A REPORT

“Behavioral aspect of Animal Depending Upon

Environment.”
Submitted By
Tejas Sanjay Patil
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Vandana Srivastava
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
In

Lokmanya Tilak Jankalyan Shikshan Sanstha’s

LOKMANYA TILAK INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND

DESIGN STUDIES
Plot no. 22 & 23, Vikas Nagar, Sector – 5, Koparkhairane, Navi Mumbai, 400709
Affiliated to

University of Mumbai
NOVEMBER 2020

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Preface
Color, form, temperature, sound, and vision are some of the aspects that affect the human
mind somewhere. For example, the overall atmosphere in a hospital is very different from
that of a sports club. The white color in the hospital indicates silence and on the other hand
red, yellow, orange colors in sports clubs indicate motivation, energy. Colors, temperatures
are not only limited to human beings but also affect the minds of animals. They also have
emotions like human beings.

To date, many people have studied humans and their mental states, but few have studied
animals and their mental states.

Many animals are color-blind, such as cows, buffaloes, oxen, dogs, and cats, etc. But this
does not mean that they do not see any colors. The same goes for the sound of Diwali
firecrackers. Dogs run away in panic or get excited and try to bite anyone.

As much as human beings think about the mental state of animals, animals are also being
useful in managing the mental state of human beings which is called animal-assisted
therapy. This report is designed to understand the mental state of animals to show how
humans and animals can become one with each other and be useful to each other. The
behavior of animals is depending upon the external and internal environment as well as it
depends on the health of the animals and health is again depending upon the above aspects.

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Table of Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................. ii
List of Illustrations......................................................................................................................... v
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Aim ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Scope and Limitations ......................................................................................................... 2
2. Population in India .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Dogs ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Cats........................................................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Cow........................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 Buffalo ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Sheep ..................................................................................................................................... 7
2.6 Horses and Ponies ................................................................................................................ 8
......................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Lifecycle and Age Structure ...................................................................................................... 9
4.Athropometrics ......................................................................................................................... 10
5. Factors Affecting the comfort of Domestic Animals. ............................................................ 17
5.1 Temperature ....................................................................................................................... 17
5.1.1 Choosing the Best Temperature for Pets....................................................................... 17
5.1.2 How temperature effects on Buffalo’s .......................................................................... 18
5.1.3 Shelter suitable during hot weather for goat and sheep. ............................................... 19
5.2 Color.................................................................................................................................... 20
5.2.1 Colors Cattle Can't See ................................................................................................. 20
5.2.2 What color should be in Dogs compartment? ............................................................... 21
5.2.3 Color Vision of Sheep ................................................................................................... 21
5.3 Noise and animal behavior ................................................................................................ 22
5.3.1 Effects of noise on the endocrine system of Cattle ....................................................... 22
5.3.2 Dogs Don’t Have a Sixth Sense, They Just Have Incredible Hearing .......................... 23
5.3.3 Sensitivity to Noise for Sheep ....................................................................................... 24
6. Social environment................................................................................................................... 25
6.1 Interaction .......................................................................................................................... 25
6.2 Relationship with animals ................................................................................................. 25

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7. Current scenario of veterinary ............................................................................................... 28
8. Veterinary Hospital Management .......................................................................................... 30
8.1 In Patient Care ................................................................................................................... 30
8.1.1 Food .............................................................................................................................. 30
8.1.2 Water ............................................................................................................................. 31
8.1.3 Shelter ........................................................................................................................... 32
8.1.4 Warmth ......................................................................................................................... 33
8.1.5 Comfort ......................................................................................................................... 34
8.1.6 Opportunity to Toilet/Exercise...................................................................................... 35
8.1.7 Mental Stimulation........................................................................................................ 35
9. Common Pet Health Issues ..................................................................................................... 37
10. Animal-assisted therapy ........................................................................................................ 38
10.1 Medical uses...................................................................................................................... 38
10.2 Cognitive Rehabilitation Treatment............................................................................... 39
10.2.1 Pediatric care ............................................................................................................... 39
10.2.2 Prisons ......................................................................................................................... 39
10.2.3 Nursing homes ............................................................................................................ 40
10.3 Types of Therapy ............................................................................................................. 40
10.3.1 Canine-assisted therapy............................................................................................... 41
10.3.2 Equine-related therapy ................................................................................................ 41
10.4 Cases of animal assisted Therapy ................................................................................... 42
11. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 44
12. References ............................................................................................................................... 45

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List of Illustrations
Figure 1 Pet Dogs Population ............................................................................................ 3
Figure 2 Cats population .................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3 Cats population .................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4 Population of buffalos ......................................................................................... 6
Figure 5 population of sheep and goat ................................................................................ 7
Figure 6 Population of horse and ponies ............................................................................ 8
Figure 7 showing Anthropometry of cow. ....................................................................... 10
Figure 8 showing Anthropometry of cow ......................................................................... 10
Figure 9 showing Anthropometry of Dog. ....................................................................... 11
Figure 10 showing Anthropometry of Dog. ..................................................................... 11
Figure 11 showing Anthropometry of Dog. ..................................................................... 12
Figure 12 showing Anthropometry of Buffalo. ............................................................... 12
Figure 13 showing Anthropometry of sheep. .................................................................. 13
Figure 14 showing Anthropometry of Goat. .................................................................... 13
Figure 15 showing Anthropometry of Rabbit. .................................................................. 14
Figure 16 showing Anthropometry of cat. ....................................................................... 14
Figure 17 showing Anthropometry of cat. ....................................................................... 15
Figure 18 showing Anthropometry of horse. ................................................................... 15
Figure 19 showing Anthropometry of horse. ................................................................... 16
Figure 20 Effect of heat stress ......................................................................................... 18
Figure 21 Effect of heat stress ......................................................................................... 19
Figure 22 Color vision of human beings and dogs. .......................................................... 21
Figure 23 Dog is freeze onto motionless stance. .............................................................. 22
Figure 24 Dog Listening Source: google image ............................................................... 23
Figure 25 Density of veterinarians and veterinary institute ............................................. 28
Figure 26 Cat eating food ................................................................................................ 30
Figure 27 Fresh water storage for cattle ........................................................................... 32
Figure 28 small bowl for small animals ............................................................................ 32
Figure 29 Grooming .......................................................................................................... 35
Figure 30 Cat playing with toy. ........................................................................................ 35

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Figure 31 Child hugging dog ............................................................................................ 38
Figure 32 childerence playing with dog ........................................................................... 39
Figure 33 Dogs in Prisons ................................................................................................. 40
Figure 34 Horse Riding ..................................................................................................... 41

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Behavioral aspect of Animal Depending Upon Environment.
1. Introduction
Broadly speaking, animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other
members of their species, with organisms of other species, and with their environment.
Behavior can also be defined more narrowly as a change in the activity of an organism in
response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combination of cues.

