Muhammad Hisyam Alfalaq Pragmatics 6A

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TUGAS ILP
Topic: Cooperative Principles and Grice’s (Conversational) Maxims
Answer the following questions

1. What is cooperative principles? (summarize your own conclusion after reviewing at least three experts' ideas)

Experts/ Definition/concept Examples of Dialogue Analysis of Conclusion

Sources Example
Yule, 1996 Cooperative principles are A fundamental form of
basic assumptions in communication that is
conversation where each needed by the speaker and
narrative is expected to make the hearer in various correct
the necessary contribution to communications.
the conversation process
Grice, 1975 Cooperative principle is A : There is somebody at When A tells B
principally concerned with the the door that someone has
distinction between ‘saying’ B : I’m in the bath. come at their door
and ‘meaning’, trying to and expects B to
answer the question ‘how do open the door for
speakers know how to the guest, B says
generate implicit meanings he is in the
and how can they assume bathroom at the
that their addressees will time. B's answer
reliably understand their implies that he
intended meaning expects A to
understand where
B is at that
moment, so B
cannot open the
door and see who
is coming at that
moment.
Levinson, 1983 The specification of “what
participants have to do in
order to converse in a
maximally efficient, rational,
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co-operative way: they should
speak sincerely, relevantly
and clearly, while providing
sufficient information.”

2. What is Grice’s (Conversational) Maxims? (summarize your own conclusion after reviewing at least three experts' ideas)

Experts/ Definition/concept Examples of Dialogues Analysis of Conclusion

Sources Example
https://www.stud Grice's conversational A conversational maxim is
ysmarter.de/en/e maxims were created by the any of four rules which were
xplanations/engli British philosopher H. Paul proposed by Grice 1975 to
sh/pragmatics/gr Grice in the 1970s. Grice determine what the speaker
ices- believed that anyone wishing and the interlocutor do to
conversational- to engage in meaningful communicate efficiently,
maxims/ communication would follow rationally, and cooperatively
these 4 Maxims and assume
that others would also be
following them. The four
maxims of conversation
derive from Grice's
Cooperative Principle.
Levinson Conversational maxims
(1983:102) determine what the speaker
and the interlocutor do to
communicate efficiently,
rationally, and cooperatively.
https://glossary.s A conversational maxim is
il.org/term/conve any of four rules which were
rsational-maxim proposed by Grice 1975,
stating that a speaker is
assumed to make a
contribution that:
 is adequately but not
overly informative
(quantity maxim)
 the speaker does not
believe to be false
and for which
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adequate evidence is
had (quality maxim)
 is relevant (maxim of
relation or
relevance), and
 is clear,
unambiguous, brief,
and orderly (maxim
of manner).

3. Complete the following tables with the essential concepts and characteristics of observance and non-observance maxims

Conversational Experts/ Definition Indicators Examples of Analysis of Conclusion

Maxims Sources Dialogue Example
Observance Thomas (1995) The speaker try to not generate A: Well, how do I B says "we Observance
Maxims cooperate with the implicature look? have a new Maxims are when
their utterances B: Wow, we model here" the speaker and
and fulfill all the have a new means to say hearer follow the
conversational model here! that A looks cooperative
maxims. In good, like a principles of
observing model. communication,
maxims, the so the utterances
speaker also does are relevant, clear
not generate the and easy to
implicature understand
Grice (1975) Observance Follow the
maxim is when the cooperative
communication principles
that occurs
between the
speaker and the
hearer follow the
cooperative
principles of
communication.
The principle of
cooperative
consists of four
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conversational
maxims: maxim of
quantity, maxim of
quality, maxim of
relevance, maxim
of manner.
Wijana (1996) In observance speech
maxim, the relevant, clear
speaker try to and easy to
make his speech understand
relevant, clear and
easy to
understand,
concise, not waste
the time of the
interlocutor

Non- Thomas (1995) When sometimes Fail to observe A: Well, how do I B is flouting Non-observance
observance people fail to the maxims look? maxim quantity Maxims are When
Maxims observe the B: Your shoes by giving too sometimes people
maxims. There are nice… little fail to observe
are several types information. B because the
of non- expected A to speaker doesn't
observance of understand the follow the rule of
maxims, such as implicature that the conversational
flouting a maxim, only the shoes when making an
violating a maxim, are nice and utterance.
infringing a others are not.
maxim, opting out
of a maxim, and
suspending a
maxim.
Wardana & Wan Occurred when don't follow the
Anayati (2018) the speaker rule of the
doesn't follow the conversational
rule of the maxims
conversational
maxims. By
breaking the rules
of the
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conversational
maxim, the hearer
or communicant
will implicate their
own meaning and
understanding.
Levinson (1983) Non-observance The speaker
maxims is a and listener
condition when cannot fulfill
the speaker and the maxims
listener cannot
fulfill the maxims
of cooperative
principle when
making an
utterance.

