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A Novel Model for Optimization of Resource Utilization in Smart Agriculture

System Using IoT (SMAIoT)

Article  in  IEEE Internet of Things Journal · November 2021

DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3128161

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3128161, IEEE Internet of
Things Journal

A Novel Model for Optimization of Resource

Utilization in Smart Agriculture System Using
IoT (SMAIoT)
Keyurbhai A. Jani[0000-0002-6050-9365]1, Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey[0000-0001-6575-7723]2, Senior Member, IEEE
1
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad - 382424, Gujarat, India
2
Ganpat University, Mahesana-384012, Gujarat, India

 technologies like NRF, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth,

Abstract— Many Countries have rich resources of land, rivers,
groundwater, environment and fertilizers availability. Agriculture
is the main source of income for several country’s people. Since the
last few decades, there are few resource shortages like
groundwater, river water. People are unaware of proper
utilization of available valuable resources, which leads to use more
resources for less crop production. One of the solutions of this
problem is to design and implement an IoT based smart
framework for agriculture. In this paper, we have proposed a
smart agriculture framework to monitor different types of low cost
IoT sensors-devices, which collects data from soil, air, water,
insects and make appropriate decisions based on analysis of
sensors data. Novel contribution of our proposed approach is to
automate tasks of irrigation, fertigation, pest detection, pesticide
spray in a scientific way with minimal farmer’s intervention in one
framework. This paper contains detailed implementation steps
and result of smart irrigation module of our framework.
Index Terms— IoT, agriculture, sensors, pest, insect, drone,
irrigation, soil, moisture, fertigation.
WPAN, NFC and 2G/3G/4G/5G, RFID [3].
Most of the farmers in countries like India, China, Brazil and
South Africa use traditional methods for irrigation, fertilization
and pest control. By applying science and technology in the
agriculture domain, farmers can achieve high yielding of crops
and fruits with optimum resources usage.
According to Perlman [4] total world water distribution
shown in Fig.1, only 2.5% of total water is fresh water, which
can be used by people. From this fresh water source only 30.1%
Ground water and 1.3% surface/other freshwater are usable.
According to 2030 Water Resources Group [5], water demand
and supply in 2030 for some countries are as shown in Fig.2a
and Fig.2b. As per their study, most of the water resources are
demanded by the agriculture domain. From water demand in
2030, 80%(India) - 51%(China) - 33%(Brazil) - 46%(South
Africa) of water will be used by agriculture. So according to

73.1 % Ice and

96.5% Oceans
I. INTRODUCTION Snow

DAY’S
TO technology is rapidly
evolving and affecting our lives. People
have good internet connection nowadays.
Total Global
Water
1% Other
saline water
68.6 %
Glaciers and
ice caps
20.1% Lakes

Many electronics devices are connected with 2.5% Fresh 30.1% Ground 3.5% Soil
the world via internet. The Internet of Things Water water Moisture
(IoT) is widely used around us making
numerous domains like office, home, city, 1.3%
2.5% Swamps,
Surface/other
traffic management, transportation, Marshes
freshwater
manufacturing, agriculture, environment,
defense, medical and many more smart with
0.46% Rivers
IoT [1].
People refer smart devices to the devices
that are not smart with actions, which are 0.22% Living
predesigned by developer, but can be called things
smart when they are not only connected with
each other but also aware of their actions and 0.22%
take decisions based on the surrounding Atmosphere
environment [2]. It can be connected Fig. 1. World total water resources
through wired or wireless communication