Human beings and their behavior can never be static, and the behavior of the rest of the
animals on this earth also varies according to their species. And this behavior depends on
a lot of things like color, temperature, sound, light all come under their comfort. To give
an example, in our India, during the festival of Diwali, the pollution of sound is very
terrible. This sound is normal for humans but dogs and other animals have incredible
hearing powers than human ears, their ears are more sensitive than humans. Because of
this, they hear a loud voice that has an immediate effect on their behavior. They are
frightened and are likely to become violent and injure other animals or humans. Similarly,
temperature, color and light also affect their behavior.

Just as food, clothing, and shelter are the basic needs of human beings, so are the basic
needs of other animals. These animals also live on the road but this time looking at the
needs of injured animals. They are in dire need of nutritious food, clean drinking water,
shelter, and warmth.

1.1 Aim
To understand the psychology and behavior of varies domestic animals according various
aspects and about their basic needs. Trying to understand their life cycle and Medical
needs.

1.2 Objectives
1. Studying the behavioral aspects of domestic animals.
2. Studying the nutritional requirement of animals.
3. Studying about the physical comfort level of domestic animals.
4. Study of visual aspects of domestic animals.

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1.3 Scope and Limitations
Scope

1. Study of literature, theories on this topic.

2. Study of cattle, dogs and horse.
3. Study of domestic animal’s anthropometrics.

Limitations

1. Animals biological science.

2. Creating medicines on diseases.
3. After life of animals (beef production)
4. Milk production.

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2. Population in India
2.1 Dogs
The population of pet dogs in India amounted for around 19.5 million in the year 2018.
The population was forecast to reach over 31 million by the end of year 2023.

Pet Dogs Population

31.41

21.42
19.41

12.58

2014 2018 2019 2023

Figure 1 Pet Dogs Population Source. Author

Stray dogs: An estimated 35 million stray dogs live in India and according to World
Health Organization (WHO) India faces about 18,000 to 20,000 cases of rabies every
year.

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2.2 Cats

The population of pet cats in India amounted to nearly two million in the year 2018 and
the population was forecast to reach approximately two and a half million by the end of
year 2023

Cats population

31.41

21.42
19.41

12.58

2014 2018 2019 2023

Cats popullation

Figure 2 Cats population Source. Author

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2.3 Cow
Population in Millions

Usable Cow's population

31.41

21.42
19.41

12.58

2014 2018 2019 2023

Cow

Figure 3 Cats population Source. Author

Stray Cow: India had approximately 52 lakh stray cattle according to its last Livestock
Census, published in 2012. The country has not conducted a census since then, so there
has been no realistic estimate of cattle numbers for eight years.

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2.4 Buffalo
Population in Millions

108.7 109.9
105.3

97.9

56.6 55
54.5
51

2003 2007 2012 2019

Buffalo Adult Female buffalo

Figure 4 Population of buffalos Source. Author

Reason Behind Increasing population of buffalos: The high growth rate in

Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh has mainly been attributed
to increasing trend of buffalo meat production while in Rajasthan it is primarily due to
the increased demand of buffalo milk and in Haryana due to increasing demand of
superior buffalo germplasm.

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2.5 Sheep
Population in Millions

148.9
140.5
135.2
124.4

71.6 74.3
61.5 65.1

2003 2007 2012 2019

sheep Goat

Figure 5 population of sheep and goat Source. Author

Reason Behind Increasing population of Goat: India occupies first position in

terms of goat population and milk production. Chevon (goat meat) is most preferred and
widely consumed meat in the country. Since ancient times goat milk has traditionally been
known for its medicinal properties and has recently gained importance in human health due
to its proximity to human milk for easy digestibility and it’s all round health promoting
traits. Still research is needed to explore and validate medicinal properties of goat milk for
projecting it as therapeutic milk for human health. Demand for goat milk and milk products
for internal consumption and export is expected to rise in coming years. Goat husbandry
provides glimpses of future hope for employment generation, nutritional security and
prosperity to the millions of small and marginal farmer’s in the country.

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2.6 Horses and Ponies
Population in Millions

0.8

0.6 0.6

0.3

2003 2007 2012 2019

Horses and ponies

Figure 6 Population of horse and ponies Source. Author

The genetic changes caused by a bottleneck in a ... all the populations that have been
reduced in size did not show quantifiable lower levels ... for null hypothesis in six. Indian
horse and pony breeds along with. English. Thoroughbred horses.

8
3. Lifecycle and Age Structure
The age structure of each category animals adopted during 19th Livestock Census was
considered s age structure for Breed Survey too. The age structure for breed survey under
each species is given below.

MALE FEMALE
EXOTIC AND CROSS UPTO 1 AND A HALF UNDER 1 YEAR
BREED CATTLE YEAR
1 TO 2 AND HALF
OVER 1 AND A HALF YEAR
YEAR
ABOVE 2 AND A HALF
USED FOR BREEDING YEAR

BULLOCK CART / FARM IN MILK DRY

OPERATIONS
NOT CALVED ONCE
AGRICULTURE AND
BREEDING OTHERS

OTHERS
INDIGENOUS CATTLE UPTO 2 YEAR UNDER 1 YEAR

OVER 2 YEAR 1 TO 3 YEARS

USED FOR BREEDING ABOVE 3 YEARS

BULLOCK CART / FARM IN MILK DRY

OPERATIONS
NOT CALVED ONCE
AGRICULTURE AND
BREEDING OTHERS

OTHERS

In the bovines, the average natural lifespan of a cattle can live up to 25 years. On
industrialized farms, they live for about 3 to 5 years. Cows may produce milk for two, even
three years when nursing their calves. In the absence of the calf they dry earlier. To keep
the milk flowing cows (and buffaloes) are artificially inseminated within 2 months of
giving birth. The animal has to produce milk while pregnant. The result, she is spent after
about 4 pregnancies and must be retired (slaughtered)

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4.Athropometrics
Dairy cows are a type of cattle cow bred specifically for the production of greater quantities
of milk used to make a range of common dairy products from cheeses, to yogurts, butters,
ice cream, and sour cream

Dairy Cow

Height:
62.0"-69.0" | 1.6-1.8 m
Length:
92.0"-103.0" | 2.3-2.6 m
Withers Height
54.0"-60.0" | 1.37-1.5 m

Figure 7 showing Anthropometry of cow. Source. www.dimensions.com

Knickers
Knickers is an oversized
Holstein steer in Western
Australia that gained
internet fame for its
impressive size. Standing at
6’4” (1.93 m) and weighing
an estimated 2,800 pounds
(1,270 kg), Knickers’ size
is emphasized by his
proximity to surrounding
Wagyu cattle that average Figure 8 showing Anthropometry of cow. Source. www.dimensions.com

4.5’ (1.37 m) tall.

