Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343

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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs

Heat transfer, friction factor and effectiveness of Fe3O4 nanofluid flow in

an inner tube of double pipe U-bend heat exchanger with and without
longitudinal strip inserts
N.T. Ravi Kumar a, P. Bhramara a, L. Syam Sundar b,⇑, Manoj K. Singh b,⇑, Antonio C.M. Sousa b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University-Hyderabad, India
b
Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Heat transfer, friction factor, effectiveness and number of transfer units (NTU) were determined experi-
Received 18 December 2016 mentally for a Fe3O4 nanofluid flowing through the inner tube with longitudinal strip inserts of a double
Received in revised form 9 March 2017 pipe U-bend heat exchanger. Different concentrations of the Fe3O4 nanofluid, which is the hot fluid, were
Accepted 13 March 2017
used in the present study and cold water circulates in the annulus region of the double pipe heat exchan-
Available online 16 March 2017
ger. The heat transfer and friction factor experiments were conducted for the Reynolds number range
from 15,000 to 30,000 with the Fe3O4 nanofluid volume concentrations of 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and
Keywords:
0.06%. The effect on heat transfer and friction factor of longitudinal strip inserts in the inner tube is stud-
Nanofluid
Heat transfer
ied for three different strip aspect ratios (AR) with the values of 1, 2 and 4, respectively. The results indi-
Friction factor cate the Nusselt number on the nanofluid side increases with increasing Reynolds number and particle
Longitudinal strip inserts concentration, and with decreasing aspect ratio of the longitudinal strip inserts. The Nusselt number
Effectiveness enhancement, compared to the water data, for the 0.06% volume concentration of the nanofluid is
14.7% and it further increases to 41.29% for the same 0.06% concentration with the longitudinal strip
insert with AR equal to 1 for the Reynolds number of 28,954. Compared to water data, the friction factor
for the 0.06% volume concentration of the nanofluid increases by 1.092-times and it further increases to
1.267-times for the same concentration with the longitudinal strip insert with AR equal to 1 for the
Reynolds number of 28,954. The overall performance of the double pipe heat exchanger with longitudinal
strip inserts in the nanofluid side is expressed in terms of effectiveness and number of transfer units
(NTU). New correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor are reported and they are based on
the obtained experimental data.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Double pipe heat exchangers are widely used in chemical, food,
oil and gas industries due to their low-cost, manufacturing simplic-
ity and easy maintenance. In addition, an important advantage of
the double pipe heat exchanger is its wide operating temperature
range, which has a particular niche in different processes such as
pasteurizing, reheating, preheating, digester heating and effluent
heating. In small scale industries these heat exchangers tend to
be favored for their low capital and operating costs. They com-
monly use as working fluids, among others, water, ethylene glycol,
propylene glycol, and engine oil. A topic of ongoing investigation is
the performance enhancement of these heat exchangers by replac-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: sslingala@gmail.com (L.S. Sundar),
(M.K. Singh).
ing their commonly used working fluids by high thermal conduc-
tivity fluids such as nanofluids, which yield increased convective
heat transfer. Nanofluids, nowadays, are well-established and their
preeminence owes much to the pioneering work of Choi [1] and his
team.
Zamzamian et al. [2] obtained heat transfer enhancement of
26% for 1.0% weight of Al2O3/EG and 37% for 1.0% weight of CuO/
EG in double pipe heat exchanger, while for the plate heat exchan-
ger the heat transfer enhancement was 38% and 49%, respectively.
Rabienataj Darzi et al. [3] observed heat transfer enhancement of
20% for 1.0% volume concentration of Al2O3/water flow in a double
pipe heat exchanger under turbulent flow conditions. El-Maghlany
et al. [4] experimentally studied the effectiveness and number of
transfer units (NTU) for a double-pipe horizontal counter-flow heat
exchanger with the Cu/water nanofluid as one of the working flu-
mksingh@ua.pt ids. Arani et al. [5] observed Nusselt number enhancement by