4. Complete the following table with definition, examples of each type of observance maxims

Observanc Experts/ Sources/ Definition/ Indicators Examples Analysis of Conclusion

e Maxims Concepts Example

Quantity Grice in Hapsari Requires each sufficient 1) My neighbor is sentence (1) can be Straight to the
Maxims 2015 participant of contribution pregnant. seen that the point
the speech to 2) My neighbor sentence is short,
contribute as who is a woman dense, and
much or as pregnant understandable.
much as WHILE sentence
needed by the (2) violates the
interlocutor or maxim of quantity
the speaker principle/ not in
provides accordance with
sufficient, the maxim
relative and quantity, because
informative pregnancy is
information as already related to
possible. women
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Quality Grice in Hapsari Requires each Say A: How many In the example Giving true
Maxims 2015 participant of something maxims of above, (B) statement
the real and in cooperation contributes correct
conversation accordance according to Grice? information, that
to say with the according to Grice's
something real actual facts. B: According to book he has read
and in Grice's book that I there are four
accordance read, there are four maxims, namely
with the actual maxims in the maxim of quantity,
facts. cooperative maxim of quality,
Conversation principle. maxim of relevance
participants' and maxim of
contributions A: What are the manner.
should be maxims?
based on
adequate B: Maxim of
evidence. quantity, maxim of
quality, maxim of
relevance and
maxim of manner.

Relation Grice in Hapsari Requires that Contribution Mom: Ani, there’s a Ani's utterance "I'm The contribution
Maxims 2015 each speech that is call to you on the toilet" means of the
participant can relevant / in Ani can't pick up the participants in
make a accordance Ani: I'm in the toilet phone because she the speech act
relevant with what is ma'am was in toilet. does not always
contribution / being said. lie in the
in accordance meaning of the
with utterance but
something that also in what is
is being implied by the
spoken. utterance.

Manner Grice/ Hapsari, P. W. requires that Speak A: Let’s stop and The spelling in A speaker must
Maxims H. (Ed.). (2015). each directly, not get something to utterance B aims to interpret the
Perbandingan participant of vague, not eat. make the children words used by
Maksim Prinsip the taxa, and not who like Mc. the interlocutor
Kerjasama conversation Donalds didn't ambiguously
(Cooperative speak directly, realize that his based on the
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Principle) dalam not vague, not exaggerating, B: Okey, but not M- parents didn't want context of use
Tuturan Menjawab taxa, and not and coherent. C-D-O-N-A-L-D-S to eat at Mc. (they
(Answering) pada exaggerating, Donalds. understand the
Dua Versi and coherent context).
Terjemahan Novel
Pride and Prejudice
Serta Dampaknya
terhadap Kualitas
Terjemahan.
Prosiding Prasasti.
https://doi.org/10.209
61/pras.v0i0.196