Dog

Knickers 10

Knickers is an oversized
Holstein steer in Western
Siberian Husky Cross breed
Height:
26.5”-31” | 67-79 cm
Length:
30”-34.5” | 76-88 cm
Withers Height
20”-23.5” | 51-60 cm

Figure 9 showing Anthropometry of Dog. Source. www.dimensions.com

Doberman Pinscher
Height:
30”-35.5” | 76-90 cm
Length:
40”-46” | 102-117 cm
Withers Height
24”-28” | 61-71 cm
Weight:
60-100 lb | 27.2-45.4 kg

Figure 10 showing Anthropometry of Dog. Source.

www.dimensions.com

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Rottweiler

Height:

30.5"-34.0" | 77-86 cm

Length:

38.5"-42.0" | 98-107 cm

Withers Height

23.5"-26.0" | 60-66 cm

Weight:

90-120 lb | 42-55 kg

Figure 11 showing Anthropometry of Dog. Source.

www.dimensions.com

Buffalo

Height:
62.0"-69.0" | 1.6-1.8 m
Length:
92.0"-103.0" | 2.3-2.6 m
Withers Height
54.0"-60.0" | 1.37-1.5 m

Figure 12 showing Anthropometry of Buffalo. Source.

www.researchgate.net

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Sheep

Height:
46.0" | 117 cm
Length:
50.0" | 127 cm
36.0" (3’) | 91 cm

Figure 13 showing Anthropometry of sheep. Source.

www.dimensions.com
Goat

Height:

30.0" | 76 cm

Length:

39.0" | 99 cm

24.0" (2’) | 61 cm

Weight:

44-310 lbs | 19-140 kg

Figure 14 showing Anthropometry of Goat. Source. www.dimensions.com

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Rabbit

Height:

7.5”-9” | 19-22.9 cm

Length:

11”-14” | 28-35.6 cm

Weight:
Figure 15 showing Anthropometry of Rabbit. Source.
4-5.5 lb. | 1.8-2.5 kg www.dimensions.com

Korat Cat

Height:

10.0”-12.0” | 25-30 cm

Length:

15.0”-18.0” | 38-46 cm

Weight:

6-10 lb | 3-5 kg Figure 16 showing Anthropometry of cat. Source.

www.dimensions.com

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Bombay

Height:

11.0”-14.0” | 28-36 cm

Length:

13.0”-20.0” | 33-56 cm

Weight:

6-11 lb | 3-5 kg

Figure 17 showing Anthropometry of cat. Source. www.dimensions.com

Andalusian Horse

Height:

14.75-15.5 hands
(59”-62” | 150-158
cm)

Weight:

900-1200 lb | 408-
544 kg

Figure 18 showing Anthropometry of horse. Source.

www.dimensions.com

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Akhal-Teke

Height:

14-16 hands (56”-

64” | 142-163 cm)

Weight:

900-1000 lb | 408-
454 kg

Figure 19 showing Anthropometry of horse. Source.

www.dimensions.com

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 5. Factors Affecting the comfort of Domestic Animals.
• Temperature
• Sound
• Color

5.1 Temperature
There isn’t one perfect temperature setting to accommodate the needs of all pets in every
season. Consider the following factors to help determine whether pet prefers a warm or
cool temperature in case of dogs and cat.

• Coat type: Dogs and cats with thick, long coats tend to be more cold-tolerant. In fact, they
often overheat faster than humans. On the other hand, pets with thin, short fur (and hairless
varieties) aren’t able to retain body heat as well and therefore prefer warmer temperatures.
• Size: Smaller pets have a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. This means they have more
skin through which to lose body heat relative to their size than larger animals. That’s why
small dogs tend to get cold faster than large breeds.
• Weight: Body fat is also a contributing factor. Overweight pets have a thicker insulating
layer to protect against the cold. However, the health risks associated with obesity greatly
outweigh the added warmth in the winter, so strive to keep pet lean and fit.
• Age and health: puppies and kittens, as well as elderly pets, tend to require warmer
temperatures. Animals with acute infections or chronic joint conditions benefit from higher
temperatures and heated sleeping areas as well.

5.1.1 Choosing the Best Temperature for Pets

With the above information, set the hospital temperature to the ideal setting for pet. Here
are our recommendations:

Summer Temperature
In general, in dogs ward should set the thermostat between 23 and 25 degrees C in the
summer. To ensure pet stays comfortable, provide fresh water and an area to cool off, such
a room with tiled flooring.

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Winter Temperature
set the thermostat between 20 and 22 degrees in the winter. Set the thermostat no lower
than 15 degrees. Keep the temperature a little higher for small, young, or sick animals.
Always provide pet with a soft, warm bed, and open the curtains so the sun shines in, giving
the animal a place a sunbathe.

5.1.2 How temperature

effects on Buffalo’s

The optimum temperature for

growth and reproduction
in buffaloes is only between
13-18°C and 55-65% relative
humidity. The thermoneutral,
or comfort, zone for cows is an
environmental temperature
Figure 20 Effect of heat stress Source: livestock.com
range of 41 to 77 degrees F (5
to 25 degrees C).

Buffaloes are well suited to hot and humid climates and muddy terrain, but they exhibit
signs of great distress when exposed to direct solar radiation or when working in the sun
during hot weather. This is due to the fact that buffalo bodies absorb a great deal of solar
radiation because of their dark skin and sparse coat or hair, and in addition to that they
possess a less efficient evaporative cooling system due to their rather poor sweating ability.
Particularly, exposure of buffaloes to the latter conditions evokes a series of drastic changes
in biological functions that include depression in feed intake, efficiency and utilization,
disturbances in metabolism of water, protein, energy and mineral balances, enzymatic
reactions, hormonal secretions and blood metabolites. Such changes result in impairment
of growth, production and reproduction performance. The effect of heat stress is aggravated
when heat stress is accompanied by high ambient humidity. The body temperature of
buffaloes in the hot sun could only be kept normal in the shade or by wallowing or by
quasi-continuous application of water, preferably with an air draft or wind to dry it off. In
shade or in wallow, buffaloes cool off quickly, perhaps because their black skin, which is

18
rich in blood vessels, conducts and radiates heat efficiently, but buffaloes cool off more
quickly than cattle in the shade. This heat stress can be reducing by greatly cross ventilation
and also water bodies can help to maintain the temperature.