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.03.019
0894-1777/Ó 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
332 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343
Nomenclature
A area (m2)
Cp specific heat (J/kg K)
d inner diameter of the tube (m)
f friction factor
h heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
k thermal conductivity (W/m K)
l length of the tube (m)
m _ mass flow rate (kg/s)
Nu Nusselt number (Nu = hD/k)
Pr Prandtl number (Pr = lCp)/k
Q heat flow (W)
Re Reynolds number Re ¼ 4m= _ pDl
T temperature (°C)
U overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m K)
v velocity (m/s)
using the TiO2/water nanofluid in a horizontal double tube
counter-flow heat exchanger under fully developed turbulent flow.
Khedkar et al. [6] obtained 16% heat transfer enhancement using a
3.0% volume concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a concen-
tric tube heat exchanger. Goodarzi et al. [7] conducted heat trans-
fer experiments for Reynolds numbers between 5000 and 15,000
and observed heat transfer enhancement of 16.2% for 0.06% weight
fraction of nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) nanofluids. Sarafraz
et al. [8] observed that the heat exchanger thermal performance
in comparison with water was up by 44% for a 0.3% mass concen-
tration of the CNT/water nanofluid used in a double pipe heat
exchanger for a Reynolds number of 10,500. Duangthongsuk and
Wongwises [9] reported a heat transfer enhancement of 11% for
0.2% volume concentration of TiO2/water nanofluid in a horizontal
double pipe counter flow heat exchanger under turbulent flow
conditions. Sarafraz and Hormozi [10] determined a heat transfer
enhancement of 67% for 1.0% volume concentration of 50:50%
EG/W based silver nanofluids used in a double pipe heat exchan-
ger. Sonawane et al. [11] observed a 16% overall heat transfer
enhancement for 3.0% volume concentration of Al2O3 nanofluids
in a double pipe heat exchanger for a Reynolds number of 3992.
Reddy et al. [12] reported that the heat transfer coefficient and fric-
tion factor increase by 10.73% and 8.73%, respectively, for a 0.02%
volume concentration of TiO2 water based nanofluid. Hemmat Esfe
and Saedodin [13] conducted heat transfer experiments for MgO/
water nanofluid in a double pipe heat exchanger for particle con-
centrations in the range from 0.005 to 0.02 and they also observed
an increase in heat transfer rates. Aghayari et al. [14] observed heat
transfer enhancement of 19% and Nusselt number enhancement of
24% for a 0.3% volume concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a
double pipe heat exchanger. Sudarmadji et al. [15] noted a Nusselt
number increase of 40.5%, as compared to the water data, for the
0.5% volume concentration of the Al2O3/water nanofluid in the
hot side of a double pipe heat exchanger. Demir et al. [16], by using
a CFD analysis, numerically investigated the forced convection flow
of water-based nanofluids with TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles in a
horizontal tube with constant wall temperature. Choi and Zhang
[17] investigated numerically by using a finite element method
the laminar forced convection heat transfer of the Al2O3/water
nanofluid flowing in a pipe with a return bend and they observed
Nusselt number enhancement with increasing Reynolds number
and Prandtl number. Interestingly, in their majority the studies
dealing with the use of nanofluids in double pipe heat exchangers
observed higher heat transfer rates with practically negligible fric-
tion increase.
Greek symbols
Dp pressure drop
DT logarithmic mean temperature difference
/ volume concentration of nanoparticles (%)
l dynamic viscosity (kg/m2s)
q density (kg/m3)
Subscripts
c cold fluid
Exp experimental
h hot fluid
i inlet
o outlet
Reg regression
For pipe flow, higher heat transfer rates can be achieved by
enhanced turbulence, and to this aim longitudinal strip inserts will
be used in this work. The original work on the concept of longitu-
dinal strip inserts in a tube as turbulence enhancers was used by
Liu [18] back in 1996 and he performed experiments in the fully
developed turbulent flow region. Later, Hsieh and Wen [19], Hsieh
and Huang [20] conducted heat transfer experiments for water
flow in a tube with longitudinal strip inserts in the Reynolds num-
ber range from 1700 to 4000 and they observed the occurrence of
heat transfer augmentation. Saha and Langille [21] also used longi-
tudinal strip inserts for water flow in a tube and conducted heat
transfer and pressure drop experiments in the laminar region.
Based on this literature, the use longitudinal strip inserts for com-
monly used fluids yields heat transfer enhancement.
Longitudinal strips for nanofluids flowing in a tube were used
by Sundar and Sharma [22]. They conducted heat transfer and fric-
tion factor experiments with the Al2O3 nanofluid in a tube with
longitudinal strip inserts and, for a 0.5% volume concentration of
the Al2O3 nanofluid and a longitudinal strip insert with aspect ratio
equal to 1, they observed heat transfer enhancement of 76.20% and
80.19%, as compared to water flowing in a plain tube, for Reynolds
number values of 3000 and 22,000, respectively. Sundar et al. [23],
also using a 0.5% volume concentration of the Al2O3 nanofluid and
a longitudinal strip insert with aspect ratio equal to 1, reported
heat transfer enhancement of 32.12% and 14.50% for Reynolds
number values of 700 and 2200, respectively. Prasad et al. [24],
using a 0.03% volume concentration of the Al2O3 nanofluid in a
double pipe heat exchanger and a longitudinal strip insert of aspect
ratio equal to 1, observed heat transfer enhancement of 47.35%
with a friction penalty of 1.21-times, as compared to water flowing
with no longitudinal strip insert. Sundar et al. [25] report a Nusselt
number enhancement for 0.3% volume concentration of MWCNT/
Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluid flowing in a tube without inserts of
32.72% and with longitudinal strip inserts of aspect ratio equal to
1 of 50.99% for a Reynolds number of 22,000.
Data for Fe3O4 nanofluids flowing in an inner tube of a double
pipe heat exchanger with longitudinal strip inserts is not available;
therefore, the present study is primarily focused on the estimation
of heat transfer, friction factor, effectiveness and number of trans-
fer units for a double pipe heat exchanger having a nanofluid flow-
ing through the inner tube with longitudinal strip inserts. The
experiments were conducted for the Reynolds number range from
15,000 to 30,000, particle volume concentration from 0% to 0.06%
for the Fe3O4 nanofluid and longitudinal strip inserts of aspect
ratios 1, 2 and 4. The thermal performance of heat exchanger is
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343 333

determined for different operating conditions and longitudinal W Fe3 O4 is the weight of the nanoparticles. Based on Eq. (1), the quan-
strip inserts. New Nusselt number and friction factor correlations tities of 4.364, 8.278, 26.19, 52.39 g of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were
are proposed based on the experimental data. used for the preparation of 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06% volume
concentrations, respectively. The thermophysical properties of
2. Experimental section Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the distilled water were shown in Table 1.
The thermal properties of Fe3O4 nanofluids were taken from Sundar
2.1. Nanofluids preparation et al. [26] and the data shown in Table 2.

The magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. The nanofluids were prepared by
dispersing Fe3O4 nanoparticles in distilled water for volume con-
centrations of 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06% in bulk quantities
of 15 L. Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) surfactant
was used for stability of the nanoparticles in the base fluid (water)
on a proportion of nearly 1/10th of weight of nanoparticles. CTAB
was added to 15 L of distilled water and then stirred with high
speed stirrer; after full dispersion of surfactant in water the
required quantity of nanoparticles were added and stirring was
maintained for 24 h, as illustrated in the photo shown in Fig. 1.
The particles required for a specified volume concentration per-
centage were calculated using the following relation:
2

W Fe
3 O4
6 qFe3 O4
Volume concentration; /  100 ¼ 6
4
 
W Fe
3 O4
qFe3 O4 þ W water
where / is the percentage of volume concentration (%),
qFe3 O4 = 5810 kg/m3, qwater = 998.5 kg/m3, Wwater = 15,000 g and
Fig. 1. Preparation of bulk Fe3O4 nanofluid.
2.2. Test section and experimental procedure
The schematic diagram of the experimental setup is depicted in
Fig. 2a and the actual view of the experimental setup is shown in
Fig. 2b, and the test section details are presented in Fig. 2c. The
experimental setup consists of: (i) two concentric tube heat
exchangers, (ii) data logger along with a personal computer, (iii)
cooling water tank and heating water tank, (iv) thermocouples,
(v) flow meters (both on hot and cold sides), and (vi) U-tube
manometer. The test section contains the inner tube and the annu-
lus tube. The inner diameter (ID) and outer diameter (OD) of the
stainless steel inner tube is 0.019 m and 0.025 m, respectively.
The inner diameter (ID) and outer diameter (OD) of the cast iron
 3 annulus is 0.05 m and 0.056 m, respectively. The test section con-
tains two tube-side passes (Fig. 2c) in which the inner tube is bent
7
7
5 ð1Þ at a distance of 2.2 m with a radius of 0.160 m. The total length of
the inner tube is 5 m and the effective length of one pass is 2.2 m.
qwater
The heat loss from the test section is minimized by wrapping the
annulus tube with asbestos rope material. The four thermocouples
are of the resistance temperature detectors (RTD) type and they
were installed to measure the inlet and outlet temperatures of
hot fluid (water or nanofluid) and cold fluid (water). Thermocouple
needles are connected to the data acquisition system and the read-
ings were recorded in the computer for further processing. Before
using the thermocouples in the test section, they are calibrated
and the obtained resolution is ±0.1 °C. The flow in the test section
is assumed to be hydrodynamically developed considering that l/d
is equal to 263 (l: length; d: diameter).
Two flow meters were used to measure the flow rates of cold
fluid and hot fluid (nanofluid). The hot fluid was supplied through
the inner tube, while the cold fluid, which circulates through the
annulus, is used as the cooling medium. The counter flow arrange-
ment was adopted for the present work. The temperature of the
cold water (annulus side) was maintained around 29 °C with a con-
stant flow rate of 8 LPM (0.133 kg/s). The hot Fe3O4 nanofluid (tube
side) with constant inlet temperature of 60 °C from the hot fluid
tank was supplied through the inner tube at different mass flow
rates of 8, 10, 12 and 14 LPM. The experiments were conducted
for different particle concentrations of 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and
0.06%. The temperatures of the nanofluid and water were only
recorded after steady state is reached. The test section was cali-
brated with water as the hot working fluid, before using the
Fe3O4 nanofluid. For each and every nanofluid experiment the test
section is thoroughly cleaned with pure water. The thermophysical
properties of the nanofluid were calculated at mean temperature,
and the formulas used for Nusselt number determination are
reported in section 3. The pressure drop across the inner tube of
the test section was measured by placing a mercury (Hg) filled
U-tube manometer between both ends of the tube. To this purpose,
4-mm holes, which were drilled at both ends of the inner tube, are
connected using flexible tubing to the U-tube manometer; the Hg

Table 1
Thermophysical property of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and distilled water at 20 °C.

Particle/water Mean diameter Density (kg/m3) Thermal conductivity (W/m K) Specific heat (kJ/kg K) Viscosity (mPas)
Fe3O4 36 nm 5810 80.4 670 –
Water – 998.5 0.6024 4182 0.79
334 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343

Table 2
Thermophysical properties of base fluid and Fe3O4 nanofluid [26].

Property T (°C) / = 0.0% / = 0.005% / = 0.01% / = 0.03% / = 0.06%

(q), kg/m 3
20 998.5 998.8 999.10 999.7 1000.9
40 992 992.3 992.60 993.21 994.42
60 983.3 983.6 983.90 984.51 985.71
(k), W/m K 20 0.6024 0.604 0.6055 0.6087 0.6149
40 0.6314 0.6341 0.6367 0.6421 0.6527
60 0.653 0.6564 0.6598 0.6666 0.6802
(l), mPas 20 0.79 0.7916 0.7931 0.7963 0.8025
40 0.54 0.5403 0.5406 0.5413 0.5425
60 0.3 0.3009 0.3018 0.3038 0.3075
(Cp), J/kg K 20 4182 4181.8 4181.5 4181.1 4180.2
40 4178 4177.8 4177.5 4177.1 4176.2
60 4183 4182.8 4182.5 4182.1 4181.2
Prandtl number (Pr) 20 5.48 5.4766 5.4731 5.4663 5.4525
40 3.57 3.5584 3.5468 3.5238 3.4775
60 1.92 1.9163 1.9125 1.905 1.89

Fig. 2a. Schematic diagram of an experimental setup.