5. Complete the following table with definition, examples of each type of non-observance maxims

Non- Experts/ Definition Indicators Type of Examples Analysis of Conclusion

observanc Sources/ Maxims Example
e Maxims
Violating Cutting The violate Maxims of Husband: How much did that In the Hearer don't
Maxims (2002:40) speaker the Quality the new dress cost, honey? conversation know the real
violates the maxim on Wife: Thirty-five pounds (wrong above, the wife meaning of the
maxims purpose information) is not telling the conversation
actually truth when her and they
knows that husband asks violate the
the how much the maxim of the
listeners new clothes she conversation
does not bought. The wife on purpose
know the answered her
truth husband's
meaning question by
from the mentioning a
conversatio lower price than
n, and they the actual price.
violate with The wife tried
intentionally not to tell the
generate truth, because
misleading she was worried
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implicature that her husband
by giving would be angry
insufficient with her if he
information, found out that
says her new clothes
something were very
wrong, expensive.
irrelevant, Maxims of My neighbor who is a woman pregnancy is
or Quantity pregnant already related
ambiguous to women
therefore Maxims of Husband: How much did the when the
the relation new dress cost, honey? husband asked
listeners Wife: I know. Let’s go out his wife about
wrongly tonight the price of the
assumes new clothes he
when they bought, his wife
doing answered with
conversatio an answer that
n was irrelevant to
what her
husband was
asking.
Maxims of A: Mas aslinya mana ? This dialogue
Manner B: Saya aslinya Purworejo, often occurs
Mbak. when (A) is
A: Aduh, mas ini GR banget. photocopying
Maksud saya, KTP asli saya his ID card at a
mana ? photocopying
place in Jogja.
After the ID card
has been
photocopied, (A)
intends to ask for
the original ID
card by saying "
Mas, aslinya
mana? " and it
turned out to be
misinterpreted
by (B) because
Muhammad Hisyam Alfalaq Pragmatics 6A
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he thought that
(A) was asking
about his origins.
Speeches that
are taxa like this
often occur in
everyday life and
can be
embarrassing
for those who
misinterpret an
utterance.
Therefore, the
speech
participants
should realize
that only by
making a
cooperative
contribution can
a
communication
run properly.
Flouting Grice The not with Maxims of hyperbole a way to violate
Maxims (1975:49) speakers the Quality metaphor the maxim that
may flout a intention Irony/ banter produces
maxim of understatement implicature
when they deceiving Rhetorical
fail to fulfil it, or question
not with any misleadin tauthology
intention of g Maxims of Today is twelve o’clock. Hana In the example,
deceiving Quantity ask about time to Sara. Hana asks Sara
or what time it is,
misleading, Hana: What time is this, Sa? then Sara just
but Sara: Like yesterday! gives the same
because answer as
the yesterday. In this
speakers case, Sara
wishes to provided less
information than
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interlocutor was necessary.
s to find out Therefore, Sara
the violates the
meaning maxim of
which is quantity. In this
different in conversation, it
the is hoped that
conversatio Hana can find
n, or in out that it is now
addition to twelve o'clock
expressed the same as
true yesterday from
meaning. the information
When the that Sara
speakers conveyed.
blatantly fail Maxims of Tony: How much did the new In this example,
to fulfil a relation dress cost, honey? Sarah's
maxim, this Sarah: I know. Let’s go out contribution fails
situation is tonight. to meet Tony's
that question.
characterist However, there
ically gives is a possible
rise to a connection
conversatio between Sarah's
nal words and the
implicature, question Tony
and when asked earlier. If
this Tony could
implicature deduce from
appeared in what Sarah said
conversatio that if Sarah
n, it meant wanted to buy
that one of the dress for
maxim is tonight, and he
being probably knew
exploited” about the price
of the dress.
Maxims of Danny want to buy some In this example,
Manner vegetables for his son, his son Danny says
does not like vegetable. something in an
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ambiguous way
Tita: Where are you off to? by mentioning
Danny: I was thinking of going “cool green stuff”
out to get cool green stuff for in place of
somebody. 'vegetables' and
mentioning
“somebody” in
place of 'sons'.
This is done to
make his son
excited and
willing to eat
vegetables, and
if he knows that
“cool green stuff”
is vegetables, he
will not get
excited and will
not eat
vegetables.
Hedging Trihartanti Hedging is Maxims of - I think These hedges Hedging is
Maxims (2012) a strategy Quality - I believe are used to considered a
used in an - I assume minimize face- sign of
utterance threatening acts, politeness
by because the (Brown and
minimizing speaker actually Levinson
prejudice to has bad (1987))
the assumptions
addressee about the
so that the addressee.
speech Maxims of - more or less Used in speech
partner Quantity - approximately because the
does not - I should think speaker is not
feel - I wish I could tell you able to provide
threatened. complete,
accurate
information as
desired by the
speaker.
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Maxims of - Oh, by the way Used to interrupt
relation - Anyway… the speaker's
- Well, anyway… speech, which is
- This may be not considered to
appropriate,but… have nothing to
do with the
speech being
discussed by the
interaction
participants.
Maxims of To minimize acts
Manner of face
threatening, for
example when
someone tries to
embarrass
another person
indirectly.
Opting Grice Opting out refuses to Maxims of
Out (1975) the Maxims cooperat Quality
occurs e Maxims of
when the Quantity
speaker is Maxims of
not willing relation
to Maxims of
cooperate, Manner
but still tries
to appear
cooperative
. The
refusal can
also be due
to political,
legal, social
or ethical
reasons.
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6. Find a research-based article journal which discusses cooperative principles and Grice’s conversational maxims; describe how these topic
has been analyzed in the article; elaborate some data in the articles to see the application of cooperative principles & Grice’s conversational
maxims.

Zhang, C. (2017). A Study on the Application of the Cooperative Principle in Business English Letters. Atlantis Press, 59, 1139–1143.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/