5.1.3 Shelter suitable during hot weather for goat and sheep.

The best type of shelter during extreme heat protects animals from the sun and allows for
the cooling effect of the wind. Some options for shelter in hot weather are:

• constructed shelters using materials such as shade cloth, corrugated iron or timber
• trees with large canopies - planted individually in fields. Trees have a cooling effect
due to absorption of heat by the leaves
• shelterbelts – thick hedges of trees, shelterbelts can provide good protection from
sun, but should be thinned evenly to allow wind flow and planted in an east-west
direction to provide shade during the hottest part of the day.

It is important that sufficient

shelter is available for all
animals at the same time to
prevent sheep crowding and
smothering. It is preferable that
all animals are able to lie down
as this helps them cool
themselves.

The importance of clean fresh

Figure 21 Effect of heat stress Source: scientiaricerca.com
Figure 02. Effect of heat stress Source: scientiaricerca.com
water during periods of extreme
heat should not be underestimated. An adult sheep requires an average of two to six liters
of water a day, and up to 80 per cent more on days over 35ºC. Water sources should be
familiar to animals before an extreme weather event. This is especially important when
sheep are introduced into paddocks with tall pasture as they may not be able to sight the
water source. Water should also be close to shelter and be of sufficient volume to cope

19
during periods of peak demand. The number of watering points and/or water flow should
be increased if a large number of animals are kept together.

Placement of troughs should be carefully considered to prevent animals crowding between

fences and the trough. Care should be taken when placing shelter near water so it does not
result in animals camping around the water source, causing overcrowding and preventing
animals from accessing water. It may be necessary to reduce the stocking rate into several
small mobs, as even if sheep have access to several paddocks with shelter, mob instinct
means that they tend to group together under one shelter or water source.

5.2 Color
5.2.1 Colors Cattle Can't See

Cows are red/green colorblind, which means they see every shade of red and green as a
version of gray or black. Cows aren't the only animal with this shortfall -- it's common in
horses, dogs and cats, and it's found in a small portion of men. When a matador grabs a red
cape, it's the snapping motion of the cape that attracts the bull, not the color. He's probably
seeing black with anger, not red.

While they're not sensitive to color, cows tend to be sensitive to stark contrasts in color.
They spook easily at shadows as well as other objects with sharp contrasts. If your black-
painted wood fence stands in front of a white building, the color change right at the cows'
eye level can cause them to shy away. Cattle will avoid water when it has harsh reflections
from the sunlight. If having calm cattle matters to you, paint as many things in the same
scheme as possible -- a dark fence in front of a red barn, for example.

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5.2.2 What color should be in Dogs compartment?

Dogs are colorblind, has been

misinterpreted by people as meaning
that dogs see no color, but only
shades of gray. This is wrong. Dogs
do see colors, but the colors that they
see are neither as rich nor as many as
those seen by humans.

The eyes of both people and dogs Figure 22 Color vision of human beings and dogs. source:
psychologytoday.com
contain special light catching cells
called cones that respond to color. Dogs have fewer cones than humans, which suggests
that their color vision won't be as rich or intense as ours

dogs actually do see color, but many fewer colors than normal humans do. Instead of seeing
the rainbow as violet, blue, blue-green, green, yellow, orange, and red, dogs would see it
as dark blue, light blue, gray, light yellow, darker yellow (sort of brown), and very dark
gray. Dogs see the colors of the world as basically yellow, blue, and gray. They see the
colors green, yellow, and orange as yellowish, and they see violet and blue as blue. Blue-
green is seen as gray. You can see what the spectrum looks like to people and dogs below.
One amusing or odd fact is that the most popular colors for dog toys today are red or safety
orange (the bright orange-red on traffic cones or safety vests). However red is difficult for
dogs to see. It may appear as a very dark brownish gray or perhaps even a black. In dogs
compartment interior must be violet or blue color because its feel them calm and also staff
who is doing work in dogs compartment will also feel comfortable.

5.2.3 Color Vision of Sheep

Colors that fall within Sheep Vision Range: Violet, Blue, Cyan, Green, Yellow, Orange
and a slight bit of Red (red color is 620-750nm while sheep can see up to 650nm) Despite
the wavelength for red being visible to sheep, they are unable to interpret the color as Red,
due to being dichromatic (Red-green colorblindness) This has implications to their

21
interpretation of yellow and orange as well since yellow and orange are visualized by the
combination of red and green receptive cones

5.3 Noise and animal behavior

The following are some behavioral responses observed under high-noise conditions and
should thus be taken as indicators of stress promoting adaptive management practices to
ensure proper protection and better performance:
• Animals may jump when exposed to sudden very loud noise (139-143 dB), reduce
activity and remain huddled together for up to 30 minutes afterward.

• Animals may freeze into a motionless

stance, but may afterward become
aggressive.

• Animals may increase defecation and

reduce both social activities and non-social
activities (sniffing, grooming or crawling).

5.3.1 Effects of noise on the endocrine system of Figure 23 Dog is freeze onto motionless stance.
Source: peta.org
Cattle

Under conditions of noise stress, the adrenal gland will produce smaller amounts of cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (camp), which is believed to moderate some harmful responses.
It has also been reported that production of glucocorticoids is elevated by excessive noise.
This should give rise to a rapid breakdown of glycogen in the muscle cells, leading to a
decline in pH and a delay in the temperature drop after slaughter, both of these factors are
responsible for pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat. Further, reproductive hormones, such as
estrogen and progesterone, have been found to respond adversely to noise generated by
low-flying aircraft.