relative height is recorded as a function of the mass flow rate. The inserts is calculated based on the hydraulic diameter. The hydrau-
system requires approximately two hours of operation to reach lic diameter (dh) is defined as follows:
steady state, and only then the readings of the four thermocouples
are recorded and used for the heat transfer calculations. The heat 4A
dh ¼ ð2Þ
transfer and friction factor experiments were repeated three times p
at a particular mass flow rates (8, 10, 12, and 14 LPM) and the aver- where p is the perimeter, and A the cross-sectional area.
age values (temperatures of thermocouples) were used for Nusselt The heat conducted by the longitudinal strip inserts is neglected
number, effectiveness and friction factor calculations. The inner in the heat transfer calculations.
tube heat transfer coefficient for the nanofluid is calculated based
on the logarithmic mean temperature difference method.
3. Calculated parameters

2.3. Longitudinal strip inserts 3.1. Nusselt number

The different aspect ratios of the aluminum longitudinal strip

inserts used in this study are shown in Fig. 2d and their respective Rate of heat flow ðtube-side fluidÞ;
dimensions are listed in Table 3. The mass flow rate of Qh ¼ m_ h  C h  ðT h;i  T h;o Þ ð3Þ
water/nanofluid in the inner tube with the longitudinal strip
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343 335

of the annulus heat transfer coefficient (ho) in Eq. (7) is calculated

from Eq. (8) of Gnielinski [27].
Gnielinski [27] equation:

ð2f ÞðRe  1000ÞPr

Nuo ¼  0:5   ð8Þ
1:07 þ 12:7 2f Pr2=3  1

2
f ¼ ð1:58 lnðReÞ  3:82Þ ; 2300 < Re < 106 ; 0:5 < Pr < 2000

4A
Dh ¼ ¼ Do  Di ð9Þ
P
where A is the flow area and determined as A ¼ p4 ðD2o  D2i Þ.
The Nusselt number value obtained from Eq. (8) is used to cal-
culate the annulus heat transfer coefficient (ho) using the hydraulic
diameter (Dh) and thermal conductivity of annulus fluid at mean
temperature and the equation is given as:
Fig. 2b. Photograph of an experimental setup. Nuo  ko
ho ¼ ð10Þ
Dh
Rate of heat flow ðannulus-side fluidÞ; The value of ho, which is determined from Eq. (10), is substi-
Qc ¼ m_ c  C c  ðT c;o  T c;i Þ ð4Þ tuted in Eq. (7) to obtain the inner tube-side heat transfer coeffi-
cient (hi or hnf); the Nusselt number of nanofluid (Nunf) can be
Overall heat transfer coefficient ðtube-sideÞ; determined as:

Q av g hnf  Di
Ui ¼ 0 1 ð5Þ Nunf ¼ ð11Þ
knf
Ai @DT1 DT2 A
ln
DT 1 The Reynolds number is based on the flow rate at the inlet of
DT 2
the tube.


Overall heat transfer coefficient ðannulus  sideÞ; qv d i
Renf ¼ ð12Þ
Q av g
l nf
Uo ¼ 0 1 ð6Þ
The Prandtl number is calculated based on the nanofluid speci-
Ao @DT1 DT2 A fic heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity, which are determined
DT 1
ln DT 2 at the nanofluid mean temperature.


where Q av g ¼ Q h þQ ; DT 1 ¼ T h;i  T c;o ; DT 2 ¼ T h;o  T c;i .
lC P
2
c
Prnf ¼ ð13Þ
For double pipe heat exchangers by neglecting fouling, the rela-
k nf

tion for overall heat transfer coefficient (tube-side) is given as:

  3.2. Friction factor
1 1 ln DDoi 1
¼ þ þ ð7Þ
U i Ai h o Ao 2pKL h i Ai The friction factor is calculated by the following expression,

where Uo or Ui is the overall heat transfer coefficients for annulus DP

f ¼  2 ð14Þ
side or tube-side, respectively, k is the thermal conductivity of the Li qv
Di
 2
tube material and L is the length of the heat exchanger. The value

Fig. 2c. Test section details.

336 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343

experiments. The heat exchange between the hot and cold streams
was estimated by both Eqs. (3) and (4); the observed deviation was
±2.5%, which indicates the eventual heat losses can be neglected.
As already stated, the tube-side heat transfer coefficient ðhi Þ was
calculated based on the annulus side heat transfer coefficient
ðho Þ. Eq. (8) of Gnielinski [27] is used to estimate the Nusselt num-
ber of annulus fluid and then calculate the annulus fluid ho based
on the hydraulic diameter ðDh Þ and thermal conductivity of the
annulus side fluid at mean temperature. The value of ho deter-
mined from Eq. (10) is substituted in Eq. (7) for the estimation of
the tube-side heat transfer coefficient ðhi Þ and then the Nusselt
number ðNuÞ is calculated using Eq. (11), which involves hi , inner
tube diameter ðdÞ and thermal conductivity ðkÞ at bulk mean tem-
perature. The estimated tube-side Nusselt number is reported in
Fig. 3 along with values obtained from Eq. (19) of Dittus-Boelter
[28], namely:

