpapy; thH;nthh;
cg;g[ tpisj;jy;" Kj;J Fspj;jy;" miy fly; Vwp thzpfk; bra;jy;.
bjhHpy; bra;nj bghUs; njLtnj mth; bfhs;if. gRf;fSf;F ePh; ntz;Lk; vd;W
fUjp ,uj;jy; Tl ,Hpthd brayhff; fUjpdh;. jhnk Kaw;rp bra;J ePiug;bgw;Wg; ju
ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;.
jhnk Kad;W njLk; bghUisna jkf;Fhpajhff; fUjpdh;. vspa Kaw;rpapy; tUtij
Vw;f kWj;jdh;.
Kaw;rp cilahh; ,fHr;rpa[ilahh; vd;gjw;F Vw;g ,ad;W gHe;jkpHh; bjhHpy;fs;
bra;jdh;.
225

 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

12
5
,ay;
Jizg;ghlk;
jiyf;Fsk;
? njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;

5 ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;

beLtpdh
1. ``fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; Kfthpia ,He;J tUfpd;wd~~ ? ,J Fwpj;J c=;fs; fUj;ij tpthpf;f.
Kd;Diu:
kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fk;/ ehfhPf tsh;r;rp/ g[yk;bgah;t[/ jiyKiw khw;wk; ,jd;
tpisthf fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; Kfthpia ,Hf;fpd;wd.
efuj;ij nehf;fpr; bry;y fhuzk; :
ŠŠ 
,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j ek; jiyKiwapdu; fhykhw;wj;jhYk;/ gy;ntW
fhuz=;fshYk; fpuhkj;ijtpl;L efuj;ij nehf;fp efh;fpd;wdh;.
ŠŠ bgUk;ghYk; fpuhk=;fspd; bray;ghLfs; midj;Jk; ifnaL thH;f;if nghd;wJ.
ŠŠ m=;F fodkhd ciHg;g[k;/ tptrhaKk; jtpu gpw bjhHpy; rhh;e;j tsh;r;rp
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
ŠŠ Kiwahd bjhiybjhlh;g[/ kUj;Jt trjp Rfhjhu mikg;g[ fhz;ggLtjpy;iy.
ŠŠ 
,e;jpahtpy; 57 kpy;ypad; FHe;ijfs; Cl;lr;rj;Jf; FiwghL cs;sdh;. ,th;fspy;
bgUk;ghYk; fpuhk=;fspy; trpg;gtnu.
ŠŠ ,d;Wk; rpy fpuhk=;fspy; nfhapy; EiHt[ jPz;lhik/ rhjp mikg;g[/ kjf;fytuk; nghd;w
r@f tpnuhjr; bray;fs; eilbgWfpwJ.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

ŠŠ 
efuj;jpnyh ve;jtpj ghFghL ,y;yhky; rktha;g;nghL thH ,aYtjhy; efuj;ij
nehf;fp g[yk; bgah;fpd;wdh;.
ŠŠ 
kpfr;rhpahd cs;fl;likg;g[ld; Toa jukhdf; fy;tp. nghjpa Mrphpah;fs; ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jhy; efu thH;f;ifia nehf;fp ,lk; bgah;fpd;wdh;.
mog;gil trjpia nehf;fp efh;t[ :
ŠŠ 
tWik/ fy;tpapy; gpd;dilt[/ FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fs; nghd;wit ,d;Wk;
fpuhk=;fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
ŠŠ kpd;rhuk;/ ngUe;J trjp/ bjhHpw;rhiy nghd;w mog;gil trjpfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;
efu thH;f;ifia ehLfpd;wdh;.
ŠŠ 
rhjpg; ghFghL ,y;yhky; jukhd fy;tpnahL bjhHpw;fy;tp/ nghl;oj;njh;it
vjph;bfhs;Sk; gapyfk;/ kpd;dQ nghd;w epWtd=;fs; efu;g;g[wj;jpy; nknyh=;fp
tUtjhy; fpuhk=;fis kf;fs; btWf;fpd;wdh;
ŠŠ ,d;W efuk; vd;gJ fpuhkj;ijtpl bghpa kdpj FoapUg;g[ cs;sjhf mikfpwJ. kf;fs;
226 bjhifg; bgUf;fj;jhy; t=;fpfs;/ tzpf epWtd=;fs; nkYk; tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
Kot[iu :
,j;jifa fhuz=;fshy; fpuhk=;fis tpl;L kf;fs; efh;g;g[wk; nehf;fpr; bry;fpd;wdh;.
12
,jdhy; fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; milahs=;fis ,He;J Kfthpaw;W fjpapd;wp mikfpwJ.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf 5
1. `jiyf;Fsk;~ vd;Dk; fijapd; Mrphpah;

,ay;
m) gPh;KfkJ M) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) b$afhe;jd; [tpil: M]

2. `jiyf;Fsk;~ vd;Dk; fij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[

m) JiwKfk; M) Tdd; njhg;g[
,) rpj;jd;nghf;F <) xU Fl;oj; jPtpd; tiuglk;  [tpil: <]
3. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; gpwe;j khtl;lk; ................ Ch; ................ Mz;L ................
m) fd;dpahFkhp/ nj=;fha;g;gl;lzk;/ 1944.
M) j+;rht{h;/ cj;jkjhdg[uk;/ 1942.
,) brd;id/ kapyhg;g{h;/ 1940.
<) jpUthqh;/ ty=;ifkhd;/ 1943. [tpil: m]

4. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhdpd; gilg;g[fs; btsptUk; bkhHpfs;

m) jkpH;/ M=;fpyk; M) jkpH;/ ,e;jp
,) jkpH;/ fd;dlk; <) jkpH;/ kiyahsk;  [tpil: m]

5. 
njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; ~rha;t[ ehw;fhyp~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpw;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUjpidg; bgw;w Mz;L
m) 1994 M) 1997 ,) 1999 <) 2001 [tpil: M]