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5.3.2 Dogs Don’t Have a Sixth Sense, They Just Have Incredible Hearing

The truth of the matter is that, for some

sounds, a dog’s hearing is really hundreds of
times better than ours. Where dogs really
shine is with higher-pitched sounds. The
average adult human cannot hear sounds
above 20,000 Hertz (Hz), although young
children can hear higher. (Hertz is a measure
of the frequency of a sound, and the higher
the frequency, the higher pitched the sound.)
Dogs, on the other hand, can hear sounds as
high as 47,000 to 65,000 Hz. These are
Figure 24 Dog Listening Source:
sounds far too high-pitched for us. google image

In addition, at high frequencies dogs can detect much softer sounds than we can. The
loudness or intensity of a sound is measured in decibels (dB) with 0 dB being the average
intensity of a sound that can just barely be heard by a young human. So, sounds too quiet
for humans to hear are given a negative decibel rating.

According to Coren, when sounds are between 3,000 and 12,000 Hz in frequency, dogs’
ears are far more sensitive than ours. They can hear those sounds when they are between -
5 dB and -15 dB on average. That means dogs can hear sounds that are not loud enough
for our ears. For sounds above 12,000 Hz, dogs’ ears have sensitivity so much higher than
humans that a comparison would be pointless.

Finally, dogs can be so distressed by everyday noises, like a vacuum cleaner or power drill,
because they sound louder to dogs than to humans dogs compartment can be construct with
acoustic materials it is helps to reduce the unnecessary noises.

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5.3.3 Sensitivity to Noise for Sheep

The auditory range of sheep is 125 Hz to 40 kHz with the most sensitive frequency a little
higher than cattle and pigs at 10 kHz (Heffner, 1998). Sheep are most sensitive at 7 kHz
(Ames and Are hart, 1972).

24
6. Social environment
6.1 Interaction
The social environment includes all interactions among individuals of a group or among
those able to communicate. The effects of social environment on caged animals vary with
the species and experience of the animals. In selecting a suitable social environment,
attention should be given to whether the animals are naturally territorial or communal and
whether they will be housed singly or in groups. When appropriate, group housing should
be considered for communal animals. In grouping animals, it is important to take into
account population density and ability to disperse; initial familiarity among animals; and
age, sex, and social rank. Population density can affect reproduction, metabolism, immune
responses, and behavior. Group composition should be held as stable as possible,
particularly for canine, non-human primates, and other highly social mammals, because
mixing of groups or introducing new members can alter behavioral and physiological
functions. Non-human primates should have a run for free ranging activities. Provision
should be made for animals with specialized locomotor pattern to express these patterns,
especially when the animals are held for long periods. For e.g., ropes, bars, and perches are
appropriate for branching non-human primates. Cages are often used for short-term (up to
3 months) housing of dogs and may be necessary for postsurgical care, isolation of sick
dogs, and metabolic studies. Pens, runs, or other out-of-cage space provide more
opportunity for exercise, and their use is encouraged when holding dogs for long periods.

6.2 Relationship with animals

The interaction between human and non-human animals fascinates everyone from
anthropologists to the average pet owner. It even has a name – anthropology – as biologist
John Bradshaw reminds us in the subtitle of his new book, The Animals Among Us.

As Bradshaw points out, for humans to consistently live with and nurture animals is a most
unusual trait in nature. So a strong, fact-based discussion of how and why someone do this
and its effects should be eye-opening, engaging and thought-provoking.

Animals ticks some of those boxes, but by no means all. Bradshaw knows how to produce
a well-written and accessible tome. A veteran of popular books about the lives and habits

25
of cats and dogs, he focuses most on the ubiquity of people keeping animals, today and
over the past few hundred years, and specifically on pets.

Bradshaw suggests that the inclusion of animals as intimate members of the family
probably explains the long-term connection behind the genetic and behavioral alterations
now see in domestic species.

Even so, domestication is a less common outcome of keeping animals than might expect,
given that even the most generous list would only include 20 or so domesticated species.
Many more have spent at least some time in captivity, so it is well worth asking why so
many species that have lived intimately with us haven’t been domesticated.

For Bradshaw, the answer lies partly in the kinds of societies that kept animals. He reasons
that in egalitarian, hunter-gatherer societies, animals could be brought into the family and
kept temporarily before being eaten or sacrificed, or perhaps kept more permanently. As
these societies gave way to stratified, agricultural societies, the animals that were kept
depended on their benefit to the household at that time.

Bradshaw’s main interest seems to lie in the period between medieval times and the 20th
century, which makes this part of the book especially lively and informative. The Victorian
era saw the rise of keeping pets and the display of animals with particular colors or shapes
to confer status. This was also the time that breed societies and animal shows were founded,
and there was a general growth of desirable “types” among all kinds of domestic species,
particularly in the UK.

Bradshaw discusses this period at length, dwelling on the transformation of pets from
working animals to “members of the family” as the attributes of domesticated species
became a reflection of social standing. And in agricultural Britain, having good livestock
or animals was of tremendous importance to their owners’ success.

At the end of the book, Bradshaw brings it all together by proposing four explanations of
the human propensity for keeping pets. First, he reminds of the idea that the loss of most
of our body hair left us with a liking for stroking and grooming.

26
His second concerns the evolution of the human brain in a way that resulted in us being
able to analysis animal behavior and develop the capacity for anthropomorphism, leading
to better animal-keeping.

His third explanation is that young women who were good at caring for animals may have
been assumed to become better mothers, making them preferred as brides. This could cause
a spread of genes that would make many people good with animals.

27
7. Current scenario of veterinary
Only 63,000 veterinarians in the country while requirement stands at 1,20,000
• Institution:
o 55 veterinarian colleges in India, with an average of only 60 students each
o 3,300 new veterinarian students admitted per year of which 1/3rd drop out

Existing Vetrinarians Requirement

Figure 25 Density of veterinarians and veterinary institute Source. Author

• Infrastructure:
o Only primary polyclinics in India, unevenly distributed, and only 2 blood
banks functioning nationwide
o Inadequate imaging, intensive care, dialysis, pathology and recovery
facilities present in the country
People for Animals has been at the forefront of animal welfare in this country, rescuing
and rehabilitating animals in need and lobbying for animal rights. Tata Trusts, over the 125
years of its existence, has been driven by the fundamental principles of compassion and
the desire to serve. It has helped create institutions of repute across India, including the
Tata Memorial Center, the Indian Institute of Science and the Tata Institute of Social
Sciences. Tata Trusts and People for Animals see the Animal Care Center becoming an
institution of similar excellence in the field of veterinary medicine in the country.
Currently in India there are 612 veterinary hospitals.

28
The general norm is to have at least one veterinary doctor for every 5,000 animals. India’s
total cattle and buffalo population was 30 crores as per the 2012 Livestock Census,
translating into a requirement of 60,000 vets catering to bovines alone.