Nu ¼ 0:023 Re0:8 Pr0:4 ð19Þ

The maximum deviation between the experimental values and
those predicted using Dittus-Boelter [28] is less than ±2.5%; which
Fig. 2d. The photograph of different aspect ratios of longitudinal strip inserts. corroborates the previous verification that negligible heat loss
takes place from the experimental test section to atmosphere.
The nanofluid for different volume concentrations (0.005%,
where the pressure difference (DP = P1  P2) is determined based on 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06%) were tested in the experimental rig. The
the mercury height difference in the manometer. nanofluid circulates through the tubeside as the hot fluid at the ini-
tial temperature of 60 °C, while through the annulus circulates
3.3. Effectiveness – NTU method water) initially at 25 °C. The tested tube-side mass flow rates are
8, 10, 12 and 14 LPM, respectively, and the annulus mass flow rate
The working relations for this section are as follows: is maintained at 8 LPM for all experiments conducted in this work.
As already stated, the tube-side heat transfer coefficient ðhi Þ was
UA
Number of transfer units; NTU ¼ ) NTU calculated based on the annulus fluid heat transfer coefficient
C min ðho Þ. Eq. (11) is used to estimate the nanofluid heat transfer coeffi-
Q cient ðhnf ¼ hi Þ and then the Nusselt number ðNunf ¼ hnf di =knf Þ. The
¼ ð15Þ
ðDTÞLMTD  C min experimental Nusselt number is presented in Fig. 4 for different
concentrations of the nanofluid and for the base fluid, and it can
_ h  Ch
Heat capacity of tube-side fluid; C h ¼ m ð16Þ be observed that the Nusselt number increases with increasing val-
ues of the particle concentration and Reynolds number. For the
_ c  Cc
Heat capacity of annulus-side fluid; C c ¼ m ð17Þ same Reynolds number, the nanofluid has higher Nusselt number
than that for water. The Nusselt number for the 0.005% volume
where Cmin is the smaller of Cc and Ch.
concentration nanofluid is enhanced by 1.72% and 2.29% for Rey-
1  exp½NTUð1  ZÞ nolds number of 16,545 and 28,954, respectively, as compared to
Effectiveness; e¼ ð18Þ the base fluid (water); similarly, for the 0.06% volume concentra-
1  Z exp½NTUð1  ZÞ
tion nanofluid, the Nusselt number is enhanced by 9.76% and
where Z ¼ CCmax
min
. 14.7% for Reynolds number of 16,545 and 28,954, respectively, as
compared to water. Similar trend of increased Nusselt number
with increasing values of nanofluid concentration was observed
4. Results and discussion
by Prasad et al. [24] by using Al2O3 nanofluid flowing in a double
pipe U-bend heat exchanger. As a preliminary investigation, the
4.1. Nusselt number of water and nanofluids flow in an inner tube
Nusselt number values for the Fe3O4 nanofluid obtained experi-
mentally in this work are compared against available Nusselt num-
To test and validate the experimental rig, the initial heat trans-
ber correlations for other nanofluids, in particular Cu and TiO2
fer experiments were conducted with water as the working fluid
nanofluids, namely:
flowing through the inner tube of the double pipe heat exchanger.
Xuan and Li [29] equation for Cu nanofluid:
The water is initially heated to 60 °C and then delivered to the
 
inner tube, whereas the cold fluid (water) at 25 °C is circulated Nu ¼ 0:0059 1 þ 7:6286/0:6886 Pe0:001 Re0:9238 Pr0:4 ð20Þ
d
through the annulus of the heat exchanger. The tubeside mass flow
rate is varied from 8 LPM to 14 LPM, whereas the mass flow rate of
10000 < Re < 22; 500; 0 < / < 1:5%
annulus tube fluid (cold water) is fixed at 8 LPM throughout the

Table 3
Dimensions of longitudinal strip inserts.

Longitudinal strip inserts Aspect ratio (AR) = w=h wðmÞ hðmÞ dh ðmÞ dh =di
AR = 1 0.012 0.012 0.005183 0.2727
AR = 2 0.012 0.006 0.008839 0.4652
AR = 4 0.012 0.003 0.011032 0.5806
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343 337

Fig. 3. Comparison of the experimental tubeside Nusselt number for hot water Fig. 5. Experimental Nusselt number of hot Fe3O4 nanofluid is compared with the
against the values predicted by the Dittus–Boelter relation [28]. data of Sajadi and Kezmi [30] and Xuan and Li [29].

4.2. Nusselt number of water and nanofluid flow in an inner tube with
longitudinal strip inserts

The procedure already described in the experimental section is

further used to conduct heat transfer experiments first with water
and then nanofluid flowing through the double pipe heat exchange
inner tube with longitudinal strip inserts. The experiments are
conducted using longitudinal strips with different values of AR,
namely: 1, 2 and 4. Eq. (11) is used to determine the experimental
Nusselt number for water flowing through an inner tube with lon-
gitudinal strip inserts and the data is shown in Fig. 6 along with the
data of Hsieh and Huang [20] for comparison. The equation of
Hsieh and Huang [20] for single phase fluid flow in a tube with lon-
gitudinal strip inserts is given as:

0:14
0:74
lb Dh
Nu ¼ 1:233ðGzÞ0:38 ðAR þ 1Þ0:41 ð22Þ
lw Di
Fig. 4. Experimental Nusselt number of hot Fe3O4 nanofluid for different values of Hsieh and Huang [20] conducted the experiments in the lami-
particle concentration and Reynolds number. nar regime; whereas in the present study, the experiments are
for the turbulent regime. For water flowing in the inner tube, it
and
Sajadi and Kazemi [30] for TiO2 nanofluid:

