PART- C (1 x 15 = 15 Marks)

Q.No Questions Marks

Design a DC motor speed control system for an e-bike using a voltage

16. controlled oscillator (IC -LM566). 15
Design specification:-
The figure shown below is an electric bike with a compact electric motor
built into the hub of the back wheel. The motor speed is controlled by a
driver board. The input to the driver board is a PWM wave. Depending on
the width of square / PWM wave, the driver board controls the motor
speed. The handle (throttle bar) of the bike is (POT)potentiometer type and
its resistance changes with throttle applied.
Design Requirement:-
With reference to the specification and figure, design a square / PWM
generator circuit using the VCO IC. The width of the pulse should be
controlled by the throttle bar and in turn it controls the motor speed. With a
neat diagram explain how we can control the frequency of oscillation of
VCO by external resistor. Also suggest a method by which VCO output
can be used to generates PWM. Assume all other relevant resistor and
capacitor values for the design.

KEY.
  The student should have the capability to understand the requirement and
be able to apply the acquired knowledge of VCO in the design.
 The student should have the capability to explain how VCO works.
 The student should know where the output of throttle bar to be connected
to VCO.
 The student should explain how the control voltage (Vc) generates square
wave of different frequency / width.
 The student should know how to interface the output of VCO to a power
driver.

 The student should apply the output of VCO to a power driver circuit.
 He should explain the total circuit operation.

NE566 Function generator | Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCO circuit

The Voltage controlled oscillator or VCO circuit. It is a type of oscillator. We can control the
frequency of the output with the amplitude of an input voltage signal.

FEATURES

 Wide range of operating voltage (up to 24V; single or dual)

 High linearity of modulation
 Highly linear triangle wave output
 Frequency programming by means of a resistor or capacitor, voltage or current
 Frequency adjustable over the 10-to-1 range with the same capacitor

APPLICATIONS

 Function generators
 Tone generators
 Frequency shift keying
 FM modulators
 Clock generators
 Signal generators

NE566 pin-out
 Block diagram

VCO

.
NE566 Block Diagram

We can control the frequency of oscillation by an external

resistor(R1) and capacitor(C1) and the voltage applied(VC) to the control terminal.

NE566 Equivalent Schematic

The oscillator can be programmed over a ten-to-one frequency
range by proper selection of external resistance and modulated
over a ten-to-one range by the control voltage, with exceptional
linearity.

Function Generator circuit

The important part of the circuit is LM566 or NE566. It produces Sawtooth(Triangle) and
Square waves from 1Hz up to 1MHz. The amplitude of the voltage offset and duty cycle is
adjustable to offer a wide range of generated signals.

We use VR1 to adjust a control voltage (VC) to control the output frequency oscillator. We can
find the center frequency (F)

F = 2 (Vcc – VC)/ (R1 C1 Vcc)

The power supply voltage is 9V to 24V.

Conclusion

NE566 or LM566 is a general-purpose voltage controlled oscillator that highly stable, easy to
use.

It produces Triangle and Square waves. R1 and C1 control the center frequency and the
voltage at pin 5.

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DC motor driver circuit

Motor drivers acts as an interface between the motors and the control circuits. Motor
require high amount of current whereas the controller circuit works on low current signals. So
the function of motor drivers is to take a low-current control signal and then turn it into a
higher-current signal that can drive a motor.

 The above mentioned circuit is a DC motor bi directional driver for

motor.

 The VCO output ( Square wave ) can be fed to the Input point A or B so the motor speed and
direction can be controlled.

 The output of the throttle bas has to be connected to the pin no 5 ( modulating input ) of VCO.

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