29
8. Veterinary Hospital Management
8.1 In Patient Care
Animals have basic needs that need to be met, especially during a time of recovery from
illness or injury. As patients are in our care, we need to provide these things for them as
they are unable to do so for themselves. Basic patient needs in hospital

are listed below:

1. Food
2. Water
3. Shelter
4. Warmth
5. Comfort
6. Opportunity to toilet/exercise
7. Mental stimulation

These needs will depend on: patient condition and species that are being treated.

8.1.1 Food

Animals should be fed palatable, non-

contaminated, and nutritionally adequate food
daily unless the experimental protocol requires
otherwise. Feeders should allow easy access to
food, while avoiding contamination by urine
and feces. Food should be available in a
mounts sufficient to ensure normal growth in
immature animals and maintenance of normal
body weight, reproduction, and lactation in
Figure 26 Cat eating food Source:
adults. Food should contain adequate nutrition, ingredion.com

including formulation and preparation; freedom from chemical and microbial

contaminants; bio-availability of nutrients should be at par with the nutritional requirement
of the animal. Laboratory animal diets should not be manufactured or stored in facilities

30
used for farm feeds or any products containing additives such as rodenticides, insecticides,
hormones, antibiotics, fumigants, or other potential toxicants. Areas in which diets are
processed or stored should be kept clean and enclosed to prevent entry of insects or other
animals. Precautions should be taken if perishable items such as meats, fruits, and
vegetables are fed, because these are potential sources of biological and chemical
contamination and can also lead to variation in the amount of nutrients consumed. Diet
should be free from heavy metals (e.g., lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury), naturally
occurring toxins and other contaminants.

a) Nutritious, available to the digestive system

b) High nutritional value and easily digestible

c) Appropriate food

d) Depend on life stage

– It is important to select the appropriate type of food depending on the patient’s life stage,
e.g. young/old, specific disease condition. Renal failure patient needs low salt/low protein
food. Post-operative patient needs highly digestible & palatable food.

e) Hand feeding

– Hand feeding may be required if the patient is inappetant or anorexic.

f) Warming/variety

– Offering warmed and various foods will help promote appetite and eating.

g) Tube feeding:

– Tube feeding might be necessary in patients who are anorexic or have a specific reason
that the full GIT is not available for feeding e.g. nasogastric tubes in patients with burns to
their mouths from chemical ingestion, or PEG tubes for patients with a ruptured esophagus.

8.1.2 Water

Ordinarily animals should have continuous access to fresh, potable, uncontaminated

drinking water, according to their particular requirements. Periodic monitoring of

31
microbial contamination in water is necessary. Watering devices, such as drinking tubes
and automatic waterers if used should be examined routinely to ensure their proper
operation. Sometimes it is necessary to train animals to use automatic watering devices. It
is better to replace water bottles than to refill them, however, if bottles are refilled, care
should be taken that each bottle is replaced on the cage which it was removed.

a) Fresh daily, refilled as required

– Water is vital to life and as such we

must provide it to each patient. Some
patients may not seem interested in
drinking or have trouble drinking by
themselves but we still need to give them
the choice to drink as and when they want
Figure 27 Fresh water storage for cattle Source: Google
to as this is a positive welfare
image
opportunity.

b) Clean water bowl

c) Measured amount in some cases

– Some cases e.g. dehydrated patients or

cats with a blocked bladder should have
their water intake measured to allow
accurate assessment of their “ins and
outs”.

8.1.3 Shelter Figure 28 small bowl for small animals Source: Google image

a) Safe, enclosed, appropriate environment

– All hospitalized patients should be provided with an appropriate

environment in which to heal. In most instances this will be a kennel, however birds should
be provided with a suitable cage and reptiles a vivarium.

b) Large enough to move

32
– The kennel should be large enough for the patient to stretch out fully move around in,
providing another element of positive welfare.

c) No restraints

There should be no need to restrain patients within their environment by tying them up
with leads or ropes, but they should have the ability to move as they wish within the
confines of their enclosure.

d) Extra security

– Some animals, especially cats should be given advanced levels of emotional security by
offering places for them to hide (doesn’t need to be fancy or expensive - a cardboard box
is suitable) or covering up their kennel with a blanket to reduce noise and or visual stimuli
which might be frightening to them.

8.1.4 Warmth

a) Correct temp for condition/species/age

– Providing adequate heat for patients in hospital is essential to their wellbeing and
recovery. It is important to ensure the correct temperature is provided for each patient
depending on their condition, species and age – very young and very old patients need a
higher temperature due to their inability to thermoregulatory as do patients with problems
such as burns.

b) Ambient temperature/localized heat source

– Ambient temperatures should be comfortable with the provision of a localized heat source
if additional heat is required.

c) Safety – burns/electrocution

– Safety must be ensuring. e.g. covering up hot water bottles, ensuring heat lamps at a safe
distance from patients etc. Also any cables to heat mats or heaters must be safe (no frayed
cables) and cables placed where they cannot be chewed.

d) Recumbent patients

33
– This is especially important in recumbent patients who are unable to move away from a
localized heat source if they are too hot.

e) Draught free

– The kennel area should be draught free to ensure the temperature remains stable and it is
not wasteful in terms of money.

8.1.5 Comfort

a) Provide comfortable, appropriate bedding

– It’s easier now to understand why providing warm, dry, padded bedding is important to
promote well-being and healing. Bedding should preferentially be provided by the hospital
rather than asking owners to bring bedding in as what they provide may be dirty or
contaminated leading to the possibility of spread of infections within the practice.

b) Check regularly for soiling

– An absorbent and a draining layer should be provided – the draining layer e.g. vet bed on
top to allow and liquids to pass through and away from the patient, the absorbent layer e.g.
incontinence pads or newspaper underneath to soak up any liquids prior to changing.
Bedding should be checked regularly for soiling of urine, faeces, vomit, but also water
spillage – patient should be kept dry to prevent any skin scalding e.g. urine. Important to
ensure there is enough bedding, dependent on the condition, especially if recumbent, as
this will prevent nosocomial injuries e.g. decubitus ulcers.

c) Grooming

– Grooming is an important part of patient welfare as it makes them relax and feel more
comfortable in new surroundings. It helps bond you to your patient and is very important

34
in patients who cannot groom themselves e.g. cats
with a fractured pelvis as they will feel
uncomfortable and stressed if they are not able to
clean themselves.

d) Calming/relaxing

e) Decreases stress
Figure 29 Grooming. Source: Google image
f) Improve relationship with patients

8.1.6 Opportunity to Toilet/Exercise

a) Depends on species:

– Dogs - multiple opportunities outside/ in run: Dogs require multiple opportunist to walk
and toilet throughout the day – either outside or in a run. Some have a preference as to
where to toilet e.g. concrete or grass while others have a command they are trained to use.
Client involvement is important to know what the patient responds to.

b) Depends on condition

– Sometimes the condition of the patient will require specific care e.g. patients who are
weak may require assisted walking with a sling whereas those who are recumbent may
benefit from urinary catheterization. Patients who are on high levels of fluid therapy will
require increased opportunities to toilet whereas others with conditions that make walking
difficult e.g. respiratory or cardiac disease should be taken out less often.