Nu ¼ 0:067Re0:71 Pr0:35 þ 0:0005Re ð21Þ

5000 < Re < 3  104 ; 0:2 < / < 0:25%

The experimental values of the Reynolds number, Prandtl num-
ber and volume concentration are inserted in Eq. (20) of Xuan and
Li [29] and Eq. (21) of Sajadi and Kazemi [30] for the estimation of
the Nusselt number. The present experimental Nusselt number
data for the Fe3O4 nanofluid is reported in Fig. 5 along with the val-
ues predicted by using Eqs. (20) and (21); it can be observed that
for particle concentration of 0.06% the experimental Nusselt num-
ber with Fe3O4 nanofluid is higher by 8.6% and 12.33% for the Rey-
nolds number of 16,478 and 28,837, respectively, than the values
of Sajadi and Kazemi [30]. Also, for the same values of concentra-
tion and Reynolds number, the Nusselt number for the Fe3O4 nano-
fluid is 8.2% and 4.3%, respectively, lower than the values of Xuan
and Li [29]. These comparisons are just indicative of similar trends;
however, considering the nanoparticles are different, the values for Fig. 6. Nusselt number data for water flowing through a tube with longitudinal
the Nusselt number, as expected, are also different. strip inserts and comparison with the results of Hsieh and Huang [20] and Liu [18].
338 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343

can be noticed in Fig. 6 that the Nusselt number enhancement with

an insert with AR = 1 is 14.47%, when compared to the tube with no
inserts.
The experimental Nusselt number for 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06%
nanofluids, respectively, flowing through the inner tube with
inserts of AR equal to 1, 2 and 4, are reported in Figs. 7a–7c. For
the three longitudinal strip inserts (AR = 1, 2 and 4), the insert with
AR equal to 1 yields the highest Nusselt number. The results pre-
sented in Fig. 7a indicate, for the 0.01% nanofluid, similarly, in
Fig. 7b can be observed that the Nusselt number enhancement
for the 0.03% nanofluid and AR = 1 is 19.91% and 30.90%, as com-
pared to the nanofluid flow and water flow, respectively, in both
cases with no inserts. In Fig. 7c is reported that the Nusselt number
enhancement for the 0.06% nanofluid and AR = 1 is 23.11% and
41.29%, as compared to the nanofluid flow and water flow, respec-
tively, in both cases with no inserts.
The present Nusselt number data for the 0.06% nanofluid with
AR = 1 is presented in Fig. 8 along with the data of Sundar and
Sharma [22] for Al2O3 nanofluid, which is correlated by the follow-
Fig. 7b. Experimental Nusselt number of 0.03% nanofluid flowing through an inner
ing equation:
tube with and without longitudinal strip inserts.

0:3345
Nu Dh
¼ 0:04532ðReÞ0:7484 ð0:001þARÞ0:001 ð0:001þ/Þ0:0437
Pr0:4 Di
ð23Þ
The present experimental Nusselt number of Fe3O4 nanofluid is
more compared to the data of Sundar and Sharma [22] for Al2O3
nanofluid in the measured Reynolds number range. The magnetic
nanofluids are more advantage than Al2O3 nanofluids because of
higher thermal conductivity of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
The data obtained in this study for the experimental Nusselt
number for water and nanofluid flow in the heat exchanger inner
tube with longitudinal strip inserts is correlated into a general
equation, which takes into account Reynolds number, Prandtl
number, particle volume concentration, and insert aspect ratio.
The proposed equation, which has an average deviation of 1.885%
and standard deviation of 2.328%, is given as:
0:12
NuReg ¼ 0:01783Re0:82 Pr0:46 ð1 þ /Þ2:212 ð1 þ ARÞ0:0152 ðdh =di Þ
ð24Þ

15; 000 < Re < 30000; 0 < / < 0:06%; 2:84 < Pr < 3:155;
Fig. 7c. Experimental Nusselt number of 0.06% nanofluid flowing through an inner
0 < AR < 4 tube with and without longitudinal strip inserts.

Fig. 8. Nusselt number comparison between the 0.06% nanofluid experimental

Fig. 7a. Experimental Nusselt number of 0.01% nanofluid flowing through an inner values of the present study and the values of Sundar and Sharma [22].
tube with and without longitudinal strip inserts.
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343
The values determined using Eq. (24) is shown in Fig. 9 along
with the experimental values. The above equation also predicts
the Nusselt number for water by making the volume particle con-
centration equal to zero (/ = 0).
4.3. Friction factor for water and nanofluids
The experimental friction factor for water and nanofluid flowing
in the heat exchanger inner tube is calculated based on the pres-
sure difference measured by the U-tube manometer between the
entrance and exit of the inner tube. As already stated, the pressure
drop across the bend region is neglected. The experimental friction
factor data using Eq. (14) is reported in Fig. 10 along with the fric-
tion factors values obtained with Blasius [31], Eq. (25), and Petu-
khov [32], Eq. (26), equations for single phase fluid, namely:
f ¼ 4  0:0791Re0:25
3000 < Re < 105
2
f ¼ ð0:790 ln Re  1:64Þ
3000 < Re < 5  106
Fig. 9. Experimental and correlated Nusselt number values.
Fig. 10. Experimental friction factor of tubeside hot water is compared with the
values of Blasius [31] and Petukov [32].
339
The observed deviation between the experimental friction fac-
tor data and the values determined using Eq. (25) of Blasius [31]
and Eq. (26) of Petukov [32] is ±2.5%. Fig. 11 reports on friction fac-
tor values determined using Eq. (14) for different volume concen-
trations of the Fe3O4 nanofluid. The friction factor of the Fe3O4
nanofluid increases with increasing values of particle volume con-
centration and Reynolds number. The viscosity of the nanofluid
and the mass flow rate are the main contributors to the friction fac-
tor level. For a particle concentration of 0.005%, with Reynolds
number values of 16,545 and 28,954 the friction factor increases
by 1.018-times and 1.01-times, respectively, compared to water
data. Similarly, for a particle concentration of 0.06%, with the same
Reynolds number values the friction factor increases by 1.079-
times and 1.092-times, respectively, also compared to water data.
The benefit associated with the sizeable heat transfer enhance-
ment makes the friction factor penalty practically negligible.
ð25Þ
4.4. Friction factor of water and nanofluids in tube flow with
longitudinal strip inserts
ð26Þ
Further experiments were conducted for water and Fe3O4 nano-
fluid flowing in the inner tube of the double pipe heat exchanger
with longitudinal strip inserts. The experimental procedure was
performed for strips with aspect ratios of 1, 2, and 4, respectively.
Eq. (14) is used to estimate the experimental friction factor of
water flowing in the inner tube with longitudinal strip inserts
and the data is presented in Fig. 12 along with the data of Hsieh
and Huang [20] for the purpose of validation. The correlation pro-
posed by Hsieh and Huang [20] for single phase fluid flow in a tube
with longitudinal strip inserts is given as:

