Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AMBUSH-EXAM Notes For Sept 2022 LET Exam Part 1
AMBUSH-EXAM Notes For Sept 2022 LET Exam Part 1
MELCHORA AQUINO
26. Greatest Filipino orator of the propaganda movement.
AMBUSH EXAM NOTES GRACIANO LOPEZ JAINA
27. First Filipino cannon maker. PANDAY PIRA
HISTORY
28. Propaganda list, historian, diplomat and managanito.
1. The first who introduced islam in the malay peninsula. MARIANO PONCE
2. The first known Filipino who lived in Palawan at 22 000 GREGORIA DE JESUS
B.C. TABON CAVE MAN 30. Poet of the revolution. FERNANDO MA GERERO
3. Ruz lopez de villalos named samar and leyte in honor of 31. Outstanding diplomat of the first Philippine republic.
4. Referred as the Supreme Court during Spanish period. 33. The greatest Filipino painter. JUAN LUNA
ROYAL AUDENCIA 34. Greatest journalist and moving spirit of the propaganda
7. He proposes the migration theory. DR. H.O BAYERS 36. Peace maker of the revolution. PEDRO PATERNO
8. The women’s skirt our lower part. SAYA 37. Founder of Philippine socialism. ISABELO DELOS
10. Martial remained in force until 1981 under proclamation. 38. Revolutionary general known as viborra, ARTEMIO
1081 RECARTE
11. The commander of the America and Filipino forces in 39. Wrote the Spanish lyrics of the Philippines. JOSE
12. The first American civil governor .WILLIAM HOWARD 40. Chief of tondo, friendly to the Spaniards. LACANDULA
13. It features the exchange of goods, money and services. 42. Cousin and fiancée of Rizal. LEONOR RIVERA
14. Ph national hero. DR. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO 44. One of the founders of the katipunan.
RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA 45. Bicolandias greatest contribution to the historic campaign
15. Birth date of Rizal. June 19. 1861 for reforms. JOSE MA PANGANIBAN
16. Rizal died. DECEMBER 30, 1896 at aged of 35 years, 46. Leader of the Ilocano revolution. DIEGO SILANG
five months and 11 days 47. Continued the fight after her husband death. MA. JOSEFA
17. The great plebeian and father of the katipunan. ANDRES GABRIELA SILANG
18. Hero of the battle of the tirad pass. GREGORIO DEL hero. LAPU LAPU
AGUINALDO 50. A man of many talents the former high ways 54 highways
20. Sublime paralytic and brains of revolution. APOLINARIO is now named after him. EFEFANO DELOS SANTOS.
21. Martyr priest of 1872. GOM- BUR- ZA 52. First ubuuan fighter in panay. Visayan joan of arc.
23. Brains of the katipunan. EMILIO JACINTO 54. Wife of artemio ricarte who carried secret message about
Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty, and the protector
Pomona - The goddess of fruitful abundance
of sailors. She may have been the daughter of Zeus and the Titan
Saturn- The god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, Dione, or she may have risen from the sea on a shell. Her symbols
periodic renewal, liberation, and time include the myrtle tree and the dove.
Terra- The goddess of the Earth Apollo was the god of music and healing. He was also an archer,
and hunted with a silver bow. Apollo was the son of Zeus and the
Venus- The goddess of love and beauty
Titan Leto, and the twin of Artemis. His symbols include the
Veritas- The goddess of truth laurel tree, the crow, and the dolphin.
Vesta- The goddess of the hearth, the home, and domestic life Ares (Roman name: Mars)
Vulcan- The god of fire and blacksmiths Ares was the god of war. He was both cruel and a coward. Ares
was the son of Zeus and Hera, but neither of his parents liked
him. His symbols include the vulture and the dog, and he often
carried a bloody spear.
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
Artemis (Roman name: Diana)
Zeus (Roman name: Jupiter)
Artemis was the goddess of the hunt and the protector of women
The most powerful of all, Zeus was god of the sky and the king of
in childbirth. She hunted with silver arrows and loved all wild
Olympus. His temper affected the weather, and he threw
animals. Artemis was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the
thunderbolts when he was unhappy. He was married to Hera but
twin of Apollo. Her symbols include the cypress tree and the
had many other lovers. His symbols include the oak and the
deer.
thunderbolt.
Athena (Roman name: Minerva)
Hera (Roman name: Juno)
Athena was the goddess of wisdom. She was also skilled in the art
Hera was goddess of marriage and the queen of Olympus. She
of war, and helped heroes such as Odysseus and Hercules.
was Zeus's wife and sister; many myths tell of how she sought
Athena sprang full-grown from the forehead of Zeus, and
revenge when Zeus betrayed her with his lovers. Her symbols
became his favourite child. Her symbols include the owl and the
include the peacock and the cow.
olive tree.
Hestia was the goddess of the hearth (a fireplace at the center of The most important are the Titans, who were the gods before the
the home). She was the most gentle of the gods, and does not play Olympians. The Titans are the children of Gaia, the earth, and
a role in many myths. Hestia was the sister of Zeus and the oldest Uranus, the sky. Like the Olympians, they consisted of a main
of the Olympians. Fire is among her symbols. twelve. They are Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Cronus, Iapetus, and
Hyperion, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Tethys, Mnemosyne, and
Hermes (Roman name: Mercury)
Phoebe.