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Things Journal

this, 50%(India) - 25%(China) - 14%(Brazil) - 17%(South low cost. During crop growing stages many secondary
Africa) demand increases as compared to the current supply. problems like thefts, wild animal attacks, flying bird/insect
As a result, most of India’s river basins could face severe attacks are needed to be considered for high production [7].
deficits by 2030 unless concrete action is taken. Therefore, we Therefore, to solve the above problem and achieve goals in
need to focus on reducing usage of water resources during most of the stages of farming, here is a proposed framework,
irrigation [5]. which uses automation and IoT technologies to make
agriculture smart.
Proposed framework is divided into several
Aggregate 2030 modules based on its functionality and for
simplicity and easy maintenance. One of them
water demand in different sectors
is smart irrigation, which processes real time
100%, Billion m3 sensors data from fields and acts accordingly to
100% save maximum water during irrigation. Second
7 16 module is smart fertigation, which calculates
13 36 35
80% fertilizers requirement and injects it during
32 irrigation in an optimized manner. Third
60% 19 module is smart pesticide in which the insect's
31 present location is recorded and spray path
40% 80
generated for a farm that will be followed by
20% 51 46
33 location-assisted drone to spray pesticide.
Drone also collects other data from air by
0%
attached sensors, which will be used by the
India China São Paulo,Brazil South Africa irrigation module. It is also used for monitoring
and bird/animal scaring.
Agriculture Industry Municipal and Domestic
Fourth module is designed for smart
warehouse/greenhouse in which all parameters
(a) like temperature, humidity, air direction,
surveillance and security are maintained. All
demand, supply and gaps in 2030 modules have interfaces to communicate with
Billion m 3 each other and use other data. Many controllers
like Arduino, NodeMCU and Raspberry Pi will
1498
use to provide interfacing with different sensors
1500 and actuators to achieve framework goal [7].
818
1000 744 754 619 II. LITERATURE SURVEY
500 199 Researchers worked on this domain to
20 19 1 18 15 3
achieve efficiency with innovation and new
0 technology. In paper [8] S. R. Nandurkar, et al.
India China São South Africa discussed the global scenario of decreasing
Paulo,Brazil water resources, desiccation of water level of
rivers, wells and groundwater. In order to
2030 Demand 2009 supply Gap reduce wastage of water, authors have designed
a hardware to consider temperature and
humidity real time data from sensors using RF
(b)
433MHz to transmit data & make decisions
Fig. 2. (a) Different sectors water demand in 2030 (b) Demand, supply and gap in 2030 based on pre-configured values of temperature
[3] & humidity. JoaquínGutiérrez, et
al. [9] designed wireless (ZigBee) sensor units
Many researchers focus on this area and consider few with microcontroller, which has a program with pre-defined
agriculture domain problems that can be solved with help of the threshold values of soil temperature and wetness. These devices
latest technologies and in a scientific manner. With the use of are deployed in the field and send data to the gateway which
latest technologies, valuable resources can be efficiently has two wireless communication interfaces to interact with the
utilized for better production of crops. Researchers use onsite ZigBee device and GSM for the internet. Gateway sends data
sensors that sense different parameters like soil moisture, air to the server and is used for analysis. Y. Kim, et
moisture, air quality, air temperature, soil temperature, solar al. [10] deployed five solar self-powered wireless sensing
radiation, wind speed, wind direction, rain detection etc. and devices in their testbed, which sense the soil moisture,
send all data to their server or cloud for processing [6]. temperature, air temperature with their GPS coordinates and
Researchers use this data for crop irrigation, fertilization & send it to the base station using Bluetooth. A wireless weather
pesticide usage prediction, which produce good quality yield at station is also connected with the base station using Bluetooth.