6. jkpHf murpd; tpUJ bgw;w njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; gilg;g[fs;

m) JiwKfk;/ Tdd;njhg;g[ M) rha;t[ ehw;fhyp/ JiwKfk; ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
,) xU Fl;oj; jPtpd; tiuglk; <) Tdd;njhg;g[/ rha;t[ehw;fhyp [tpil: m]
7. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) ck;kh ? 1. mg;gh
M) thg;gh ? 2. mk;kh
,) Vr;R ? 3. goj;Jiw
<) flt[ ? 4. jpl;Ljy;
m) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m]
8. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; ? 1. kiybtog;g[
M) rz;KfRe;juk; ? 2. Nhpa btg;gk;
,) b$afhe;jd; ? 3. m+;rpa
<) jp.$hdfpuhkd; ? 4. tpiut[
c) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; ? 5. bey;iyj;jkpH;
227
m) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 5/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 1 [tpil: M]
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
9.
rhpahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
12 i) fp. uh$ehuhazd; nfhtpy;gl;o tl;lhuj; jkpiHg; gad;gLj;jpg; gilj;jhh;.
ii) jk;Kila tl;lhu vGj;jpw;F mth; `fhpry; ,yf;fpak;~ vd;W bgahpl;lhh;.
iii)  rpWfijfs; tl;lhuk; rhh;e;J bjhFf;fg;gl;Lj; `j+;irf; fijfs;~ vd;gJ nghd;W
btspaPL bgWfpd;wd.
m) i, ii rhp M) ii, iii rhp ,) iii kl;Lk; rhp <) @d;Wk; rhp  [tpil: <]
5 10. jiyf;Fsk; fijapd; fUg;bghUs;
m) fpuhk=;fs; kf;fs; kfpH;r;rpahd thH;f;if thH;tjw;F Vw;w ,lkhf ,Ue;J gpd;dh; efukhf
,ay;

khwpaijg; gw;wpg; ngRtJ.

M) jdf;F cjtp bra;j kdpjid njof; fz;Lgpoj;J ed;wp ghuhl;LtJ.
,) bgz;fspd; mtyepiya[k; Mz;fspd; mlf;FKiwa[k;.
<) ,we;J nghd kdpjdpd; rpwg;g[fisg; ngRtJ. [tpil: m]

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 121

1. eP=;fs; ,Uf;Fk; Ciu thH Vw;wjha; khw;w nkw;bfhs;Sk; tHpKiwfisj; bjhFf;f.

ŠŠ fHpt[ePh; tha;f;fhy; Cupd; cs;ns fHpt[ePu;j; nj=;fhky; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ cah;epiy ePu;j;njf;fj; bjhl;oapid (LHT) khjk; ,UKiw Fnshupd; nghl;L Rj;jk;
bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. fhuzk; Fof;Fk; ePuhy;jhd; midj;J neha;fSk; cUthFtjhy;
ftdk; brYj;j ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ tPl;Lf;Fg;igfis bghJ ,lj;jpy; bfhl;lhky;/ Jg;gut[ gzpahsh;fsplk; juk; gphpj;J
xg;gilf;f ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ bjUtpy; ,lk; ,Ug;gpd; ntg;g=;fd;W/ g[d;fd; fd;W ,tw;iw el;L guhkhpf;fyhk;.
ŠŠ ML/ khLfisj; bjUtpy; ,ut[ neu=;fspy; fl;o mRj;jk; bra;af; TlhJ.
ŠŠ njit ,y;yhky; bjUf;FHha;fspy; jz;zPiuj; jpwe;J tpLjy; TlhJ.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

ŠŠ bjUf;FHha;fspnyna Fspg;gJ/ Jzp Jitg;gJ TlhJ.

ŠŠ rhiynahu=;fspy;/ btspapl=;fspy; kyk; fHpf;ff;TlhJ. Vbddpy; kyk; fHpg;gjhy;jhd;
kpfj; bjhw;W neha;fs; gut[fpwJ vdg; g[hpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ bghJ eyk; fhf;Fk; vz;zk; ,ay;ghf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ nkYk;/ bjUf;fspy; vija[k; vhpg;gijj; jtpf;f ntz;Lk;.
ŠŠ Rj;jk; nrhW nghL vd;W vz;z ntz;Lk;. ? Rw;Wg;g[wnk Rfhjhuk;.

2. 
fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshf c=;fs; FLk;gk; thH;e;j tPl;oidg; gw;wpa[k; Rw;Wr;NHypy;
Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fisg; gw;wpa[k; bghpnahh;fsplk; mwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gfph;e;J bfhs;f.
khzth;fns tzf;fk;/ thH;j;Jf;fs;-
eh=;fs; Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshf thH;e;jpUe;j tPLk; ? Rw;Wr;NHypy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs;
gw;wp ehd; nfl;L mwpe;J bfhz;ltw;iw c=;fsplk; gfph;e;J bfhs;sg; nghfpnwd;.
ŠŠ gz;g[ilath;fshy;jhd; ,d;Dk; ,t;t[yfk; thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ vd;W rhd;nwhh;
TWth;.
228
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
ŠŠ 
ey;yhh;xUth; csnwy; mth; bghUl;L vy;yhu;f;Fk; bga;a[k; kiH ? vd;gJ nghy
ey;yth;fshy; jhd; kiH bghHpa[k;. 12
ŠŠ cs;sj;jhy; (xUtd;) bgha;ahJ xGfpd; cyfj;jhh; cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;.
ŠŠ nkw;fz;l
bghd; bkhHpfSf;F Vw;g vd; FLk;gj;jhh;/ vd; jhj;jh/ ghl;o/ mg;gh/ mk;kh
midtUnk ey;byhGf;fj;Jld; thH;e;jth;fs;.
ŠŠ 
md;g[ilath;fs;/g[wk; ngrhjth;fs;/ bgha; ngrhjhth;fs;/ xg;g[ut[ cilath;fs;/
cz;il tpsk;gpfs; vd vy;yh ew;Fz=;fs; bgw;wth;fshf thH;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
5

,ay;
ŠŠ mth;fspd; tHpj;njhd;wyhfpa v=;fis Cjpy; midtUk; md;g[ld; elj;Jth;.
ŠŠ caph;fsplj;J
md;g[ ntQk; ? vd;Dk; bfhs;ifnahL thH;e;jjhy; Ch; kf;fSk; v=;fs;
FLk;gj;ijna vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; bfhz;L thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.
ŠŠ thH;tJ xUKiw thH;j;jl;Lk; jiyKiw.
vdnt/ khztr; bry;t=;fns eP=;fs; gpwu; tpUk;g[khW ey;yij bra;J eynkhL thG=;fs;.