Philippine Mythology
Bathala, or Bathalang Maykapal (or any other spelling Not much is said about Tala as the daughter of Bathala, only that
variations), is the head honcho of the gods in the Tagalog myths. she ruled the stars (and is usually referred to as the “evening and
There are definitely counterparts in the other dialects, and you morning star”). There are, however, varied accounts of her
might recognize him as Captan/Kaptan from the Visayan origination. One myth tells us that she is not the daughter of
creation myth. Bathala reigns supreme in the heavens, though his Bathala, but in fact the child of moon goddess Buan (probably a
beginnings were not necessarily so set. variation of “Bulan”). It is said that Tala warns her mother of
sun god Arao’s (Adlaw) rampage, and only when the sun is gone
In his story, Bathala was more known to have ruled over the
is it safe for Buan to bring forth the stars in the sky.
barren Earth, while two other gods (brothers, perhaps)—Ulilang
Kaluluwa (a snake living in the clouds) and Galang Kaluluwa
(the winged wanderer)—ruled the skies. None of the three knew
Amihan
each other, and when Ulilang met with Bathala, tempers ran
high. In a violent duel, Bathala emerged as the victor, and The bird of legend is said to be the first creature inhabiting the
Ulilang was killed, giving Bathala control of the heavens. Galang, universe, and has been linked to the saving of Earth’s first
the more good-natured of the sky rulers, became Bathala’s best humans: Malakas (“strong”) and Maganda (“beautiful”). While
friend, and after the sky wanderer’s illness—leading to an this name is particularly not used in the Tagalog creation myth
ultimate death—Bathala ruled supreme. The god is known to about the bird who stirred up the waters and the heavens, I
have married a mortal woman, and from her sprang three of his believe there may be a correlation.
powerful offspring: Apolaki (God of War and Guardian of the
Sun), Mayari (Goddess of the Moon), and Tala (Goddess of the
Stars).
The Marias
Apolaki and Mayari
Maria Cacao, Maria Makiling, and Maria Sinukuan are
I’m putting these two together for a reason. Apolaki is also mountain goddesses (or fairies) with their own separate
known as Adlaw (remember Liadlaw?), and he holds dominion jurisdictions. The most famous of the three, Maria Makiling, is
over the sun. His sister, Mayari (whose Visayan equivalent is the guardian of Mount Makiling, located in Laguna. The
Bulan), rules over the moon, and is known to be the most mountain is said to resemble the profile of a woman, perhaps of
beautiful goddess in Bathala’s kingdom. Maria herself. Maria Cacao watches over Mount Lantoy in Cebu,
and it is said that her domain houses the Cacao plants, a useful
ingredient in most Filipino chocolate delicacies. Lastly, Maria
Sinukuan holds dominion over Mount Arayat in Pampanga.
According to one myth (generally believed to be Pampangan),
There, she is said to bring forth bountiful harvests from the
when Bathala passed away, he did not designate the Earth to any
mountain’s fruit trees.
of his children. Apolaki and Mayari both fought over the Earth’s
dominion; the sun god wanted to be the sole ruler, but the Bakunawa
goddess of the moon wanted an equal share. This resulted in a
ferocious battle, Apolaki taking out one of his sister’s eyes. “Moon eater” Bakunawa is most akin to that of a gigantic sea
Regretting his actions, he conceded and ruled the earth with serpent or dragon, and is said to be the god of the underworld.
Mayari, only they would rule at different times. In the day, it was Bakunawa is apparently a major cause of the eclipse, for he
Apolaki’s moment, and at night, Mayari shone in the sky (though swallows the moon at that time.
her luminescence is dimmer, due to the loss of one eye).