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Things Journal
This base station considers all this in-field & out-field data,
processes that data and by generating site/time specific
irrigation schedule for their testbed, user can also access and
control it via the internet with GUI interface. Q. Wang, et
al. [11] present wireless sensors, which are completely
deployed under soil which sense soil temperature and humidity
at defined intervals, buffer that data and send that data to base
station via relay node once in a day. If the relay node is not able
to connect to base station or sensor node is not able to establish
connection to base station via relay node it stores data till its
non-volatile memory capacity. Sensor nodes go into sleep mode
once they sense data in an hour. It uses IEEE 802.15.4 radio for
communication with flexible control protocol for
communication between sensor to relay node and relay node to
base station or intermediate communication. Base station
connected with PC via USB or UART stores all received data
in PC for analysis. The main purpose of researchers is to
develop ultra-low cost and low powered devices in wireless
networks to sense soil data.
J. L. Miranda, et al. [12] deployed four wireless cameras in
rice crop in the practice farm of 50 x 50 area in Pampanga State
Agricultural University, Philippines for pest detection. It stores
all captured images to local machines from all cameras,
compare all with reference images through image processing
technique identifies pests and stores pest information in local
machines, which is connected with the internet for remote
access. X. Zhang, et al. [13] prepared databases of model
library, knowledge base, real time moisture and nutrients data
store, growth monitoring etc. for citrus trees. With the help of
the ZigBee, artificial intelligence (AI) and decision support
proposed and implemented model that takes care of irrigation
and fertilization decision and informs user for better production
steps as per soil type and its growth. In paper [14-16], authors
proposed agriculture pesticide spraying drone. Authors
discussed building a drone with the help of Arduino mega, ESP
8266 Wi-Fi module, Accelerometer, GPS, Gyro (MPU 6050),
high resolution wireless camera, Magnetometer (HMC 5883L)
and how to control via android application. In paper [17], Tanha
Talaviya, et al. discussed various automated irrigation
techniques used with AI. Authors also discussed weeding robot
design and drone used for crop monitoring
with pesticides spray technique. Abioye, et
al. [18] use IoT and data driven methods
with drip irrigation for mustard leaf
cultivation. In his experiment he established
a weather station, which sends data to the
cloud for processing, a Raspberry Pi camera
to monitor plants and a MATLAB interface
for monitoring and decision making. The
mathematical predictive model discussed
for irrigation, water loss (ETo) and soil
moisture used with ARX model toolbox in
MATLAB.
III. MOTIVATION FOR PROPOSAL
Several researchers have contributed in the
agriculture domain by using different
technologies as discussed in the literature
review section. Researchers focused on a
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few specific areas of this domain. Therefore, there are limited
solutions that provide an integrated solution for more optimal
output and resource utilization for agriculture domain using IoT
sensors/devices. Commercially available solution’s sensors and
software costs are too high due to proprietary products of the
company. Customers have to purchase devices, which are able
to connect with their own solution. There are many
protocol/message formats available for commercially available
IoT sensors. Different vendors/solution providers use different
protocols to communicate. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve
interoperability. Auto fertigation system costs are too high even
for implementing in small farms.
Therefore, there is need for all in one solution, which has
following functionalities:
• Works with Wi-Fi on your existing Wi-Fi router network,
if people use Wi-Fi enabled sensors.
• Also works locally without internet using Raspberry Pi as
local server when internet is not avail later synchronize
with online database.
• Works with Internet online server/cloud.
• No Need of controller/hub/gateway if Wi-Fi enabled
sensor-actuator modules used.
• If sensors have different communication technology and
message format, there must be some gateway, which
provides seamless connectivity between all devices and
common messaging format so integration with SMAIoT
will be easy.
• Provide automatic liquid fertilizer dispenser for
fertilization as per guide-line/configuration/field data.
• Automated water valves that open and close with pressure
control and as per zone wise irrigation parameters for
required location of farm.
• Need for Low cost GPS based autonomous drone for
pesticide spraying.
IV. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE
In this research paper to achieve above functionalities under
one roof, three layered IoT architecture is taken as a reference
to design framework. Fig. 3, shows proposed layered
Fig. 3. SMAIoT Layer Architecture
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3128161, IEEE Internet of
Things Journal

architecture for the agriculture domain using IoT. Bottom layer
stated as SMAIoT Hardware layer, which includes all sensors,
PCB, MCU with communication hardware and low-level
protocols. Arduino, Raspberry Pi, NodeMCU, different sensors
used in this framework with their controllers, actuators etc.
Second layer, is called SMAIoT framework layer, which is
the core of this framework. In this layer database operations,
upper layer protocols for communication, gateway
implementation, event handling and processing, decision
making, AI, cloud services etc. implementation considered.
Third layer is considered as SMAIoT Application layer. This
layer contains a web dashboard from where all data can be
for future analysis purposes and to make decisions. SMAIoT
server can give command and read status of sensors and
actuators. It can also use cloud service for its process and access
data globally. Below system, smartly manages irrigation based
on live sensors & weather data. It also checks water quality with
PH & turbidity sensors, which prevents irrigation if quality is
not up to the mark and informs user for quality and final
decision. This system also maintains drip irrigation pipe
cleanup before irrigation and after irrigation along with leakage
detection during irrigation with the help of flow sensors, stops
irrigation in that area only and display location on dashboard to
user. This framework also smartly suggests and does fertigation