5
,ay;
,yf;fzk;
gokk;
,yf;fzj; njh;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 124

1. gokk; vd;gjd; bghUs;

m) brhy; M) bray; ,) fhl;rp <) xyp tpil: ,
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
2. `fhiy ,sk; btapy; ed;whf nka Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; g[Jbtapy;~ ,f;ftpijapy; ..............
gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; gokk; M) tpidg;gokk; ,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; tpil: M
3. Tw;W : c
 tik cUtfk; nghy gokKk; tpid/ gad;/ bka;/ cU Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;
njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gokkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp tHpna fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;Wk; rhp/ fhuzKk; rhp <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ fhuzKk; jtW  tpil: m
4. bka;g;gokj;Jf;Fhpa ghliyj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) beU+;rpf; fl;fpd; g[Jkyh; Kl;gae; jh=;F
M) fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ
,) rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk; ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk;
<) bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g tpil: , 229
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

5. 
``khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~~ ? ,jpy; vt;tifg; gokk;
12 btspg;gLfpwJ>
ŠŠ ,g;ghlyofspy; bka; (totg;) gokk; btspg;gLfpwJ.
ŠŠ khe;njhg;g[ gUt fhyj;jpd; mHF gl;lhilahf kuj;ijg; nghh;j;jpapUg;gJ g{f;fSk;
jsph;fSk; gl;lhilia cLj;jpa bgz;zpd; njhw;wj;ij my;yJ g{j;jpUf;Fk; kuj;jpd;
njhw;wj;njhL xg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
5
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;

gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ``btapy; kiHf;Fr;
brhuizaw;w vUik
Fj;jpl;l ghiwahf
ejpePhpy; fplf;Fk;~~ ? vd;W vUikapd; Ruiziaw;w jd;ikiag; ghiwapd; xg;gPl;lhy;
gokg;gLj;Jgth;
m) M.nt.KDrhkp M) njtnjtd; ,) e. gpr;r@h;j;jp <) fy;ahz;$p [tpil: M]
2. ``fj;jy;fspd; beUf;foapy;
jj;Jt=;fs;
FHe;ijfs; nghy;
mof;fo bjhiye;JnghFk;~~ ? vd;W vGjpath;;
m) M.nt.KDrhkp M) njtnjtd; ,) e. gpr;r@h;j;jp <) fy;ahz;$p [tpil: m]
3. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) jhiHkyh; ? 1. bghd;
M) brUe;jp kyh; ? 2. md;dk;
,) Ks;sp kyh; ? 3. Kj;Jfs;
<) g[d;id kyh; ? 4. ePykzp
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 [tpil: m]
4. vapw;gl;odk; cs;s Xa;khehl;il Ml;rp bra;jtd;
m) mjpakhd; M) ey;ypanfhld; ,) ngfd; <) es=;fps;sp [tpil: M]
5. `miyePh;j; jhiH md;dk; g{g;gt[k;~? vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil M) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
,) kiyg;gLflhk; <) mfehD}W [tpil: M]
6. ``khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ~ vd;w gokf;ftpijapd; Mrphpah;
m) njtnjtd; M) M.nt.KDrhkp ,) e. gpr;r@h;j;jp <) fy;ahz;$p [tpil: ,]
7. `fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;wpy; mike;Js;s gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; [tpil: m]
8. ``fhiy ,sk; btapy;
ed;whf nka
230 Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk;
g[Jbtapy;~~ ? vd;W fy;ahz;$p ftpijapy; gokg;gLj;jg;gLtJ
 www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
m) fhiy ,sk; btapypd; mHF/ fd;wpd; branyhL xg;gpLjy;
M) fd;wpd; bray;/ fhiy ,sk; btapypd; mHnfhL xg;gpLjy; 12
,) fd;wpd; bray; ,is+nuhL xg;gply;
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]
9. `nehk;vd; be+;nr- nehk;vd; be+;nr~ vd;Dk; FWe;bjhif ghlypy; ,lk;bgWk; gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; [tpil: M]
5
10. ``ahidjd; tha;epiw bfhz;l typnjk;g[ jlf;if

,ay;
Fd;Wg[F ghk;gpd; njhd;Wk;~~ ? vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; [tpil: ,]
11. ``nfhitg;gH @f;Fk;
ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk;
rptg;g[f;nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk;
ntg;gpiy thYk;~~ ? vd;Dk; e. gpr;r@h;j;jpapd; ftpijapy; mike;Js;s gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) totg;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; [tpil: ,]
12. `bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g~ vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) totg;gokk; <) cUg;gokk;  [tpil: <]

FWtpdh
1. gokk; vd;why; vd;d>
ŠŠ gokk; vd;gJ fhl;rp vd;gJ bghUs;.
ŠŠ fhl;rpianah/ fUj;ijnah fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpw cj;jp.

2. gokj;jpd; gzpfs; ahit>

ŠŠ fhl;rpj;jd;ik bfhz;ltw;iw mg;gona fhQk; tifapy; btspg;gLj;jp bjspit
Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
ŠŠ g[jpa Kiwapy; njhw;wf; TWfis vGj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
ŠŠ fUj;Jj;jd;ika[s;s xd;Wf;F xg;gPl;ilf; fhl;o fhl;rpj;jd;ik juyhk;.
ŠŠ fUj;Jf;fisg; g[hpa itf;fyhk;.
ŠŠ fhl;rpf;Fj; bjspt[g;gLj;JtJ/ fhl;rpg;gLj;JtJ gokj;jpd; gzpfs; MFk;.

3. fhl;rpg; gokj;ij rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

``btapy; kiHf;Fr;
brhuizaw;w vUik
Fj;jpl;l ghiwahf
ejp ePhpy; fplf;Fk;~~
vUikapd; Ruizaw;w jd;ikiag; ghiwapd; xg;gPl;lhy; gokg;gLj;Jfpwhh; ftp+h;.
,J fhl;rpg; gokk; MFk;.
4. tpidg;gotk; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
fl;oiyg; gpd;Dfpd;w xUtdpd; if Crp vt;tst[ ntfkhf thiur; brYj;Jnkh
mt;tst[ tpiuthf Ciuf; ifg;gw;w te;j tPudpd; nghh; vd;W fPH;tUk; ghly; tpidiaf; 231
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
``fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ
12 nghH;J}z;L Crpapd; tpiue;jd;W khnjh"
Ch;bfhs te;j bghUendhL
Mh;g[id bjhpay; beLe;jif nghnuh.~~
5. gad; gokk; tpsf;Ff.