8.1.7 Mental Stimulation

Mental stimulation can reduce stress and anxiety

in patients who are away from home and relieve
boredom in long term patients. Mental
stimulation is recommended to be provided in a
number of ways. Spending quality time with
your patients will work wonders by cementing
Figure 30 Cat playing with toy. Source: Google
your relationship, allow for grooming and image

35
reassurance from you. This means times out with when you are conducting procedures as
your focus should be on the patients well-being. Appropriate toys for species and condition
can be offered which allow for play and enrichment.

36
9. Common Pet Health Issues
Pets are subject to many of the same health issues that people are. Every issue needs to be
treated by a veterinarian on a case-to-case basis depending on the severity and re-
occurrence of the issue. Whenever there is any doubt, it is always best to seek treatment
from an animal hospital and make sure that the proper steps are taken for getting the
veterinary assistance that pet may need.

One of the most common pet health issues is obesity. Unnecessary weight gain in pets
happens frequently due to lack of exercise and from simply eating too much food. Pets
should have their feeding times as well, not just when their dishes are empty. A veterinary
consultation with a veterinarian can help to decide what diet plan is right for pet and/or if
specialty food might be needed to prevent further health problems. An easy way to start
problem-solving for obesity is to take dog outside for a walk regularly or engage cat with
new toys to keep him or her active and healthy.

Allergies are also common in pets. Pet allergies are often caused by the types of treats pets
are given, the atmosphere pets are in, or (just like humans) during times when the weather
is changing. Signs of allergies or other ailments would include vomiting, rashes, and
change in behavior. When in doubt, it’s always best to pay a visit to an animal hospital for
a pet check-up.

In addition to the more obvious wellness needs of pet, it’s also important to keep the dental
needs of pet in mind. Without the proper attention to their oral health, infections can occur,
creating further illness for pet. The veterinary staff at Animal Hospital can give instructions
for at-home dental care to prevent such infections or gum diseases from occurring or in
more extreme cases they can advise if dental surgery may be needed.

1. Obesity
2. Weight
3. Allergies: Vomiting, Rashes, Change in behavior
4. Oral Infection: Gum Diseases

37
10. Animal-assisted therapy
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an alternative or
complementary type of therapy that involves animals
as a form of treatment. It falls under the realm of
Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI). AAI is general
term that encompasses any intervention or treatment
that includes an animal in a therapeutic context such
as Emotional-Support Animals, Service/Assistance
Animals (i.e., trained animals that assist and support
with daily activities), and Animal Assisted Activity
(AAA). AAT contains sub-sections based on the type
of animal, the targeted population, and how the
animal is being incorporated into the therapeutic
Figure 31 Child hugging dog
plan. The most commonly used types of AAT are Source.www.wikipedia.org
canine-assisted therapy and equine-assisted therapy.
The goal of AAT is to improve a patient's social, emotional, or cognitive functioning and
literature reviews state that animals can be useful for educational and motivational
effectiveness for participants. There are various studies documenting the positive effects
of AAT reported through subjective self-rating scales and objective physiological
measures, such as blood pressure, hormone levels.

10.1 Medical uses

Animals can be used in a variety of settings such as prisons, nursing homes, mental
institutions, and in the home. There are numerous techniques used in AAT, depending on
the needs and condition of the patient. Assistance dogs are capable of assisting certain life
activities and of helping people navigate outside of the home.

As with all other interventions, assessing whether a program is effective as far as its
outcomes are concerned is easier when the goals are clear and are able to be specified.
There are a range of goals for animal assisted therapy programs relevant to children and
young people, including enhanced capacity to form positive relationships with others. It is

38
understood that pets provide benefits to those with mental health conditions, but further
research is required to test the nature and extent of this relationship with an animal as a pet
and how it differs between pets, emotional support animals, service animals, and animal-
assisted therapy.

10.2 Cognitive Rehabilitation Treatment

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) survivors with cognitive impairments can benefit from AAT
as part of a comprehensive and holistic rehabilitation treatment plan.

10.2.1 Pediatric care

Therapists rely on techniques such as

monitoring a child's behavior with the
animal, their tone of voice, and indirect
interviewing. AAT can be used in children
with mental health problems, can be used
as a stand-alone treatment or it can be used
along with conventional methods.
Animals can be used as a distraction
method when it comes to various
situations or pain, and animals can also
Figure 32 childerence playing with dog
help bring happiness, pleasure, and entertainment Source.www.wikipedia.org

to the pediatric population. Animals can also help improve children's moods and reinforce
positive behaviors while helping to decrease negative ones. AAT research most commonly
reported results were decreased anxiety and pain within the pediatric population. Dogs have
shown to increase comfort and decrease pain in pediatric palliative care. Specific tactics
have not been researched, but collective reviews of varied techniques displayed similar
results of increased comfort reports by children and guardians

10.2.2 Prisons

Animal-assistance programs may be useful in prisons to relieve stress of the inmates and
workers, or to provide other benefits, but further study is needed to confirm the
effectiveness of such programs in these settings. Internal file data reviews, anecdotal

39
stories, and surveys of inmate and
staff perceptions have been used to
gauge the effectiveness of animal-
assisted therapy in prisons, but
these methods are limited and
have resulted in an inadequate
assessment.

Researchers have, however, begun

Figure 33 Dogs in Prisons Source. Google image
to find methods of gauging the
effectiveness of prison animal programs (PAP) by using Propensity Score Watching.
Conclusions through this method showed that PAPs positively impact reductions in severe
or violent infractions. A reduction in offenses statistically may reduce recidivism rates and
increase former inmate job marketability and societal reintegration.

Inmates training and being responsible for an animal can foster empathy, emotional
intelligence, communication, and self-control. PAP's also benefit the animals involved as
many come from situations where they faced abuse, neglect or euthanasia.