Fig. 4. SMAIoT Architecture

visualized, analyzed, schedule generation, decision, prediction with irrigation based on soil parameters, crop database and
can be easily managed and accessible. Any new devices can be irrigation schedule. Fig. 5 shows the concept diagram, which
configured from the web dashboard. Mobile apps also come in states the working of SMAIoT system as shown in Fig. 4. It
this layer, which provide above functionalities from mobile includes smart irrigation, smart fertigation, pest detection,
platforms. greenhouse management, GPS path following drone for
pesticide spray etc.
Fig. 4 shows detailed proposed architecture for SMAIoT.
Different sensors and actuators are deployed in farm fields. V. PROPOSED SOLUTION IN SMAIOT
Sensors and actuators communicate with SMAIoT server via
There is no boundary in an individual's imagination. People
wire/wireless link. Most of the sensors and actuators use IEEE
can apply whatever smartness they want in agriculture based on
802.11 for communication with the server. Raspberry Pi act as
their experience in the field. As per architecture, users can add
local server and gateway, which has different communication
whatever sensors required, configure with SMAIoT platform,
hardware and program that handles message of different
set threshold values & add more smartness in the framework.
sensors/actuators with different protocol and converts it in one
common format. Finally converted data store in server database
There are various smartness modules considered for
by this gateway program. Server manages all SMAIoT
implementation in SMAIoT are as below:
functionality & provides an interface for farm data via internet
to mobile devices and via web application. Also, stores all data

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Things Journal

1) Pest control system implement in SMAIoT as below requirement database, fertilizer requirement calculated &
• It gather insect information automatically based on field dissolve in water tank during irrigation schedule. Sense
deployed camera images, drone images or manually moisture in soil and sprinkle/drip water in specific area of
captured images by mobile device from farm field by the farm where only irrigation required.

Fig. 5. SMAIoT concept and deployment plan

farmer [19]. • If planned for green house farming then sprinkle water
• Choose/decide/suggest pesticide on dashboard and mobile based on moisture, light, temperature of soil of nearby
app. sensors.
• Generate map path for pesticide spray by drone from insect • Temperature, light, humidity are set automatically based
detection location dataset. on decisions made using crop requirement database
• Benefits: parameters in the greenhouse.
a) Increases product quality
b) Pesticides cost reduce Drip irrigation equipped with sensors and actuators is being
c) Spray by drone, avoiding health problems used for the proposed solution. In Fig. 6, smart irrigation steps
are given. There is MySQL database named AgriIoTDB, which
2) Use of ultrasonic, PIR animal/human repeller & IPCAM contains many tables related to proposed modules. Smart
alert system for detecting unauthorized entry, capture and irrigation module algorithm first checks for previously
generate wave/sound in farm field and alert farmer via generated sown current crop cycle irrigation schedule, if it is
App/Dashboard/SMS: not available it will generate and store it in AgriIotDB. After
• Benefits: this it will fetch schedule for current date and fetch live sensors
a) No poison, no chemical, no costly hardware used data from field for each zone. It will calculate average moisture
b) Not harm to people, animals and pets for each zone (avgZnData) and fetch rain probability(rainpb)
c) Effective in large-scale farm. from open weather API. In the next step, both fetched data are
compared with configured moisture threshold (moisthr) and
3) Irrigation system implement in SMAIoT as below: rain threshold(rainthr) values. If the condition is not satisfied
• Wireless sensors real time data passed to local/cloud means no irrigation required today and if returns true, calculate
servers. zone wise irrigation schedule with help of ML which takes care
• NPK value added for a particular location. of zone wise water needs and generate schedule accordingly
• Based on sensor data, tested NPK value & particular crop which saves water compared to traditional method. In the next

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Things Journal

step, it will call the fertigation module, which checks the crop
cycle fertilizer requirement table from AgriIoTDB database and
dispenses the calculated fertilizers dose for current date based
on current date total irrigation water requirement. SensMonitor
sensors, actuators and infrastructure needed. Table 1. List few
sensors & actuators used in SMAIoT implementation.
Table 1. Sensors, Actuators and Other Electronic Hardware of
SMAIoT

Sensors GPS
Soil temperature & PIR etc…
moisture sensors
Air temperature & Actuators
humidity sensor
Light sensor Solenoid valve
Rain sensor Pressure regulator valve
PH level sensor, TDS Relay boards
Water level sensor Servomotors
Flow sensor Water pump etc…
Pressure sensor Other electronic hardware
Camera Raspberry Pi
Flight controller NodeMCU & Arduino