DEITIES
Mangkukulam - god of fire (not to be confused by the sun), name
Tagalog Gods
means "witch"
Aman Sinaya - god of the sea, fishing, and seafaring
Amanikable - god of the hunt, the protector of huntsmen
Manisalat - god of broken families, usually causes discord
between husband and wife
Anitun Tabu - goddess of the wind and the rain, generally fickle-
minded
Mayari - one-eyed, beautiful goddess and ruler of the moon,
daughter of Bathala
Apolake - god of the sun, lord of war, son of Bathala, patron of
warriors
Sitan - god of the afterlife, guardian of the realm of the spirits,
has four follower gods
Bathala - king of the gods, ruler of the heavens, creator of
humanity, father of Apolake, Mayari, and Tala
Tala - goddess of the stars, daughter of Bathala, usually the
"morning and evening star"
Dian Masalanta - goddess of love, pregnancy, childbirth, became
known as "Maria Makiling" post-Spanish arrival, protector of
lovers
Visayan Gods
Hanan - god of the morning
Bicolano Gods
Luyong Baybay - goddess of the tides
Amalanhig - Aswang that rises from the dead and feeds upon
Suimuran and Suiguinarugan - gods of hell, the final destination
humans by biting their necks
for all deceased souls
Berbalang - ghoul, resembling vampires with wings and slanted Manaul - mythical king who turned into a bird (sometimes
eyes, dig up graves to eat corpses believed to be the very bird who caused the seas and skies to
fight, forming the islands)
Berberoka - swamp creature that lures victims by sucking water
in pond to pool fish together, attracting fishermen, who then Mangkukulam/Bruha - witches that cast evil spells
drown in the process
Minokawa - large bird, said to feed on the moon where there are
Bungisnigs - one-eyed giant who is always laughing, is strong, but no other sources of food around
dim-witted
Nuno sa Punso - angry male goblins inflicting harsh punishments
Busaw - ghoul and corpse thief, usually resembling humans, but to those who offend them
is ogre-like at night
Pugot - shapeshifting creature, usually that of a black, gigantic
Dalaketnon - beautiful elitists, said to control the Aswang, and headless being, can move at great speeds, feeds on snakes and
are powerful and evil spirits insects, usually harmless to humans
Diwata/Engkantada - mostly females, or fairies, also believed to Sarangay - half-human, half-bull, with a jewel attached to ears,
be gods (the Marias) will kill if jewel is stolen
Duwende - dwarves, mischievous little creatures who can shower Sarimanok - magical mythical bird who brings good luck to
good or bad luck anyone who catches it
Ekek - human, bird-like creatures flying in the night sky in Sigbin - looks like a hornless goat, said to suck blood out of its
search for flesh and blood victims from shadows
Engkato - environmental spirits with ability to take on human Sirena - mermaid, sea creatures with fish tails who attract
form, forest spirits or elves fishermen
Hantu demon - evil spirit or demon, notorious for possessing Siyokoy - sea creatures with fish-like bodies and long, green
people and driving them to insanity (many types of hantu) tentacles that drown mortals
Higante - the Philippine equivalent of the giant Tigmamanukan - bird of omen, usually letting travelers know to
expect good or bad luck
Kapre - big, filthy creature that hides within large trees, scaring
little children playing at night Tikbalang - half-man, half-horse (reverse centaur), terrorizes
women
Kataw - higher-ranked merman, reigning rulers of the oceans
and has ability to manipulate water Tiyanak/Impakto - child-like creatures that eat the living and
terrify children
Mambabarang - wicked witch who uses insects and any material
to enter the body of anyone they hate and come out disgustingly Wakwak - human, bird-like creatures flying in the night sky in
search for flesh and blood
The Norse Gods & Goddesses Freya
Odin Freya was one of the most sensual and passionate goddesses in
The supreme deity of Norse mythology and the greatest among Norse mythology. She was associated with much of the same
the Norse gods was Odin, the Allfather of the Aesir. He was the qualities as Frigg: love, fertility and beauty. She was the sister of
awe-inspiring ruler of Asgard, and most revered immortal, who Freyr.
was on an unrelenting quest for knowledge with his two ravens,
two wolves and the Valkyries. He is the god of war and, being Freyr
delightfully paradoxical, the god of poetry and magic. He is Freyr was the god of fertility and one of the most respected gods
famous for sacrificing one of his eyes in order to be able to see the for the Vanir clan. Freyr was a symbol of prosperity and pleasant
cosmos more clearly and his thirst for wisdom saw him hang weather conditions. He was frequently portrayed with a large
from the World Tree, Yggdrasil, for nine days and nine nights phallus.
until he was blessed with the knowledge of the runic alphabet.
His unyielding nature granted him the opportunity to unlock Heimdall
numerous mysteries of the universe. Heimdall, known as the ‘shiniest’ of all gods due to him having
the ‘whitest skin’, was a son of Odin who sat atop the Bifrost (the
Frigg rainbow bridge that connects Asgard, the world of the Aesir tribe
Odin’s wife, Frigg, was a paragon of beauty, love, fertility and of gods, with Midgard, the world of humanity) and remained
fate. She was the mighty queen of Asgard, a venerable Norse forever on alert; guarding Asgard against attack.
goddess, who was gifted with the power of divination, and yet,
was surrounded by an air of secrecy. She was the only goddess Hel
allowed to sit next to her husband. Frigg was a very protective Hel was the goddess and ruler of the Norse underworld of the
mother, so she took an oath from the elements, beasts, weapons same name (also known as Helheim). She has pale skin and
and poisons, that they would not injure her brilliant and loving appears to be death-like. She nurtures and houses any who enter
son, Balder. Her trust was betrayed by Loki, a most deceitful her realm.
god.
Vidar
Balder Vidar was another son of the supreme god and Grid (a giantess),
Frigg and Odin are the parents of Balder, who was described as and his powers were matched only by that of Thor.
living between heaven and earth. Balder was the epitome of
radiance, beauty, kindness and fairness. He was believed to be Vale
immortal, but he was killed with mistletoe – the golden bough Vale was the son of Odin who avenged Balder’s death by killing
that contained both his life and his death. Hod, the god who pierced Balder with mistletoe.