5 ``nehk;vd; be+;nr- nehk;vd; be+;nr-

g[d;g[yj;J mkd;w rpwpapiy beU+;rpf;
fl;fpd; g[Jkyh; Kl;gae; jhm=;F
,ay;

,dpa bra;jek; fhjyh;

,d;dh bra;jy; nehk;vd; be+;nr-~~
,dpa bra;jy; ,d;dh bra;jy; vd;w gad;fis/ ,dpa tifahf beU+;rp g{ita[k;/
,d;dhjitahf beU+;rp Ks;isa[k; fhl;rpg; bghUshy; gokg;gLj;jpa[s;shh; ftp+h;.
6. ahid jd; tha;epiw bfhz;l typnjk;g[ jlf;if Fd;Wg[F ghk;gpd; njhd;Wk; ? ,g;ghlypy;
gapd;W tUk; gokj;ij tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; bka;g;gokk; gapd;W te;Js;sJ. kj=;bfhz;l ahidahdJ jd;
tha;f;Fs; Jjpf;ifapd; @yk; czit itf;fpwJ. ahidapd; tha; kiyf;Fif thapidg;
nghy; cs;sjhft[k;. Jjpf;if kiyf;Fifapy; EiHa[k; ghk;gpidg; nghy; cs;sjhft[k;
totj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa[s;shh;.
7. g[Jf;ftpijapy; ifahSk; cj;jpfs; ahit>
ctik/ cUtfk;/ gokk;/ FwpaPL/ m=;fjk;/ Kuz;/ rpnyil/ ,Uz;ik Mfpad.
8. gokj;jpd; mog;gilf; TWfs; ahit>
tpid/ gad;/ bka; (totk;)/ cU (epwk;).

rpWtpdh
1. r=;fg; ghlypy; fhzg;bgWk; ctikfspy; gok=;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd ? tpsf;Ff.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

ey;ypaf;nfhld; Ml;rp bra;j Xa;kh ehl;od; fhl;rp:

``miyePh;j; jhiH md;dk; g{g;gt[k;
jiyehs; brUe;jp jkdpak; kUl;lt[k;
fL+;Ny; Kz;lfk; fjph;kzp fHhmyt[k;
beL=;fhy; g[d;id epj;jpyk; itg;gt[k;~~
vDk; ghlypy;
``jhiH kyh; md;dk; nghyt[k;
brUe;jp kyh; bghd;idg; nghyt[k;
Ks;sp kyh; ePykzpiag; nghyt[k;~~
g[d;id kuj;J mUk;g[ Kj;Jg; nghyt[k; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjhy; ,g;ghly; gok=;fshfpwJ.
r=;fg;ghlypy; ctik/ cs;Siw kpFjpahff; fhz KofpwJ.

232
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 124 12

1. ,ut[k; gfYk;
vjpbujpu; nkhjpl
 cile;j gfypd; Jz;Lfs; ? ,f;ftpijapy; gok cj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUg;gij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
,ut[k; gfYk; nkhjpf;bfhs;Sk; tpidiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpajhy; ,J tpidg;gokk; MFk;.
5

,ay;
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 126

rhd;nwhh; rpj;jpuk;

xUKiw vl;lag[uk; muz;ikdf;F ahH;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J

xU g[yth; te;jpUe;jhh;. muz;kid mitapy; ele;j g[yth;
Tl;lj;jpy; <w;wo xd;iwf; bfhLj;Jg; ghly; xd;iw ,aw;wpj; jUkhW
ntz;odhh;. mf;Tl;lj;jpw;F ,uz;L ez;gh;fs; brd;wpUe;jdh;.
gyUk; ghly; ,aw;wpf; bfhLf;f midj;Jg; ghly;fspYk; ez;gh;fs;
,Uthpd; ghly;fns rpwe;jbjdj; nje;bjLj;j mg;g[yth; ,UtUf;Fk;
nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;
`ghujp~ vd;w gl;lj;ija[k; tH=;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jhh;. mt;tpUthpy; xUth; (1879?1939)
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;/ kw;bwhUth; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;.
ngr;rhsh;/ r@f rPh;jpUj;jthjp/ tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tPuu;/ ,yf;fpa Ma;thsh; vdg;
gd;Kf MSikbfhz;l ehtyh; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;. rpwe;j tHf;fwp+uhft[k; jpfH;e;jhh;.
tHf;fwp+h; bjhHpiy tpl;Ltpl;L t.c.rp.apd; miHg;ig Vw;W q.100 rk;gsj;jpy; Rnjrpf;
fg;gy; epWtdj;jpd; eph;thfg; bghWg;ig Vw;whh;. `vd;dplk; ,uz;L ruf;Ff; fg;gnyhL
@d;whtjhf xU jkpH;f; fg;gYk; cs;sJ~ vd;W t.c.rp. bgUkpjj;Jld; ,tiuf; Fwpg;gpLthh;.
,th; jkpH; ,yf;fz/ ,yf;fpa Ma;t[fspy; <Lgl;lth;" mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy;
jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa[s;shh;. ,e;jp vjph;g;g[g; nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpd;W
brayhw;wpath;. jrujd; Fiwa[k; ifnfap epiwa[k;/ jpUts;Sth;/ nruh; jhaKiw/ ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
jkpGk; jkpHUk; Kjypa gy E}y;fis ,th; ,aw;wpa[s;shh;. bjhy;fhg;gpag; bghUsjpfhu
mfj;jpizapay;/ g[wj;jpizapay;/ bka;g;ghl;oay; Mfpatw;Wf;F ciu vGjpa[s;shh;.
,th; r@f rPh;jpUj;j=;fspy; <LghLbfhz;L rl=;Ffs; ,y;yhj jpUkz tpHhf;fis
Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdhh;. t.c.rp. Rg;gpukzpa rpth Mfpnahh; kPjhd tHf;Ffspy; mth;fSf;fhf
,th; thjhoaJ Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jJ. mtUila jPe;jkpGf;Fr; rhd;W.
``fl;lis my;yJ ey;y jkpH; eilf;F/ vspjpy; bghUs; tps=;Fk; bjspt[
,d;wpaikahjJ. ,ay; tHf;fpy;yh mU+;brhw;fSk; bghUs; gy Fwpj;J kUsitf;Fk;
bghJr;brhw;fSk; tput[k; eiliar; bra;a[s; tHf;fpy; xUtUk; tpUk;ghh;. vspika[k;
bjspt[k; vGj;jpYk; ngr;rpYk; vk;bkhHp eilf;Fk; ,dpika[k; vHpYk; vd;Wk; cjt[k;
vd;gJ vy;yhh;f;Fk; cld;ghL.~~.
(ehtyh; nrhkRe;ju ghujpapd; E}w;bjhFjp 4 ? `ew;wkpH;~ vd;Dk; fl;LiuapypUe;J)
tpdhf;fs;:
1. ghujp gl;lk; bgw;w ,Uth; ahh;>
2. gpd;tUk; bjhlUf;F ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ vGJf: vspika[k; bjspt[k;
233
3. g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf: tHf;fwp+h;
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org
4. nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; vGjpa E}y; xd;wpid vGJ.
12 5. nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; <Lgl;l nghuhl;lk; vJ>
tpilfs;:
1. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;/ nrhk Re;ju ghujpahh;
2. vspika[k; bjspt[k; ? vz;Qk;ik