10.2.3 Nursing homes

When elderly people are transferred to nursing homes, they often become passive, agitated,
withdrawn, depressed, and inactive because of the lack of regular visitors or the loss of
loved ones. Supporters of AAT say that animals can be helpful in motivating the patients
to be active mentally and physically, keeping their minds sharp and bodies healthy. A
significant difference has been seen among verbal interactions among nursing home
residents with a dog present. Therapists or visitors who bring animals into their sessions at
the nursing home are often viewed as less threatening, which increases the relationship
between the therapist/visitor and patient.

10.3 Types of Therapy

Various animal species are used in animal-assisted therapy (AAT). Individual animals are
evaluated with strict criteria before being used in AAT. The criteria include appropriate

40
size, age, aptitude, typical behaviors and the correct level of training. The most common
forms of AAT are with dogs and horses.

10.3.1 Canine-assisted therapy

In canine-assisted therapy, therapy dogs interact with clients in animal assisted

interventions, to enhance therapeutic activities and well-being including the physical,
cognitive, behavioral and socio-emotional functioning of clients Well trained therapy dogs
exhibit the behavior that human clients construe as friendly and welcoming. They comfort
clients via body contact. Therapy dogs are also required to possess a calm temperament for
accommodating the contact with unfamiliar clients while they serve as a source of
comfort. They promote patients engaging in interactions which can help patient improve
motor skills and establish trusting relationship with others. The interaction between
patients and therapy dogs also aids reducing stressful and anxious feelings patients
have. Due to those benefits, canine assisted therapy is used as a complement to other
therapies to treat diagnosis such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and dementia.

Canine assistance can also be used in classroom for promoting the development of creative
writing and living skills and the participation of children in group activities. There are
programs called canine-assisted reading programs which facilitate children with special
educational needs. These programs utilize the calm, non-judgmental, happy characteristics
of canines to let the process of reading become more meaningful and enjoyable for
children. With these benefits, researchers suggest to incorporating dogs into assisting
learning and educational programs.

10.3.2 Equine-related therapy

A distinction exists between hippo

therapy and therapeutic horseback riding.
The American Hippo Therapy
Association defines hippo therapy as a
physical, occupational, and speech-
language therapy treatment strategy that Figure 34 Horse Riding source. Google image

41
utilizes equine movement as part of an integrated intervention program to achieve
functional outcomes, while the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship
International (PATHI) defines therapeutic riding as a riding lesson specially adapted for
people with special needs. According to Marty Becker, hippo therapy programs are active
"in twenty-four countries and the horse's functions have expanded to therapeutic riding for
people with physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and behavioral problems.

10.4 Cases of animal assisted Therapy

Quantitative research on AAT is sparse. Elisabeth Reichart, in a 1998 article about
treatment of sexual abuse, stated that she could not find any research on the treatment of
sexual abuse with AAT. She proposed the use of AAT as an adjunct to play therapy for
treatment of sexually abused children and described treatment with her Dachshund, Buster.

A child, while petting and holding Buster, often became comfortable enough to disclose
stories of sexual abuse. She reported that often children will whisper in his ear. If Buster's
presence was not enough to help the child with disclosure, she used storytelling techniques.
Therapeutic storytelling is a technique that uses metaphor and symbols to help children
understand and express feelings that have been aroused or numbed by the abuse.

Reichart told the child a story about Buster going to the woods to play and returning with
an invisible bandage over his mouth. Because of the bandage, Buster could not sleep and
became irritable and withdrawn. Attempts by Buster's mother to help him just caused him
to withdraw more. Eventually Buster was helped by an old dog who removed the invisible
bandage, and Buster was able to tell his mother about a traumatic event in the woods.
Reichart reported that the child did not disclose the abuse during the storytelling session,
but at the next session, Buster gave her his paw as she disclosed the abuse.

Reichart stated that, from her experience with Buster and sexually abused children, the use
of AAT as an adjunct to play therapy benefited the overall therapeutic process by reducing
anxiety, helping the child disclose abuse and express feelings, and by promoting projection
and identification of feelings.

A story that shows the use of AAA highlights a Labrador Retriever named Murphy. He
helped a 4-year-old child with cerebral palsy take her first steps. As the child took slow

42
steps forward, Murphy would respond by taking steps backward, thereby motivating the
child to continue taking steps. The dog did this without any commands. Suddenly the dog
sat down, and the child said that she was ready to sit, too. She was able to take 4 steps for
the first time in her life.

Research from Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) reported preliminary findings of an

animal-assisted reading program. Therapy dogs visited a reading program in Salt Lake
City, Utah, called Reading Educational Assistance Dogs (READ). They reported that all
children in the program for 13 months increased their reading level by 2 grade levels, and
some by 4 grade levels.

A study of middle-aged schizophrenic patients showed that over the course of a 9-month
program, patients showed improvement in adaptive functioning. At the beginning of each
session, the therapy dog went around asking for affection. This served to increase social
interactions and engaged the patients enough to share their thoughts and feelings.
Interventions with the therapy dog were gradually increased in complexity to include
grooming and training techniques. An Independent Living Skills tool was then used to rate
patients' behaviors. It was found that patients' health, domestic activities, and social skills
improved significantly.

43
11. Conclusion
Looking at the above points, it is clear that the behavior of animals affected by the physical
environment. To achieve comfort conditions for various species physical environment
comprises of the outdoor environment or the confined space in which the animals stays.
The attributes of physical environment affect the comfort the animals for example, noise
pollution on Diwali is very harmful to dogs because they can hear better than human beings
and they have an amazing ability to hear. Therefore, some of these external environments
are likely to change their behavior.

Even though their hearing is high, some animals are color blind and cannot see all the
colors like humans. Someone wants to set up a veterinary clinic, they should give a purple
or blue color in the dog's compartment so that they can see the light blue and dark blue so
that they can stay calm and very comfortable. All in all, the comfort aspect of these animals
is not only the color but also the temperature, food, and shelter.

In a veterinary hospital it is important to have physical environment which is comfortable

for the animals therefore the study was conducted to identifying physical parameters
required to achieve comfort conditions for various species. The study also includes
anthropometry of various species which will help to work out the space require for various
activities in veterinary hospital / institute. They treated according to their size and the place
where they are treated.

These animals later become equally useful to man for example, a farmer is dependent on
agricultural animals. Similarly, animals are also useful in animal assisted therapy for the
treatment of various mental disorders specially depression. In in way it is giving from one
hand and taking from the other.

44
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