1:18
Dh
f ¼ 49:96ðReÞ0:44 ðARÞ1:53 ð27Þ
Di
Hsieh and Huang [20] conducted their experiments for the lam-
inar regime; whereas in the present study, the friction factor is
determined for the turbulent regime. In Fig. 12 can be noticed that
the friction factor increase for water flow in the presence of the
insert with AR = 1 is 1.079-times when compared to water flow
without inserts for a Reynolds number of 28,970.
The experimental friction factor data for the nanofluid with dif-
ferent concentrations (0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06%) flowing with inserts
having AR equal to 1, 2 and 4 are reported in Figs. 13a, 13b and 13c,
Fig. 11. Experimental friction factor of different volume concentrations of hot
nanofluid flow in an inner tube of double pipe heat exchanger.
340 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343
Fig. 12. Experimental friction factor of water flow in the inner tube of the double
pipe heat exchanger with longitudinal strip inserts along with Hsieh and Huang
[20] data.
Fig. 13a. Experimental friction factor of 0.01% nanofluid flow in an inner tube and
with longitudinal strip inserts.
Fig. 13b. Experimental Nusselt number of 0.03% nanofluid flow in an inner tube
and with longitudinal strip inserts.
Fig. 13c. Experimental friction factor of 0.06% nanofluid flow in an inner tube and
with longitudinal strip inserts.
respectively. For the three insert aspect ratios tested (AR = 1, 2 and
4), AR = 1 has the highest increase in friction factor because this
insert yields the largest reduction in flow area. Fig. 13a indicates
that the friction factor with a Reynolds number of 28,970 for the
0.01% nanofluid and AR = 1 increases by 1.129-times in comparison
with the same nanofluid without inserts; when compared to water
without inserts and the same Reynolds number, the friction factor
increase is 1.159-times. Similarly, from Fig. 13b it can be noticed
that the friction factor with a Reynolds number of 28,970 for the
0.03% nanofluid and AR = 1 increases by 1.137-times in comparison
with the same nanofluid without inserts; when compared to water
without inserts and the same Reynolds number, the friction factor
increase is 1.214-times. The trend noted in the previous figures is
also noted in Fig. 13c, where the friction factor with a Reynolds
number of 28,970 for the 0.06% nanofluid and AR = 1 increases by
1.16-times in comparison with the same nanofluid without inserts;
when compared to water without inserts and the same Reynolds
number, the friction factor increase is 1.267-times. Sundar and
Sharma [22], developed friction factor correlation for Al2O3
nanofluids flow in a tube with longitudinal strip inserts and the
expression is given below:

0:6420
Dh
f ¼ 1:184ðReÞ0:3840 ð0:001 þ ARÞ0:001 ð0:001 þ /Þ0:004593
Di
ð28Þ
Fig. 14 represents comparison between present experimental
friction factor of 0.06% volume concentration of Fe3O4 nanofluid
with the data of Sundar and Sharma [22] for Al2O3 nanofluids.
From the figure it is observed that the friction factor of present
study predicting more compared to Al2O3 nanofluids, but this
enhancement is very small.
The friction factor correlation is proposed in the similar lines of
Eq. (28) based on the present experimental data of Fe3O4 nanofluid
and is formulated by Eq. (29), which has an average deviation of
1.717% and standard deviation of 2.173%.
0:081
f Reg ¼ 0:2902Re0:2409 ð1 þ /Þ1:95 ð1 þ ARÞ0:0039 ðdh =di Þ ð29Þ
3000 < Re < 30; 000; 0 < / < 0:03%; 0 < AR < 12
Eq. (29) also predicts the friction factor for water by making the
volume particle concentration equal to zero (/ = 0). The values
obtained by using Eq. (29) are presented in Fig. 15 along with
the experimental values.
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343 341

Fig. 14. Friction factor comparison between the 0.06% nanofluid experimental Fig. 16a. Number of transfer units of 0.03% nanofluid flowing in the inner tube with
values of the present study and the values of Sundar and Sharma [22]. and without longitudinal strip inserts.