5 3. tHf;fwp+h; ? tHf;F + mwp+h;

ŠŠ caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; vd;w tpjpg;go/ tHf;f; + mwp+h; vd;whdJ.
ŠŠ cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;w tpjpg;go/ (f; + m= fp) tHf;fwp+h; vdg;
,ay;

g[zh;e;jJ.
4. jrujdd; Fiwa[k; ? ifnfapd; epiwa[k;
5. ,e;jp vjph;g;g[g; nghuhl;lk;
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
Periyar was not only a great social revolutionary; he was something more than that. He is known
as a great champion of the underprivileged; even in this sphere he was much more than that. His sphere
of activity was very wide and when he took up any issue he went deep into it, understood all the aspects
of it and did not rest until he had found a permanent solution to it. Communal differences in our society
were deep-tooted and appeared to be permanent features of our society until Periyar came on the scene.

jkpHhf;fk;:
bghpahh; r@f rPh;jpUj;jthjp kl;Lky;yhky;/ mija[k; jhz;o mthplk; gy rpwg;g[fs;
cs;sd. mth; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;nlhh;fSf;fhfg; nghuho btw;wp fz;lth;. mJkl;Lky;yhky;
mtUila bray;fs; bjhiynehf;Fg; ghh;it cilaJ. ve;jg; gpur;rpidf;Fk; mth;
Tf;Fuy; bfhLj;jhh;. mjid Muha;e;J g[hpe;j gpd; mjw;fhd epue;ju jPh;ita[k; fz;Lgpoj;J
epiwntw;wpdhh;. bghpahh; mth;fspd; tUiff;F Kd;dh; rhjpfSf;F ,ilna ntw;Wik ek;
r@fj;jpy; gutp ,Ue;jJ.
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Ljy;
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

gpwg;gpdhy; vth;f;Fk; ? cyfpy;

bgUik thuhjg;gh-
rpwg;g[ ntz;Lbkdpy; ? ey;y
bra;if ntz;Lkg;gh-
ed;ik bra;gtnu ? cyfk;
ehLk; nkw;Fyj;jhh;-
jpd;ik bra;gtnu ? mz;oj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhh;- ? ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk;
jiyg;g[ :
jPz;lhikia tpul;Lnthk;.
Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[ :
bgah; : ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk;
bgw;nwhh; : rptjhQ ? Mjpyl;Rkp
234 gpwg;g[ : 1976 ? 1954
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
Ch; : fd;dpahFkhp ? njqh;
E}y;fs; : Mrpa n$hjp/ kyUk; khiya[k; 12
jpuz;l fUj;J:
kdpjDf;F gpwg;ghy; g[fH; tuhJ. rpwg;ghd g[fH; tuntz;Lbkdpy; ey;y bray;fs;
bra;a ntz;Lk;. ey;y bray;fs; bra;gtiu cyfk; ehLk;. jPik bra;gtiu xUtUk;

jPz;lkhl;lhh;.
bjhil eak;:
5
bjhilaw;w ghf;fs;

,ay;
eilaw;W nghFk;
vd;gjw;F Vw;g nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[ msbgil ea=;fs; mike;Js;sd.
nkhid eak; :
fhl;Lf;F ahid
ghl;Lf;F nkhid
Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhid.
rhd;W :
ed;ik
ehLk;
jpd;ik
jPz;l
vJif eak; :
kJiuf;F tif
bra;a[Sf;F vJif
Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tuj;bjhLg;gJ vJif.
rhd;W :
gpwg;gpdhy;
rpwg;g[
jpd;ik ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
jPz;l
,iag[ :
,Wjp vGj;njh Xirnah xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[.
rhd;W :
thuhjg;gh
ntz;Lkg;gh
nkw;Fyj;jhh;
xz;zhjhh;
mzp eak; :
Fsj;Jf;F jhkiu mHF
fz;Qf;F ik mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
vd;gjw;F Vw;g ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp te;Js;sJ.
235
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
Kot[iu:
12 fw;whUf;Fk;/ fy;yhUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[ ,iae;njhl/
fw;gid fhl;rpaspf;f/ re;jk; jhskpl/ Rit cz;lhfp/ eh Vf;fKw/ mzpnahL mHFbgWk;
tifapy; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.

bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 127

5
vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
,ay;

ciHj;J cHt[ bra;j

cg;igbay;yhk;
tz;oapy; g{l;o vUnjhL tzpfh;fs;
thH tHp fz;L
cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyg; bgw
jd; kfspnuhL cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijf;Fr;
bry;fpd;w fhl;rp
tzpfh;fspd; tPjpcyhnghy;
fhl;rp jUfpwJ

ngr;RtHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.

v.fh: ,g;g vdf;Fg; g[hp+;R nghr;R. ePa[k; g[hp+;rpf;nfh.
,g;bghGJ vdf;Fg; g[hpe;Jtpl;lJ. ePa[k; g[hpe;Jbfhs;.
1. epyj;jf; bfswQk;lh mg;gjhd; tFW epiwa[k;
epyj;ij cGjhy;jhd; tapW epiwa[k;.
2. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f ntz;oajhd.
md;W mtDf;Fg; gzk; bfhLj;J cjtpapUf;f ntz;oaJjhd;.
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