By deploying sensors and hardware in the field as per Fig. 5

concept diagram and using SMAIoT services most of the tasks
are automated and farmers can take part in decisions via
dashboard and mobile app.
Part of proposed solution simulated with APSIM [20] simulator
for geo location- Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India ( 23.22° N, 72.64°
E ) with weather data from 2005 to 2020 for wheat crop.
Simulation configured with possible data received from IoT
sensors. In simulation, six irrigation patterns (SMAIoT-auto,
Drip Irrigation, Sprinkler, Flooding, No Irrigation, Soil Water
deficit) were used for every year's crop cycle simulation.
APSIM wheat cultivar file configured for Sujata cultivar, which
supports Indian wheat genome type.

Fig. 6. Irrigation recommendation steps

function that powered up all sensors and actuators during
irrigation and sensors data are continuously monitored. This
function is responsible for open/close solenoid valves as per
generated irrigation schedule, collect data, process data and
store information in AgriIoTDB. This function senses pressure,
water flow, moisture, PH and warns for any major water
leakage. This function also stops irrigation and notifies the
farmer for bad quality of water based on live sensor data. In this
way, we can utilize water and fertilizer efficiently.
To implement the proposed framework there are many
Fig. 7. Sowing date APSIM Configuration
On chosen location, winter season wheat generally sown
between 1st November to 15th December for high yield
production. From simulation experiment and agriculture
university suggestion we find that third and fourth week of
November are best for wheat crop sowing in Gujarat region.
As shown in Fig. 7, Wheat sown on fixed date 15 November of
each year with sowing density 120 plants/m2 and row spacing
225 mm simulation configuration. Also, set initial 120kg
Urea_N fertilizer and 60mm irrigation amount application
before sowing wheat crop each year in simulation. Another 60

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Things Journal

mm irrigation application scheduled at intervals of 25-20-20-20 through all result shown in Fig. 8, SMAIoT-auto perform
days except SMAIoT-auto and SWDeficit method. excellent for better resource utilization and maximum yield
production.

(a) (b)

(c)
(d)
Fig. 8. (a) Minimum and Maximum Temperature of simulation last five-year (b) Wheat yield production per year for simulation duration
(c) Total irrigation required by wheat crop each year for simulation duration (d) Irrigation loss in mm each year for simulation duration

In simulation weather data contains recorded data for solar

radiation (MJ/m^2), maximum and minimum temperature(oC),
rain (mm), wind speed (m/s) from 1990 to 2020. In Fig. 8a
minimum and maximum temperature are shown for 2015 to
2020 year duration.
Result received as in Fig. 8b shows that climate plays important
role in wheat yield production. SMAIoT-auto, SWDeficit and
drip irrigation methods give good yield each year than other
methods. Also SMAIoT-auto and SWDeficit methods provide
almost same yield throughout simulation period. During year
2009 rainfall in winter season reduced the yield and in 2010 due
to uncertainty of season rain more irrigation was required for
good yield. From Fig. 8c, clearly visible that SMAIoT-auto and
SWDeficit method use less irrigation water if rain occur in any
year during crop cycle. SMAIoT-auto works best by optimally
using water as per sensed data. SMAIoT-auto works smartly
and uses less water than SWDeficit method. Therefore, the
results shows that the proposed SMAIoT-auto irrigation method
gives high yield/water productivity followed by SWDeficit and
rest irrigation methods. Fig. 8d shows flooding irrigation
method has highest loss of irrigated water followed by sprinkler
method. SMAIoT-auto and drip irrigation method has lowest
irrigation loss followed by swdeficit method. So from result
SMAIoT-auto also reduce water loss by reducing irrigation if
rain occurred during crop cycle in any year. Therefore, if we go
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a smart agriculture framework is proposed
which takes care of most of the requirements of crops during
the development phase. Farmers can view and handle data and
functionalities from remote places. By using this framework,
farmers can save valuable resources as well as the work force
required with less human error. This paper contains result of
smart irrigation module, which is proven best than all other
irrigation methods. In future work, we will implement the
proposed modules on real farm fields to improve productivity
with optimal resource utilization and validate it with simulated
output, which shows effectiveness of this framework in the
agriculture domain.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledgment is made to the APSIM Initiative which
takes responsibility for quality assurance and a structured
innovation programme for APSIM’s modelling software, which
is provided free for research and development use (see
www.apsim.info for details). It help me lot to simulate my work
and obtain result during Covid-19 situation.