4.5. Effectiveness – NTU method

The performance of the double pipe heat exchanger having a

nanofluid flowing through the inner tube with longitudinal strip
inserts is expressed in terms of effectiveness (e) and number of
transfer units (NTU); high values of these parameters, which are
used in the present study, indicate that the performance of the heat
exchanger is high.
Eq. (21) is used to calculate the NTU of the double pipe heat
exchanger with longitudinal strip inserts for the 0.03% and 0.06%
nanofluid flow, respectively, and the NTU data is reported in
Fig. 16a and Fig. 16b. These figures indicate that for AR = 1 and Rey-
nolds number values of 16,514 and 28,901, NTU takes the values of
0.443 and 0.479, respectively, with the 0.03% nanofluid; similarly,
with AR = 1 and Reynolds number values of 16,478 and 28,970,
NTU takes the values of 0.440 and 0.480, respectively, with the
0.06% nanofluid. The values of NTU, using longitudinal strip inserts,
increase with increasing values of Reynolds number.
Eq. (24) is used to calculate the effectiveness of the double pipe
Fig. 16b. Number of transfer units of 0.06% nanofluid flowing in the inner tube with
heat exchanger with longitudinal strip inserts for the 0.03% and
and without longitudinal strip inserts.
0.06% nanofluid flow, respectively, and the effectiveness data is
reported in Fig. 17a and Fig. 17b. These figures indicate that for

Fig. 17a. Effectiveness of 0.03% nanofluid flowing in the inner tube with and
Fig. 15. Correlated and experimental friction factor values. without longitudinal strip inserts.
342 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343

times without inserts and with an insert of AR = 1, respectively,

compared to water data without inserts. The use of longitudinal
strip inserts further enhances the turbulence in the inner tube of
the heat exchanger yielding higher values of its performance due
to the increased overall heat transfer coefficient. The penalty asso-
ciated with pumping power brought by the inserts is largely com-
pensated by the heat transfer enhancement.

Appendix A

The uncertainties associated in rate of heat flow through tube-

side (Qh), rate of heat flow through annulus-side (Qc), Nusselt num-
ber (Nu) and friction factor (f) was calculated based on the proce-
dure of Kline and McClintock [33].
The expressions were given below:

(a) Rate of heat flow (tube-side) (Qh)

Fig. 17b. Effectiveness of 0.06% nanofluid flowing in the inner tube with and
DQ h
without longitudinal strip inserts. _ h  C h  ðDTÞh )
Qh ¼ m
Qh
s
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
2
2
Dm _h DC h DT
¼ þ þ ðA1Þ
m _h Ch T h
AR = 1 and Reynolds number values of 16,514 and 28,901, effec-
tiveness takes the values of 0.307 and 0.340, respectively, with (b) Rate of heat flow (annulus-side) (Qc)
the 0.03% nanofluid; similarly, with AR = 1 and Reynolds number
values of 16,478 and 28,970, effectiveness takes the values of DQ c
0.306 and 0.348, respectively, with the 0.06% nanofluid. The effec- _ c  C c  ðDTÞc )
Qc ¼ m
Qc
tiveness values, using longitudinal strip inserts, also increase with s
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
2
2ffi
increasing values of Reynolds number. Dm _c DC c DT
¼ þ þ ðA2Þ
The NTU and e parameters are enhanced by the addition of the mc_ Cc T c
nanoparticles in the base fluid (water), because the overall heat
transfer coefficient is also enhanced. It should be mentioned that (c) Nusselt number (Nu)
the heat exchanger performance enhancement is also accompanied sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2
2
by a penalty associated with pumping power. However, when this hd DNu Dh Dk
penalty is compared to the heat transfer enhancement is practi- Nu ¼ ) ¼ þ ðA3Þ
k Nu h k
cally negligible; a similar finding is reported by El-Maghlany [4]
using the Cu-water nanofluid flowing in the inner tube of a hori- (d) Friction factor (f)
zontal double tube heat exchanger. sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2
2
2
DP Df Dp Dq 2Dv
f ¼  2 ) ¼ þ þ ðA4Þ
5. Conclusions Li
 2qv f p q v
Di

Experiments were conducted for a double pipe heat exchanger

to determine heat transfer, friction factor, effectiveness and num-
The instruments parameters are given in Table 4 and the results
ber of transfer units when the Fe3O4 nanofluid flows through its
are given in Table 5.
inner tube of with and without longitudinal strip inserts. It is found
that heat transfer increases with increasing values of particle con-
centration, Reynolds number and it is further enhanced with Table 5
decreasing values of the aspect ratio of the longitudinal strip Uncertainty of parameters.
inserts. For the 0.06% nanofluid at a Reynolds number of 28,954, Parameter Uncertainty (%)
the Nusselt number enhancement is close to14.7% and 41.29%
Rate of heat flow (tube side) (Qh) ±2.6
without inserts and with an insert of AR = 1, respectively, com- Rate of heat flow (annulus-side) (Qc) ±2.6
pared to water data without inserts. For the same volume concen- Reynolds number (Re) ±3.2
tration (0.06%) of the nanofluid at a Reynolds number of 28,954, Nusselt number (Nu) ±2.5
the friction factor penalty is close to 1.092-times and 1.267- Friction factor (f) ±2.8

Table 4
Range and accuracy of the measuring instruments.

Description No. Model Range Accuracy

Inlet and outlet bulk temperature of cold fluid 2 RTD PT 100 thermocouple 200 to 500 °C ±0.1 °C
Inlet and outlet bulk temperature of hot nanofluids 2 RTD PT 100 thermocouple 200 to 500 °C ±0.1 °C
Volume flow rate of cold fluid 1 MAS Technologies Ltd., India 0–1 L ±100 °C, 1 mL
Volume flow rate of hot nanofluids 1 MAS Technologies Ltd., India 0–1 L ±100 °C, 1 mL
U-tube manometer 1 Lazer products Ltd. 0–50 cm 1 mm
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 331–343 343

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