3. t{l;lhz;l btisahz;l bfhae;ijia mg;gh v=;f ,!;JfpD nghdhU.

tPl;Lf;F mUfpy; tpisahof;bfhz;oUe;j FHe;ijia mg;gh v=;F miHj;Jf;bfhz;L
nghdhh;.
4. g[s;isf;F clk;g[ rhpapy;iy @Q ehsh rpukg;gLJ
gps;isf;F cly;epiy rhpapy;iy. @d;W ehl;fshf Jd;gg;gLfpwJ.
5. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; nght brhy;
,ut[ rpj;jg;ghit fhtYf;Fg; nghfr; brhy;.

btl;oa[k; xl;oa[k; ngRjy;

fpuhk=;fs; efukhtJ tsh;r;rpah>

ŠŠ fpuhk=;fspy; mHpthy; efu=;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jd. mJkl;Lky;yhky; etPd cyfpw;F
ek;ik miHj;Jr; bry;yf;Toajhf efu=;fs; mikfpwJ.
236
 www.nammakalvi.org Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
ŠŠ efu=;fspd;tsh;r;rpahy; fpuhk=;fs; mHpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,aw;ifg; ghjpg;g[/ bjhHpw;rhiyg;
bgUf;fj;jhy; ePh; khRghL/ kdtsk; Fd;wy;/ (ntshz;ik) tptrhak; ghjpg;g[ Vw;gl;L 12
czt[f;F ifnae;Jk; epiy Vw;glf;TLk;.

<w;wo vGjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwt[ bra;f.

g{l;oa
tPl;oYk;
5
v.fh:
g{j;Jr; rphpf;fpwJ

,ay;
Ky;iy.

1. tpGk; 2. mg;gobad;d 3. g{j;j 4. thdk;

ku=;fs; brhy;ypaJ fhw;W kybuhd;W mGfpwJ
mHpa[k; fhL fjpj;jhLfpwJ nkfk; gwf;fpwJ g{kp rphpf;fpwJ.
tPL ,o bjd;wy; kiH

fUj;Jg;glj;ijg; g[hpe;Jbfhz;L gj;jpahf vGJf.

r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;

vl;Lj;bjhif gj;Jg;ghl;L

mfk; g[wk; mfKk; g[wKk; mfk; g[wk;

ew;wpid g[wehD}W ghpghly; Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L kJiuf;fh+;rp
FWe;bjhif gjpw;Wg;gj;J Ky;iyg;ghl;L jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
I=;FWE}W beLey;thil bghUeuhw;Wg;gil
mfehD}W gl;odg;ghiy bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
fypj;bjhif rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
Tj;juhw;Wg;gil

gj;jp mikj;jy;:
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lit r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;. mit ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;. xd;W vl;Lj;jhif. kw;bwhd;W gj;Jg;ghl;L. vl;Lj;bjhif vd @d;W
tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mfk; rhh;e;j ,yf;fpa=;fs; Ie;J: ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif/
I=;FWE}W/ mfehD}W/ fypj;bjhif. g[wk; rhh;e;j E}y;fs;: g[wehD}W/ gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
mfKk; g[wKk; rhh;e;j E}y; ghpghly; MFk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L mfk;/ g[wk; vd ,uz;L
tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mfk; rhh;;e;j E}y;fs;: Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L/ Ky;iyg;ghl;L/
beLey;thil/ gl;odg;ghiy. g[wk; rhh;e;j E}y;fs;: kJiuf; fh+;rp/ jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil/
bghUeuhw;Wg;gil/ bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil/ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil/ Tj;juhw;Wg;gil.
,tw;Ws; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; Ie;J MFk;.

237
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

fPH;f;fhQk; gFjpiag; goj;J gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J jkpH;g;gLj;Jf.

12
rh;f;fhh; bfhLf;Fk; rk;gsk; $Ptdj;Jf;Fg; nghJkh> mjw;Fs; $Ptdk; elj;j Koa[kh>
vd;W mth; rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ" vy;yhk; khia" cs;Ah;
epw;Fk; Mj;kh khRgltpy;iy. jhd; ntW ,e;j khia ntW. jhd; ,e;jg; gpug+;rj;ij
Ml;oitf;Fk; rf;jpapd; xU mk;rk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhh;. Vbdd;why;/ mtuJ Mj;k

5 tpyhrj;ijr; nrhjid nghl;Lg; ghh;f;f ,Jtiu bja;tj;Jf;nfh kD&Df;nfh mtfhrk;

fpilj;jjp;y;iy. kD& th;f;fk; KGtJnk jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikia !;g[lk;
nghl;Lg; ghh;g;gJ nghy jtWf;F nky; jtW bra;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
,ay;

tpil:
muR bfhLf;Fk; Cjpak; thH;t[f;Fg; nghJkh> mjw;Fs; thH;f;if elj;j Koa[kh>
vd;W mth; rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ. vy;yhk; bgha;j;njhw;wk;.
cs;Au epw;Fk; caph; khRgltpy;iy. jhd; ntW njhw;wk; ntW. jhd; ,e;j cyfj;ij
Ml;oitf;Fk; rf;jpapd; xU totk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhh;. Vbdd;why;/ mtuJ caph;
milahsj;ijr; nrhjidg; nghl;Lg; ghh;f;f ,Jtiu bja;tj;Jf;nfh/ kdpjDf;nfh neuk;
fpilj;jjpy;iy. kdpj th;f;fk; KGtJnk jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikiag; g[lk;
nghl;Lg; ghu;g;gJ nghy jtWf;F nky; jtW bra;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
bra;J fw;nghk;.

eP=;fs; mwpe;j Ch;fspd; bgah;f;fhuz=;fisdj; bjhFj;J xg;gilt[ cUthf;Ff.