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3128161, IEEE Internet of
Things Journal

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Evolution towards a New Generation of Agricultural Systems
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E-mail: keyur.soft@gmail.com
[8] S. R. Nandurkar, V. R. Thool and R. C. Thool, "Design and Development
of Precision Agriculture System Using Wireless Sensor Network," IEEE Dr. Nirbhay Kumar Chaubey currently
International Conference on Automation, Control, Energy and Systems working as a Dean of Computer Science,
(ACES), 2014. Ganpat University, Gujarat India.
Professor Chaubey received his Ph.D
[9] JoaquínGutiérrez, F. V.-M. Juan, N.-G. Alejandra and Á. P.-G. Miguel, (Computer Science) from Gujarat
"Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and University, Ahmedabad, India. His
GPRS Module," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION
AND MEASUREMENT, 2013.
research interests lie in the areas of Computer and Network
Security, IoT, Cyber Security, Algorithms, Wireless Networks
[10] Y. Kim, R. Evans and W. Iversen, "Remote Sensing and Control of an
Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network," IEEE (Architecture, Protocol Design, QoS, Routing, Mobility and
Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, p. 1379–1387, 2008. Security), Sensor Network and Cloud Computing. He has
[11] W. Q., A. Terzis and A. Szalay, "A Novel Soil Measuring Wireless published several research papers in peered reviewed
Sensor Network," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and International Journals and Conference proceedings. Prof.
Measurement, p. 412–415, 2010. Chaubey is a Senior Member of the IEEE, Senior Member of
[12] J. L. Miranda, B. D. Gerardo and B. T. Tanguilig, "Pest detection and the ACM and a Life Member of Computer Society of India. He
extraction using image processing techniques," International Journal of
Computer and Communication Engineering, vol. 3, p. 189, 2014.
has received numerous awards including Gujarat Technological
University (GTU) Pedagogical Innovation Awards (PIA)-2015,
[13] X. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Li, Y. Zhang and G. Yang, "Monitoring citrus soil
moisture and nutrients using an iot based system," Sensors, vol. 17, p. IEEE Outstanding Volunteer Award- Year 2015(IEEE Region
447, 2017. 10 Asia Pacific), IEEE Outstanding, IEEE Outstanding Branch
[14] S. Spoorthi, B. Shadaksharappa, S. Suraj and V. K. Manasa, "Freyr Counselor Award - Year 2010 (IEEE Region 10 Asia Pacific).
drone: Pesticide/fertilizers spraying drone - an agricultural approach," in E-mail: nirbhay@ieee.org
International Conference on Computing and Communications
Technologies, 2017.
[15] B. Sadhana, G. Naik, R. J. Mythri, H. P. G, S. Kirana and S. B,
"Development of Quad Copter Based Pesticide Spraying Mechanism for
Agricultural Applications," IJIREEICE, vol. 5, pp. 121-123, 4 2017.
[16] S. D. Kale, S. V. Khandagale, S. S. Gaikwad, S. S. Narve and P. V.
Gangal, "Agriculture Drone for Spraying Fertilizer and Pesticides,"
published in iijarsse, vol. 5, 2015.
[17] T. Talaviya, D. Shah, N. Patel, H. Yagnik and M. Shah, "Implementation
of artificial intelligence in agriculture for optimisation of irrigation and
application of pesticides and herbicides," Artificial Intelligence in
Agriculture, vol. 4, pp. 58-73, 2020.
[18] E. A. Abioye, M. S. Z. Abidin and a. e. S. Mahmud, "IoT-based
monitoring and data-driven modelling of drip irrigation system for
mustard leaf cultivation experiment," Information Processing in
Agriculture, 2020.
[19] C. T. Priya, K. Praveen and A. Srividya, "Monitoring of pest insect traps
using image sensors & dspic," International Journal of Engineering
Trends and Technology, vol. 4, pp. 4088-4093, 2013.

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