rpjk;guk;:
,iwtd; eluhrh; mk;gyj;jpy; Mly; g[hpjyhy; rpw;wk;gyk; vd;Wk; mJnt rpjk;guk;
vd;whapw;W vd;gh;. rpj; + mk;guk; = rpjk;guk; vd;whapw;W. rpj; vd;why; mwpt[/ mk;guk; vd;why;
Mfhak; my;yJ btl;lbtsp. btl;lbtspf;F vy;iyf; fpilahJ. mJnghy vy;iyaw;w
mwpitf; bfhz;ltuhYk; g[hpe;Jbfhs;s Koahjth; eluhrh;.
Fw;whyk;:
FW My; vd;gJ xUtif Mykuk;. mj;jifa ku=;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;
tdg;gFjp vd;gjhy; Fw;whyk; vd;W bgah; bgw;wJ. r=;ffhyj;jpy; ,J njD}h; vd;Dk;
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

bgaUld; jpfH;e;jJ.
rptfhrp:
bjd; kJiuia Mz;l \hpnfrhpguhf;fpuk ghz;oad; thudhrpapypUe;J (thudhrp
vd;gJ fhrp) xU rptyp=;fj;ijf; bfhz;Lte;J epWtpdhh;. fhrpapypUe;J te;j rptyp=;fk;
,=;F epWtg;gl;ljhy; fhrp rptyp=;fk; bgauhny rpfthrp Mapw;W.
br=;fy;gl;L:
br=;fy;gl;L brd;idapd; g[wefh; gFjpahFk;. brd;idapd; EiHthapy;
vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kd;g[ ,=;F ePh;epiyfspy; br=;fGePh; g{f;fs; epiwe;jpUe;jd vd;gh;.
vdnt br=;fGePh;g;gl;L vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ kUtp br=;fy;gl;L vd;whdJ.

238
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf 12
(MSikj;jpwd; vd;gJ xUtuJ xG=;fike;j ,a=;fpak elj;ij/ czh;t[/ rpe;jid
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. jd;dk;gpf;if/ neu;kiwr; rpe;jidfs;/ mog;gil xGf;fk;/ clw;gapw;rp
Mfpa midj;Jnk MSikg; gz;g[fSs; ml=;Fk;)
ŠŠ ,kah ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;lg; gHFfpwhs;. Xl;Lifapy; ,ilapy; jLkhwpf; fPnH
tpGfpwhs;. fw;Wf;bfhLf;Fk; mtSila mz;zd;. `cd;dhy; ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;l
5
,ayhJ~ vd;fpwhd;. eP=;fs; ,kahthf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d brhy;tPh;fs;>

,ay;
 mz;zh eP=;fs; vdf;Fj; bjhlh;e;J xU thuk; gHf;fpf; bfhL=;fs;. epr;rak;
fw;Wf;bfhs;ntd;. KoahJ vd;gJ btWk; ngr;R/ Koa[k; vd;gJ caph; @r;R. vdnt/
gapw;rp nkw;bfhz;lhy; ve;j ntiya[k; vspikahFk; mz;zh.
ŠŠ gs;sp
Mz;LtpHhtpw;F tUif g[hpe;j rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdUf;F ed;wpa[iu epfH;j;j Mrphpah;
miHf;fpd;whh;. me;epiyapy; ePtph; vd;d bra;tPh;>
ed;wpa[iu Mw;w tUtjw;F epr;rak; xj;Jf;bfhs;ntd;. jiyth;/ rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdh;/
Mrphpah;/ khzt khztpah;/ bgw;nwhh; vd thpirg;gLj;jp ed;wp vd;whny nghJnk-
nkYk;/ rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdh; fy;tpia tpiyf;F th=;f KoahJ. fy;tpf;Tl=;fspy; fw;why;
kl;Lnk fy;tpiag; bgwyhk; vd;W Twpaij Kd;itj;J ed;wp brhy;ntd;.

gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (ePjp kd;wk;)

Affidavit – Miz cWjp Mtzk; Jurisdiction – mjpfhu vy;iy
Allegation – rhl;Liu Plaintiff – thjp
Conviction – jz;lid Sentence – thf;fpak;



ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

239
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.org

12
,ay; 5 khjphp tpdhj;jhs; ? 5
tFg;g[ : 12
neuk; : 2.30 kzp kjpg;bgz; : 90
5 I. gyt[s; bjupf.  6×1=6
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.
,ay;

1. brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y. mJ ek;gpf;if ikak;. fhuzk; ?

m) neuo/ kiwKf ntiytha;g;g[fspd; fsk;
M) bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs; thfd cw;gj;jpapy; g=;F
,) bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
<) m/ M/ , midj;Jk;
2. Tw;W: ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; berthsh;fs; brd;id nehf;fp te;jdh;.
fhuzk;: fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;/ Jzp rhu;e;jjhfnth ,Ue;jJ.
m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W rhp fhuzk; rhp
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW ? 1. khtypg[ur; bryt[
M) gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha; ? 2. fy;nfhlhp
,) gy;yhtuk; ? 3. mU=;fhl;rpafk;
<) vGk;g{h; ? 4. Ttk;
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
4. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthh;~ ? ,j;bjhlh; czh;j;Jk; gz;g[
m) neh;kiwg; gz;g[ M) vjph;kiwg; gz;g[
,) Kuz;gz;g[ <) ,it midj;Jk;
5. `tpspawp +kyp~ ? ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpy=;F vJ>
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu ,) eha; <) ahHp
6. gokk; vd;gjd; bghUs;.
m) brhy; M) bray; ,) fhl;rp <) xyp
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf 8×1=8

7. `fhiy ,sk; btapy; ed;whf nka Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; g[Jbtapy;~ ,f;ftpijapy; ...................
gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; gokk; M) tpidg;gokk; ,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk;
8. Tw;W :  ctik cUtfk; nghy gokKk; tpid/ gad;/ bka;/ cU Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;
njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gokkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp tHpna fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
m) Tw;W rhp/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rhp
,) Tw;Wk; rhp/ fhuzk; rhp <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ fhuzKk; jtW
9. bka;g; gokj;Jf;Fhpa ghliyj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) beU+;rpf; fl;fpd; g[Jkyh; Kl;gae; jh=;F
M) fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ
,) rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk; ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk;
<) bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g
10. kDKiw fz;l thrfk; vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;
240 m) FkuFUguh; M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
,) jha[khdth; <) jpU.tp.f.
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
11.
bghUj;Jf.
m) brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}hp ? 1) 1914 12
M) fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}hp ? 2) 1857
,) gpurpbld;rp fy;Y}hp ? 3) 1840
<) brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; ? 4) 1837
c) ,uhzpnkhp fy;Y}hp ? 5) 1912
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 3/ 1 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 5/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5
12. jpU+hdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly;fis bjhFj;jth; 5
m) nrf;fpHhh; M) ,uhruhrnrhHd;

,ay;
,) ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp <) ahUkpy;y;iy
13. fz;lhd; vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw .................
m) fhz;(fz;) + l; + Md; M) fz; + l; + Md;
,) fhz; + l; + l; + Md ; <) fhz;L + Md
14. Plaintiff vd;gjd; jkpH;r; brhy;iy njh;ebjLf;ft[k; :
m) rhl;Liu M) thjp
,) Miz cWjp Mtzk; <) mjpfhu vy;iy

III. FWtpdh . 3×2=6

m) vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf.
15. fyptpHh/ xsptpHh ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
16. `jUkkpF brd;idapy; fe;jnfhl;lj;Js;tsh;
jynkh=;F fe;jntns~ ? bjhlUf;Fg; gjt[iu vGJf.
17. `bgU=;fly; ntl;lr;rj;Jr; rpW Fog;gujth;~ ? bjhlhpy; cs;s Kuz; eaijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
18. ``khe;njhg;gpd; tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~~ ? ,jpy; vt;tifg; gokk; btspg;gLfpwJ.
M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2×2=4
19. fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
20. gokk; vd;why; vd;d>
21. bkl;uh!; buf;fhh;l; MgP!; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
IV. vitnaDk; VHDf;F tpil jUf. 7 × 2 = 14
22. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
m) bra;j M) rhw;wp ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy
23. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) bgU=;fly; M) g{k;ghtha;
24. kug[g;gpiHia ePf;fp vGJf.
m) vypg;gps;is M) mzpy; Fl;o
25. `nehk;vd; be+;nr- nehk;vd; be+;nr~ vd;Dk; FWe;bjhif ghlypy; ,lk;bgWk; gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk;
,) bka;gokk; <) cUg;gokk;
26. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) +kyp ? 1. nrW
M) gfL ? 2. tpiy
,) ms;sy; ? 3. eha;
<) bfhs;is ? 4. vUJ
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
27. ngr;R tHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
m) epyj;jf; bfswQk;kh mg;gjhd; tFW epiwa[k;.
M) uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; nght brhy;. 241
 Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
28. gpd;tUk; bjhliu goj;J Vw;whw;nghy; btl;oa[k; xl;oa[k; vGJf.
12 fpuhk=;fs; efukhtJ tsh;r;rpah>
29. ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fspd; bghUswpe;J brhw;bwhlh; mikf;ft[k;.
m) tpiy M) tpis ,) tpiH
30. fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; jUf. Domestic Flight
V. rpWtpdh.
5
m) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf.
31. `bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;g[~ / ,j;bjhlhpd; tHp gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
2×4=8

32. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; fe;jntsplk; vj;jifnahh; cwt[ ntz;Lbkdf; nfl;fpwhh;>

,ay;

33. g=;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpHh eilbgw;w Kiwiaf; jpU+hd rk;ge;jh; vt;thW gjpt[ bra;fpwhh;.
M) vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2×4=8
34. brd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahs=;fspy;/ ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
35. brd;id mwptpd; efuk; vd;gjw;F rhd;W jUf.
36. ,e;njh? rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy tpsf;Ff.
VI. vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf :  3 x 4 = 12
37. mfehD}w;Ws; ghlypy; tUk; bea;jy; jpizapy; Kjw;bghUs;/ fUg;bghUs;/ chpg;bghUs; gw;wp
tpsf;F. (my;yJ) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tU epiyazpia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
38. fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpiag; goj;J mjid jkpHhf;fk; bra;f.
 Periyar was not only a great social revolutionary; he was something more than that. He is known
as a great champion of the underprivileged; even in this sphere he was much more than that. His sphere
of activity was very wide and when he took up any issue he went deep into it, understood all the aspects
of it and did not rest until he had found a permanent solution to it. Communal differences in our society
were deep-tooted and appeared to be permanent features of our society until Periyar came on the scene.
39. gpd;tUk; ghliyg; goj;J Vw;g[ila ea=;fis vGJf.
gpwg;gpdhy; vth;f;Fk; ? cyfpy;
bgUik thuhjg;gh-
rpwg;g[ ntz;Lbkdpy; ? ey;y
bra;if ntz;Lkg;gh-
ed;ik bra;gtnu ? cyfk;
ehLk; nkw;Fyj;jhh;-
jpd;ik bra;gtnu ? mz;oj;
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

jPz;l xz;zhjhh;- ? ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk

40. fPH;f;fhQk; gFjpiag; goj;J gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J jkpH;g; gLj;Jf.
 rh;f;fhh; bfhLf;Fk; rk;gsk; $Ptdj;Jf;Fg; nghJkh> mjw;Fs; $Ptdk; elj;j Koa[kh> vd;W
mth; rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ" vy;yhk; khia" cs;Ah; epw;Fk; Mj;kh
khRgltpy;iy. jhd; ntW ,e;j khia ntW. jhd; ,e;jg; gpug+;rj;ij Ml;oitf;Fk; rf;jpapd;
xU mk;rk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhh;. Vbdd;why;/ mtuJ Mj;k tpyhrj;ijr; nrhjid nghl;Lg;
ghh;f;f ,Jtiu bja;tj;Jf;nfh kD&Df;nfh mtfhrk; fpilj;jjp;y;iy. kD& th;f;fk; KGtJnk
jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikia !;g[lk; nghl;Lg; ghh;g;gJ nghy jtWf;F nky; jtW bra;J
bfhz;oUe;jJ.
VII. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F ,U gf;f=;fSf;F kpfhky; tpil jUf :  3 x 6 = 18
41. brd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;g{h;/ fe;j nfhl;lg;gFjpfs; bra;a[spy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
42.  ``xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk; cz;L~~ ? eP=;fs; ghh;j;j my;yJ thH;e;j xU efuj;
Fwpj;J ,Ugf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
42. ``fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; Kfthpia ,He;J tUfpd;wd~~ ? ,J Fwpj;J c=;fs; fUj;ij tpthpf;f.
VIII. mokhwhky; bra;a[s; totpy; vGJf.  4+2=6
44. m) `xUika[ld;~ ? vdj; bjhl=;Fk; `bja;tkzpkhiy~ vd;w ghly;.
M) `RLk;~ vd Koa[k; Fws;.
242 www.nammakalvi.org
